Charles H Zeanah,Megan Hare,Katherine Cowhey,Stacy S Drury
BACKGROUNDA major research effort in the past two decades has begun to illuminate how experience 'gets under the skin' - that is - the cellular and molecular processes that are associated with adversity and resilience.METHODSWe selectively review three areas of this research: epigenetics, especially DNA methylation, telomere length, and inflammatory processes, and consider the implications of this work for better understanding the effects of adversity and pathways of recovery.RESULTSBecause infant mental health practitioners focus on children in the earliest years of life, they are well positioned to favorably alter the developmental trajectories of children experiencing or at risk for maladaptation. In addition to helping us develop more individually effective treatments, we consider other ways in which research advances in cell and molecular biology may be especially important to infant mental health practitioners in the future.CONCLUSIONSBetter understanding these processes will enhance effectiveness and potentially enlarge the scope of our practice.
{"title":"Practitioner Review: Infant mental health meets cell and molecular biology - a look to the future.","authors":"Charles H Zeanah,Megan Hare,Katherine Cowhey,Stacy S Drury","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70097","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDA major research effort in the past two decades has begun to illuminate how experience 'gets under the skin' - that is - the cellular and molecular processes that are associated with adversity and resilience.METHODSWe selectively review three areas of this research: epigenetics, especially DNA methylation, telomere length, and inflammatory processes, and consider the implications of this work for better understanding the effects of adversity and pathways of recovery.RESULTSBecause infant mental health practitioners focus on children in the earliest years of life, they are well positioned to favorably alter the developmental trajectories of children experiencing or at risk for maladaptation. In addition to helping us develop more individually effective treatments, we consider other ways in which research advances in cell and molecular biology may be especially important to infant mental health practitioners in the future.CONCLUSIONSBetter understanding these processes will enhance effectiveness and potentially enlarge the scope of our practice.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in childhood mental health and may influence positive youth development (PYD). This study aims to characterize PYD transition patterns from childhood to adolescence and explore the predictive value of the gut microbiome. Methods This cohort study used two waves of data from the Chinese Adolescent Cohort study, including children aged 8–11 years at Wave 1, from Sichuan, Guizhou, and Chongqing provinces. PYD was assessed at both time points, and latent transition analysis identified changes over the 3‐year follow‐up period. Baseline stool samples were analyzed using 16 s rRNA sequencing. A light gradient boosting machine model was developed to link gut microbiota with PYD transition type in a training set (70%, n = 461), and validated with multinominal logistic analysis within a test set (30%, n = 200). Linear regression models were performed to assess dietary modifications on the gut microbiome. Results Three PYD transition profiles were identified: downgraded (declining to a lower pattern), promoted (advancing to a higher pattern), and stable development type (remaining in the same pattern). Fifteen microbial genera were identified as predictors of PYD transitions, and children with higher abundance of these taxa were more likely to transition to a stable or promoted profile rather than a downgraded profile (odds ratio ranging from 2.03 to 5.45). This predictive model demonstrated excellent performance, with an area under the curve of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.93). The microbiome‐PYD transition association was more pronounced in children in earlier stages of puberty. Furthermore, a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and soybeans was positively linked with PYD stable or promoted transition type. Conclusions The gut microbiome presents predictive value in PYD transition from childhood to adolescence. Targeting these microbial taxa may inform future health promotion programs to optimize child development, particularly during the critical pubertal transition.
{"title":"Gut microbiome as a predictor for positive youth development transition from childhood to early adolescence: a cohort study","authors":"Yujie Xu, Xiaoyu Wang, Mengxue Chen, Jingyuan Xiong, Guo Cheng","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70109","url":null,"abstract":"Background The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in childhood mental health and may influence positive youth development (PYD). This study aims to characterize PYD transition patterns from childhood to adolescence and explore the predictive value of the gut microbiome. Methods This cohort study used two waves of data from the Chinese Adolescent Cohort study, including children aged 8–11 years at Wave 1, from Sichuan, Guizhou, and Chongqing provinces. PYD was assessed at both time points, and latent transition analysis identified changes over the 3‐year follow‐up period. Baseline stool samples were analyzed using 16 s rRNA sequencing. A light gradient boosting machine model was developed to link gut microbiota with PYD transition type in a training set (70%, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 461), and validated with multinominal logistic analysis within a test set (30%, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 200). Linear regression models were performed to assess dietary modifications on the gut microbiome. Results Three PYD transition profiles were identified: downgraded (declining to a lower pattern), promoted (advancing to a higher pattern), and stable development type (remaining in the same pattern). Fifteen microbial genera were identified as predictors of PYD transitions, and children with higher abundance of these taxa were more likely to transition to a stable or promoted profile rather than a downgraded profile (odds ratio ranging from 2.03 to 5.45). This predictive model demonstrated excellent performance, with an area under the curve of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.93). The microbiome‐PYD transition association was more pronounced in children in earlier stages of puberty. Furthermore, a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and soybeans was positively linked with PYD stable or promoted transition type. Conclusions The gut microbiome presents predictive value in PYD transition from childhood to adolescence. Targeting these microbial taxa may inform future health promotion programs to optimize child development, particularly during the critical pubertal transition.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Sandboge, Vilja Seppälä, Sakari Lintula, Elisa Holmlund‐Suila, Helena Hauta‐alus, Eero Kajantie, Outi Mäkitie, Sture Andersson, Katri Räikkönen, Kati Heinonen
Background Early life vitamin D levels may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related traits, but causality is unknown. We examine whether higher‐than‐standard vitamin D 3 supplementation during the first 2 years, as well as higher pregnancy and childhood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and their trajectories, are associated with lower ASD trait scores at ages 6–8 years in a non‐clinical cohort. Methods This secondary analysis of the double‐blind randomized clinical trial vitamin D intervention in infants (VIDI) comprised 366 Finnish children aged 6–8 years, 177 of whom were randomized to receive 400‐IU and 189 to receive 1,200‐IU daily oral vitamin D 3 supplementation between ages 2 weeks and 2 years. ASD‐related traits were assessed at mean age 7.2 years (SD 0.4) using the parent‐reported Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Predictor variables were supplementation group, 25(OH)D concentrations measured during pregnancy and at ages 1 and 2 years, as well as 25(OH)D trajectories (high vs. low) derived from these time points. Results None of the predictor variables of interest were associated with the outcome in the full sample. After sex stratification, among boys, 25(OH)D concentrations at 1 and 2 years were inversely associated with ASSQ scores (mean difference −0.2 of normalized SD score (95% CI −0.3 to −0.1, p = .003) and −0.2 (95% CI −0.3 to −0.05, p = .01) per 10 ng/mL 25(OH)D) after adjustment for age, breastfeeding, parental education, maternal depressive symptoms, and season of 25(OH)D assessment as was belonging to the higher 25(OH)D trajectory, −0.45 SD (95% CI −0.79 to −0.10, p = .01). Conclusions We found no indication that higher‐than‐normal vitamin D 3 supplementation between ages 0 and 2 years decreases ASD‐related trait scores at ages 6–8 years. Sex‐stratified analysis suggested an inverse association, among boys, between early life 25(OH)D concentrations and ASD‐related traits, warranting further studies on potential causal direction and sex specificity of associations.
背景：生命早期维生素D水平可能与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）及其相关特征有关，但因果关系尚不清楚。在一项非临床队列研究中，我们研究了前两年高于标准的维生素d3补充剂，以及妊娠期和儿童期较高的25 -羟基维生素D （25(OH)D）水平及其轨迹，是否与6-8岁时较低的ASD特征评分相关。方法：对婴儿维生素D干预（VIDI）的双盲随机临床试验（双盲随机临床试验）进行二次分析，包括366名6-8岁的芬兰儿童，其中177名随机接受400 IU的每日口服维生素D补充剂，189名随机接受1200 IU的每日口服维生素D补充剂，年龄为2周至2岁。使用父母报告的自闭症谱系筛查问卷（ASSQ）在平均7.2岁（SD 0.4）时评估ASD相关特征。预测变量是补充组，怀孕期间和1岁和2岁时测量的25(OH)D浓度，以及从这些时间点得出的25(OH)D轨迹（高与低）。结果在整个样本中，没有一个相关的预测变量与结果相关。性别分层后,男孩,25 (OH) D的浓度在1和2年ASSQ评分呈负相关(平均差−0.2规范化SD得分(95% CI 0.3−−0.1,p = .003)和−0.2 (95% CI 0.3−−0.05,p = . 01)每10 ng / mL 25 (OH) D)年龄调整后,母乳喂养,父母的教育,母亲抑郁症状,和赛季25 (OH) D的评估是属于高25 (OH) D轨迹,SD−0.45 (95% CI 0.79−−0.10,p = . 01)。结论：我们没有发现任何迹象表明，0 - 2岁儿童补充高于正常水平的维生素d3会降低6-8岁儿童的ASD相关特征评分。性别分层分析表明，在男孩中，生命早期25(OH)D浓度与ASD相关特征呈负相关，这需要进一步研究潜在的因果方向和相关的性别特异性。
{"title":"Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6–8 years – a randomized clinical trial","authors":"Samuel Sandboge, Vilja Seppälä, Sakari Lintula, Elisa Holmlund‐Suila, Helena Hauta‐alus, Eero Kajantie, Outi Mäkitie, Sture Andersson, Katri Räikkönen, Kati Heinonen","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70110","url":null,"abstract":"Background Early life vitamin D levels may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related traits, but causality is unknown. We examine whether higher‐than‐standard vitamin D <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> supplementation during the first 2 years, as well as higher pregnancy and childhood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and their trajectories, are associated with lower ASD trait scores at ages 6–8 years in a non‐clinical cohort. Methods This secondary analysis of the double‐blind randomized clinical trial vitamin D intervention in infants (VIDI) comprised 366 Finnish children aged 6–8 years, 177 of whom were randomized to receive 400‐IU and 189 to receive 1,200‐IU daily oral vitamin D <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> supplementation between ages 2 weeks and 2 years. ASD‐related traits were assessed at mean age 7.2 years (SD 0.4) using the parent‐reported Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Predictor variables were supplementation group, 25(OH)D concentrations measured during pregnancy and at ages 1 and 2 years, as well as 25(OH)D trajectories (high vs. low) derived from these time points. Results None of the predictor variables of interest were associated with the outcome in the full sample. After sex stratification, among boys, 25(OH)D concentrations at 1 and 2 years were inversely associated with ASSQ scores (mean difference −0.2 of normalized SD score (95% CI −0.3 to −0.1, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .003) and −0.2 (95% CI −0.3 to −0.05, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .01) per 10 ng/mL 25(OH)D) after adjustment for age, breastfeeding, parental education, maternal depressive symptoms, and season of 25(OH)D assessment as was belonging to the higher 25(OH)D trajectory, −0.45 SD (95% CI −0.79 to −0.10, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .01). Conclusions We found no indication that higher‐than‐normal vitamin D <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> supplementation between ages 0 and 2 years decreases ASD‐related trait scores at ages 6–8 years. Sex‐stratified analysis suggested an inverse association, among boys, between early life 25(OH)D concentrations and ASD‐related traits, warranting further studies on potential causal direction and sex specificity of associations.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachel C. Tomlinson, Patrizia Pezzoli, Essi Viding, Stephane A. De Brito, Kelly L. Klump, S. Alexandra Burt, Luke W. Hyde
Background Callous–unemotional (CU) traits identify youth with more severe and chronic trajectories of conduct problems. However, the etiology of CU traits may be heterogeneous, undermining the search for effective treatments. The level of co‐occurring anxiety has been used to identify “primary” (lower anxiety) versus “secondary” (higher anxiety) variants of CU traits. The primary variant has been hypothesized to emerge from strong genetic influence and secondary variants as an adaptation to adversity, such as exposure to childhood maltreatment. However, little research has tested this hypothesis directly. Methods We examined whether anxiety moderates the etiology of CU traits to determine whether this phenotypic feature can help distinguish CU traits with stronger genetic or environmental risk. In two population‐based twin cohorts (initial sample: N = 1,196, aged 6–11, oversampled for exposure to neighborhood disadvantage; follow‐up sample: N = 13,486, age 7), we used genotype‐by‐environment interaction twin modeling to examine if parent‐reported child anxiety moderated the etiology of concurrent parent‐reported child CU traits. Results Anxiety moderated the etiology of CU traits across both samples, such that nonshared environmental influences increased as anxiety increased. Additionally, in the larger sample, genetic influences decreased with increasing anxiety. Conclusions These findings support theories suggesting that co‐occurring anxiety may distinguish CU traits with different origins: CU traits with higher anxiety appear more influenced by nonshared environmental factors—potentially including adversity—and may show weaker genetic influence. Assessing for co‐occurring child anxiety is likely important for diagnosing and personalizing treatments among children with CU traits.
{"title":"The nature and nurture of primary and secondary callous–unemotional traits: evidence from two independent twin samples","authors":"Rachel C. Tomlinson, Patrizia Pezzoli, Essi Viding, Stephane A. De Brito, Kelly L. Klump, S. Alexandra Burt, Luke W. Hyde","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70107","url":null,"abstract":"Background Callous–unemotional (CU) traits identify youth with more severe and chronic trajectories of conduct problems. However, the etiology of CU traits may be heterogeneous, undermining the search for effective treatments. The level of co‐occurring anxiety has been used to identify “primary” (lower anxiety) versus “secondary” (higher anxiety) variants of CU traits. The primary variant has been hypothesized to emerge from strong genetic influence and secondary variants as an adaptation to adversity, such as exposure to childhood maltreatment. However, little research has tested this hypothesis directly. Methods We examined whether anxiety moderates the etiology of CU traits to determine whether this phenotypic feature can help distinguish CU traits with stronger genetic or environmental risk. In two population‐based twin cohorts (initial sample: <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 1,196, aged 6–11, oversampled for exposure to neighborhood disadvantage; follow‐up sample: <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 13,486, age 7), we used genotype‐by‐environment interaction twin modeling to examine if parent‐reported child anxiety moderated the etiology of concurrent parent‐reported child CU traits. Results Anxiety moderated the etiology of CU traits across both samples, such that nonshared environmental influences increased as anxiety increased. Additionally, in the larger sample, genetic influences decreased with increasing anxiety. Conclusions These findings support theories suggesting that co‐occurring anxiety may distinguish CU traits with different origins: CU traits with higher anxiety appear more influenced by nonshared environmental factors—potentially including adversity—and may show weaker genetic influence. Assessing for co‐occurring child anxiety is likely important for diagnosing and personalizing treatments among children with CU traits.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wanze Xie, Yiyi Wang, Dashiell D. Sacks, Charles A. Nelson, Michelle Bosquet Enlow
Background Early temperament has been shown to predict socioemotional outcomes, but its neural correlates are not yet fully understood. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between early temperament and neuronal network functional connectivity (FC), and how these factors contribute to the risk of psychopathology. Methods Using a longitudinal cohort followed from infancy to age 7 ( N = 749 collected at infancy), we assessed temperament through two approaches: data‐driven profiles extracted from parent‐reported questionnaires collected from infancy to age 3 and lab‐based assessments of behavioral inhibition (BI) at age 3. Symptoms of psychopathology were measured at age 7 with the parent‐reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Resting‐state EEG data collected at ages 3, 5, and 7, along with source‐space connectivity methods, were used to examine FC within brain networks. Results Children with an emotionally and behaviorally dysregulated (EBD) profile, an identified risk factor for psychopathology, exhibited reduced FC in the frontoparietal network compared to their emotionally and behaviorally regulated (EBR) peers. BI at age 3 was also negatively correlated with FC in the ventral attention network at age 3 and the frontoparietal network at age 7. Additionally, frontoparietal FC moderated the relationship between early temperament and later attention‐deficit symptoms: EBD children showed higher levels of attention problems than their EBR peers, but only when frontoparietal FC was low. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of network connectivity in understanding early temperament and its socioemotional outcomes. Specifically, they highlight the role of attention and control networks in the development of psychopathology, suggesting potential targets for early interventions aimed at at‐risk children.
{"title":"Neural correlates of child temperament: The role of brain network connectivity in psychopathology risk","authors":"Wanze Xie, Yiyi Wang, Dashiell D. Sacks, Charles A. Nelson, Michelle Bosquet Enlow","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70095","url":null,"abstract":"Background Early temperament has been shown to predict socioemotional outcomes, but its neural correlates are not yet fully understood. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between early temperament and neuronal network functional connectivity (FC), and how these factors contribute to the risk of psychopathology. Methods Using a longitudinal cohort followed from infancy to age 7 ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 749 collected at infancy), we assessed temperament through two approaches: data‐driven profiles extracted from parent‐reported questionnaires collected from infancy to age 3 and lab‐based assessments of behavioral inhibition (BI) at age 3. Symptoms of psychopathology were measured at age 7 with the parent‐reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Resting‐state EEG data collected at ages 3, 5, and 7, along with source‐space connectivity methods, were used to examine FC within brain networks. Results Children with an emotionally and behaviorally dysregulated (EBD) profile, an identified risk factor for psychopathology, exhibited reduced FC in the frontoparietal network compared to their emotionally and behaviorally regulated (EBR) peers. BI at age 3 was also negatively correlated with FC in the ventral attention network at age 3 and the frontoparietal network at age 7. Additionally, frontoparietal FC moderated the relationship between early temperament and later attention‐deficit symptoms: EBD children showed higher levels of attention problems than their EBR peers, but only when frontoparietal FC was low. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of network connectivity in understanding early temperament and its socioemotional outcomes. Specifically, they highlight the role of attention and control networks in the development of psychopathology, suggesting potential targets for early interventions aimed at at‐risk children.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holly Sullivan-Toole,Jeremy M Haynes,Helen Schmidt,Bart Larsen,Nathaniel Haines,Thomas M Olino
BACKGROUNDReward learning is thought to undergo refinement in adolescence, but little is known about how computational components of reinforcement learning develop. Given that adolescence is a sensitive period for reward system plasticity with associated vulnerability for depression, it is important to understand developmental trajectories of different reinforcement learning parameters in normative development and in youth at risk for depression.METHODSYouth aged 9-17 years completed the Play-or-Pass Iowa Gambling Task (PoP-IGT) across five timepoints. We calculated task metrics using a traditional scoring approach - yielding summary scores for good deck play, bad deck play, and net play - and a computational modeling approach - yielding parameters for reward learning rate, punishment learning rate, go bias, and sensitivity to win/loss frequency ignoring outcome magnitude. We examined normative developmental trajectories for each traditional and computational performance metric using multilevel models. Further, we examined whether maternal history of depression was associated with individual differences in these trajectories.RESULTSAs hypothesized, youth showed a significant age-related increase in net play (p = 0.003), a measure of overall good performance. Exploratory analyses found that youth showed significant developmental change in reward-specific learning parameters including age-related increases in win/loss frequency sensitivity (FDR = 0.016) and age-related decreases in reward learning rate (FDR < 0.001). In line with hypotheses, youth at high risk for depression showed lower reward learning rates in early adolescence (p = 0.041).CONCLUSIONSThe observed developmental changes in traditional and computational metrics are largely consistent with the optimization of learning from rewards across adolescence. Further, the observed developmental changes in specifically reward-related computational parameters are consistent with heightened adolescent reward system plasticity. Additionally, there was support for our hypothesis that maternal history of depression may exert a unique effect on learning from rewards specifically, but further research across additional reward learning tasks is needed.
{"title":"Reward-specific learning parameters change across normative adolescent development and are blunted in youth with high risk for depression.","authors":"Holly Sullivan-Toole,Jeremy M Haynes,Helen Schmidt,Bart Larsen,Nathaniel Haines,Thomas M Olino","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70086","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDReward learning is thought to undergo refinement in adolescence, but little is known about how computational components of reinforcement learning develop. Given that adolescence is a sensitive period for reward system plasticity with associated vulnerability for depression, it is important to understand developmental trajectories of different reinforcement learning parameters in normative development and in youth at risk for depression.METHODSYouth aged 9-17 years completed the Play-or-Pass Iowa Gambling Task (PoP-IGT) across five timepoints. We calculated task metrics using a traditional scoring approach - yielding summary scores for good deck play, bad deck play, and net play - and a computational modeling approach - yielding parameters for reward learning rate, punishment learning rate, go bias, and sensitivity to win/loss frequency ignoring outcome magnitude. We examined normative developmental trajectories for each traditional and computational performance metric using multilevel models. Further, we examined whether maternal history of depression was associated with individual differences in these trajectories.RESULTSAs hypothesized, youth showed a significant age-related increase in net play (p = 0.003), a measure of overall good performance. Exploratory analyses found that youth showed significant developmental change in reward-specific learning parameters including age-related increases in win/loss frequency sensitivity (FDR = 0.016) and age-related decreases in reward learning rate (FDR < 0.001). In line with hypotheses, youth at high risk for depression showed lower reward learning rates in early adolescence (p = 0.041).CONCLUSIONSThe observed developmental changes in traditional and computational metrics are largely consistent with the optimization of learning from rewards across adolescence. Further, the observed developmental changes in specifically reward-related computational parameters are consistent with heightened adolescent reward system plasticity. Additionally, there was support for our hypothesis that maternal history of depression may exert a unique effect on learning from rewards specifically, but further research across additional reward learning tasks is needed.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoyan Bi,Shutao Ma,Hongbo Cui,Liang Zhang,Yankun Ma
BACKGROUNDReward sensitivity plays a crucial role in shaping emotional and behavioural responses, yet its internal structure and dynamic interplay with depression remain underexplored. This study systematically examined the network structure of reward sensitivity and its associations with depression using a network analysis framework.METHODSBased on two waves of data (T1: N = 1,136, Mage = 14.33, 52.46% female; T2: N = 1,083, Mage = 14.32, 52.82% female), we constructed multiple cross-sectional and bridge networks, as well as a cross-lagged panel network model (CLPN).RESULTS(1) Cross-sectional network analysis reveals that positive feedback serves as the core node in the depression group, while hobbies dominate in the healthy group; (2) bridging network analysis identifies hobbies and positive affect as key bridging nodes linking reward sensitivity and depression; (3) CLPN analysis demonstrates that greater engagement in hobbies at baseline significantly predicts lower levels of depression 6 months later.CONCLUSIONSThis study provided a novel network perspective on the structural and temporal characteristics of reward sensitivity in depression. The findings underscored the importance of targeting specific reward types in intervention strategies and personalised mental health approaches.
正向敏感性在形成情绪和行为反应中起着至关重要的作用，但其内部结构及其与抑郁症的动态相互作用仍未得到充分研究。本研究采用网络分析框架，系统地考察了奖励敏感性的网络结构及其与抑郁的关系。方法基于两波数据（T1: N = 1,136, Mage = 14.33，女性占52.46%;T2: N = 1,083, Mage = 14.32，女性占52.82%），构建多横截面网络和桥梁网络，并构建交叉滞后面板网络模型（CLPN）。结果(1)横断面网络分析显示，抑郁组以正反馈为核心节点，健康组以爱好为主；(2)桥接网络分析发现，爱好和积极情绪是连接奖励敏感性与抑郁的关键桥接节点；(3) CLPN分析表明，在基线时更大的兴趣爱好参与显著预测6个月后抑郁水平的降低。结论本研究为研究抑郁症奖赏敏感性的结构和时间特征提供了新的网络视角。研究结果强调了在干预策略和个性化心理健康方法中针对特定奖励类型的重要性。
{"title":"Network structure of reward sensitivity and its temporal interactions with depression: a cross-lagged panel network analysis.","authors":"Xiaoyan Bi,Shutao Ma,Hongbo Cui,Liang Zhang,Yankun Ma","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70094","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDReward sensitivity plays a crucial role in shaping emotional and behavioural responses, yet its internal structure and dynamic interplay with depression remain underexplored. This study systematically examined the network structure of reward sensitivity and its associations with depression using a network analysis framework.METHODSBased on two waves of data (T1: N = 1,136, Mage = 14.33, 52.46% female; T2: N = 1,083, Mage = 14.32, 52.82% female), we constructed multiple cross-sectional and bridge networks, as well as a cross-lagged panel network model (CLPN).RESULTS(1) Cross-sectional network analysis reveals that positive feedback serves as the core node in the depression group, while hobbies dominate in the healthy group; (2) bridging network analysis identifies hobbies and positive affect as key bridging nodes linking reward sensitivity and depression; (3) CLPN analysis demonstrates that greater engagement in hobbies at baseline significantly predicts lower levels of depression 6 months later.CONCLUSIONSThis study provided a novel network perspective on the structural and temporal characteristics of reward sensitivity in depression. The findings underscored the importance of targeting specific reward types in intervention strategies and personalised mental health approaches.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145777418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lilian Y. Li, Nayoung Kim, Esha Trivedi, Sarah E. Sarkas, Madeline M. McGregor, Aishwarya Sritharan, Katherine Durham, Ivan Alekseichuk, Allison M. Letkiewicz, Vijay A. Mittal, David Pagliaccio, Nicholas B. Allen, Randy P. Auerbach, Stewart A. Shankman
Background Central to major depressive disorder (MDD) onset and maintenance is maladaptive self‐focused attention, which can be reliably indexed by greater: (a) usage of first‐person singular pronouns (e.g., I ) in natural language and (b) alpha oscillations in resting‐state EEG. Integrating these largely parallel bodies of research, the present study sought to explicate the associations between, and prospective predictive utility of, linguistic and neural indicators of self‐focused attention in adolescents with remitted MDD over 12 months. Methods At baseline, 126 adolescents (ages 13–18) with ( n = 66) and without ( n = 60) remitted MDD completed resting‐state EEG. Retrospective interviews determined the occurrence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) during the follow‐up period. A total of ~2.3 million messages were passively acquired from adolescents' smartphones, on which the proportion of first‐person singular pronouns was derived. Results During the 12 months, 29 (23.0%) participants developed an MDE (28 remitted MDD, 1 control). Cox regression showed that while greater usage of first‐person singular pronouns prior to MDE increased the risk for MDE (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.02, p < .001), greater resting‐state alpha power at baseline decreased the risk for MDE (HR = 0.78, p = .001). Moreover, greater alpha power predicted subsequent first‐person singular pronoun usage ( β = 0.17, p = .004). Mediation analysis indicated a marginal suppression effect (bootstrapped indirect effect p < .10), such that accounting for first‐person singular pronoun usage amplified the association between alpha power and MDE risk. Conclusions Findings highlight functionally distinct alpha mechanisms and provide support for smartphone‐based first‐person singular pronoun usage as a neurobehavioral risk factor and a potentially promising intervention target for adolescent MDD.
重度抑郁症（MDD）发病和维持的核心是不适应的自我集中注意力，这可以通过以下方式可靠地进行索引：(a)自然语言中第一人称单数代词的使用（例如，I）和(b)静息状态EEG的α振荡。整合这些基本平行的研究，本研究试图解释语言和神经指标之间的关联，以及在12个月的MDD缓解青少年中自我集中注意力的前瞻性预测效用。方法在基线时，126名（n = 66）和未（n = 60） MDD缓解的青少年（13-18岁）完成静息状态EEG。回顾性访谈确定随访期间重性抑郁发作（MDEs）的发生情况。从青少年智能手机被动获取的信息总数约为230万条，其中第一人称单数代词的比例来源于此。结果在12个月内，29名（23.0%）参与者发生MDE（28名缓解MDD， 1名对照组）。Cox回归显示，虽然在MDE之前更多地使用第一人称单数代词会增加MDE的风险（风险比[HR] = 2.02, p < 001），但基线时更大的静息状态alpha功率会降低MDE的风险（HR = 0.78, p = .001）。此外，更大的α功率预测随后的第一人称单数代词使用（β = 0.17, p = 0.004）。中介分析表明存在边际抑制效应（自举间接效应p <； .10），即第一人称单数代词的使用放大了alpha功率与MDE风险之间的关联。研究结果强调了功能上不同的alpha机制，并为智能手机第一人称单数代词的使用作为神经行为风险因素和青少年MDD潜在的有希望的干预目标提供了支持。
{"title":"Smartphone language and resting‐state EEG indicators of self‐focused attention prospectively predict major depressive disorder risk in adolescents","authors":"Lilian Y. Li, Nayoung Kim, Esha Trivedi, Sarah E. Sarkas, Madeline M. McGregor, Aishwarya Sritharan, Katherine Durham, Ivan Alekseichuk, Allison M. Letkiewicz, Vijay A. Mittal, David Pagliaccio, Nicholas B. Allen, Randy P. Auerbach, Stewart A. Shankman","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70096","url":null,"abstract":"Background Central to major depressive disorder (MDD) onset and maintenance is maladaptive self‐focused attention, which can be reliably indexed by greater: (a) usage of first‐person singular pronouns (e.g., <jats:italic>I</jats:italic> ) in natural language and (b) alpha oscillations in resting‐state EEG. Integrating these largely parallel bodies of research, the present study sought to explicate the associations between, and prospective predictive utility of, linguistic and neural indicators of self‐focused attention in adolescents with remitted MDD over 12 months. Methods At baseline, 126 adolescents (ages 13–18) with ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 66) and without ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 60) remitted MDD completed resting‐state EEG. Retrospective interviews determined the occurrence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) during the follow‐up period. A total of ~2.3 million messages were passively acquired from adolescents' smartphones, on which the proportion of first‐person singular pronouns was derived. Results During the 12 months, 29 (23.0%) participants developed an MDE (28 remitted MDD, 1 control). Cox regression showed that while greater usage of first‐person singular pronouns prior to MDE increased the risk for MDE (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.02, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < .001), greater resting‐state alpha power at baseline decreased the risk for MDE (HR = 0.78, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .001). Moreover, greater alpha power predicted subsequent first‐person singular pronoun usage ( <jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = 0.17, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = .004). Mediation analysis indicated a marginal suppression effect (bootstrapped indirect effect <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < .10), such that accounting for first‐person singular pronoun usage amplified the association between alpha power and MDE risk. Conclusions Findings highlight functionally distinct alpha mechanisms and provide support for smartphone‐based first‐person singular pronoun usage as a neurobehavioral risk factor and a potentially promising intervention target for adolescent MDD.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"243 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors explore publication trends in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry over the past 5 years regarding associations between parenting and child outcomes, with a focus on the directionality of these effects. Bibliometric analysis revealed that far more studies have examined parent-to-child associations than either child-to-parent or bidirectional associations, reflecting a significant imbalance in what researchers publishing in JCPP intend to study. However, when evaluating evidence from a subset of robust and well-designed studies, especially those that permit a test of bidirectionality, the authors see a more balanced picture, with a roughly equal number of studies finding evidence of parent-to-child, child-to-parent, and bidirectional effects. These studies used a range of methodologies and examined a diverse set of parenting behaviors and child outcomes. Overall, the findings suggest that evidence in favor of child effects is consistently observed despite being significantly understudied relative to that of parent effects. The authors emphasize the importance of studying both child and parent effects alongside one another to understand the complexity of parent–child interactions, and underscore how respect for the agency and perspectives of youth is essential to understanding how they shape the conditions in which they grow up.
{"title":"Editorial: Reflecting on child effects in psychology and psychiatry research","authors":"Mark Wade, Lydia M. Li, Stephan Collishaw","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jcpp.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The authors explore publication trends in the <i>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry</i> over the past 5 years regarding associations between parenting and child outcomes, with a focus on the directionality of these effects. Bibliometric analysis revealed that far more studies have examined parent-to-child associations than either child-to-parent or bidirectional associations, reflecting a significant imbalance in what researchers publishing in <i>JCPP</i> intend to study. However, when evaluating evidence from a subset of robust and well-designed studies, especially those that permit a test of bidirectionality, the authors see a more balanced picture, with a roughly equal number of studies finding evidence of parent-to-child, child-to-parent, and bidirectional effects. These studies used a range of methodologies and examined a diverse set of parenting behaviors and child outcomes. Overall, the findings suggest that evidence in favor of child effects is consistently observed despite being significantly understudied relative to that of parent effects. The authors emphasize the importance of studying both child and parent effects alongside one another to understand the complexity of parent–child interactions, and underscore how respect for the agency and perspectives of youth is essential to understanding how they shape the conditions in which they grow up.</p>","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"67 2","pages":"153-157"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcpp.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Cuartas,Lenin H Balza,Andrés Camacho,Nicolás Gómez-Parra
BACKGROUNDIncreasing evidence suggests that climate change, along with its cascading impacts on ecosystems, societies, and communities, has significant effects on both physical and mental health. However, less is known about how exposure to excessive heat early in life may influence the development of foundational skills that shape lifelong developmental trajectories. This study examined the effects of ambient heat on early childhood development across six countries, using geographic and time-stamped data on child development and ambient temperature.METHODSOur primary outcome is the Early Childhood Development Index. We used linear probability models with geographic and seasonality fixed effects to account for baseline climatic conditions, as well as other individual and contextual covariates to address potential selection bias. The sample comprised 19,607 children aged three and four from Georgia, The Gambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Sierra Leone, and the State of Palestine, all participants in Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys collected between 2017 and 2020. We merged these data with temperature data from the ERA5-Land Monthly Aggregated Climate Dataset, calculating the mean monthly maximum temperature children experienced from birth to interview.RESULTSWe found that children exposed to average maximum temperatures above 32°C were less likely to be developmentally on track compared to those exposed to cooler temperatures, even after accounting for baseline average climatic conditions and other covariates. Domain-specific models indicate that these effects were most pronounced in literacy and numeracy skills. Subgroup analyses revealed that the negative impacts were particularly severe for children in economically disadvantaged households and urban areas, and for those lacking access to adequate water and sanitation.CONCLUSIONSThis study highlights the potential impact of excessive heat on early childhood development, emphasizing the need for policies and interventions that enhance preparedness, adaptation, and resilience to support human development in an rapidly warming world.
{"title":"Ambient heat and early childhood development: a cross-national analysis.","authors":"Jorge Cuartas,Lenin H Balza,Andrés Camacho,Nicolás Gómez-Parra","doi":"10.1111/jcpp.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70081","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIncreasing evidence suggests that climate change, along with its cascading impacts on ecosystems, societies, and communities, has significant effects on both physical and mental health. However, less is known about how exposure to excessive heat early in life may influence the development of foundational skills that shape lifelong developmental trajectories. This study examined the effects of ambient heat on early childhood development across six countries, using geographic and time-stamped data on child development and ambient temperature.METHODSOur primary outcome is the Early Childhood Development Index. We used linear probability models with geographic and seasonality fixed effects to account for baseline climatic conditions, as well as other individual and contextual covariates to address potential selection bias. The sample comprised 19,607 children aged three and four from Georgia, The Gambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Sierra Leone, and the State of Palestine, all participants in Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys collected between 2017 and 2020. We merged these data with temperature data from the ERA5-Land Monthly Aggregated Climate Dataset, calculating the mean monthly maximum temperature children experienced from birth to interview.RESULTSWe found that children exposed to average maximum temperatures above 32°C were less likely to be developmentally on track compared to those exposed to cooler temperatures, even after accounting for baseline average climatic conditions and other covariates. Domain-specific models indicate that these effects were most pronounced in literacy and numeracy skills. Subgroup analyses revealed that the negative impacts were particularly severe for children in economically disadvantaged households and urban areas, and for those lacking access to adequate water and sanitation.CONCLUSIONSThis study highlights the potential impact of excessive heat on early childhood development, emphasizing the need for policies and interventions that enhance preparedness, adaptation, and resilience to support human development in an rapidly warming world.","PeriodicalId":187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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