Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01243-1
Reina S. Sikkema, Marion Koopmans
The risk of viral pathogen transmission between humans and animals (spillover events) and subsequent spread has been increasing due to human impacts on the planet, which lead to changes in the interactions between humans, animals, ecosystems and their pathogens. Key factors (drivers) that increase the risk of disease emergence include climate change, urbanization, land-use changes and global travel, all of which can alter human–animal–environment interactions and increase the likelihood of zoonotic spillovers and vector-borne diseases. Incorporating data on these drivers (such as ecological shifts and patterns of animal movement) into disease surveillance systems can help identify hot spots for disease emergence, which could in theory enable earlier detection of outbreaks and, in turn, increase the effectiveness of intervention strategies. A One Health approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health, is advocated for addressing these complex challenges. Although conceptually clear and widely endorsed, implementation of One Health approaches towards primary prevention of spillovers is extremely challenging. Here, we summarize current knowledge on disease emergence and its drivers, and discuss how this knowledge could be used towards primary prevention and for the development of risk-targeted One Health early warning surveillance. We consider integrating innovative tools for diagnostics, surveillance and virus characterization, and propose an outlook towards more integrated prevention, early warning and control of emerging infections at the human–animal interface. In this Review, Sikkema and Koopmans examine the drivers of viral emergence and how these insights could inform prevention strategies and the development of risk-targeted One Health early warning surveillance. They discuss tools for diagnostics, surveillance and virus characterization, and propose strengthening integrated One Health strategies for early warning, prevention and control of emerging infections at the human–animal interface.
{"title":"Viral emergence and pandemic preparedness in a One Health framework","authors":"Reina S. Sikkema, Marion Koopmans","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01243-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01243-1","url":null,"abstract":"The risk of viral pathogen transmission between humans and animals (spillover events) and subsequent spread has been increasing due to human impacts on the planet, which lead to changes in the interactions between humans, animals, ecosystems and their pathogens. Key factors (drivers) that increase the risk of disease emergence include climate change, urbanization, land-use changes and global travel, all of which can alter human–animal–environment interactions and increase the likelihood of zoonotic spillovers and vector-borne diseases. Incorporating data on these drivers (such as ecological shifts and patterns of animal movement) into disease surveillance systems can help identify hot spots for disease emergence, which could in theory enable earlier detection of outbreaks and, in turn, increase the effectiveness of intervention strategies. A One Health approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health, is advocated for addressing these complex challenges. Although conceptually clear and widely endorsed, implementation of One Health approaches towards primary prevention of spillovers is extremely challenging. Here, we summarize current knowledge on disease emergence and its drivers, and discuss how this knowledge could be used towards primary prevention and for the development of risk-targeted One Health early warning surveillance. We consider integrating innovative tools for diagnostics, surveillance and virus characterization, and propose an outlook towards more integrated prevention, early warning and control of emerging infections at the human–animal interface. In this Review, Sikkema and Koopmans examine the drivers of viral emergence and how these insights could inform prevention strategies and the development of risk-targeted One Health early warning surveillance. They discuss tools for diagnostics, surveillance and virus characterization, and propose strengthening integrated One Health strategies for early warning, prevention and control of emerging infections at the human–animal interface.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"24 1","pages":"29-44"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-025-01243-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145215945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01249-9
Andrea Du Toit
This study reports the identification of cell-surface low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) as the crucial host factor that mediates tick-borne encephalitis virus entry and infection.
{"title":"How tick-borne encephalitis virus gains entry","authors":"Andrea Du Toit","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01249-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01249-9","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the identification of cell-surface low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) as the crucial host factor that mediates tick-borne encephalitis virus entry and infection.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"23 12","pages":"753-753"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01250-2
Shimona Starling
In this study, Van Syoc et al. investigate the human gut mycobiome in the context of primate evolution.
在这项研究中，Van Syoc等人在灵长类动物进化的背景下研究了人类肠道菌群。
{"title":"The human gut mycobiome in the context of primate evolution","authors":"Shimona Starling","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01250-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01250-2","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Van Syoc et al. investigate the human gut mycobiome in the context of primate evolution.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"23 12","pages":"754-754"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01242-2
Caroline H Chilton, Virginie Viprey, Charmaine Normington, Ines B Moura, Anthony M Buckley, Jane Freeman, Kerrie Davies, Mark H Wilcox
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) continues to be a notable burden worldwide, both in terms of patient mortality and morbidity, and the economic costs associated with treatment, diagnosis and management. The epidemiology of C. difficile has changed markedly over the decades, with high CDI rates driven by clinical pressures exacerbated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, antibiotic resistance and selective pressures caused by antimicrobial use. C. difficile is challenging to diagnose and treat as it forms spores and can persist asymptomatically within the gut. Some strains express multiple virulence factors, including adhesins and toxins. The gut microbiota is crucially important in CDI, as a healthy microbiota is resistant to colonization with C. difficile. Dysbiosis, often caused by antimicrobial exposure, enables C. difficile spores to germinate and produce toxin, causing symptoms that can range from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death. This Review describes changes in epidemiology and effects on diagnosis, discusses recent breakthroughs in the understanding of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance and explores the role of microbiota dysbiosis in CDI and novel microbiota therapies in CDI treatment.
{"title":"Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.","authors":"Caroline H Chilton, Virginie Viprey, Charmaine Normington, Ines B Moura, Anthony M Buckley, Jane Freeman, Kerrie Davies, Mark H Wilcox","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01242-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-025-01242-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) continues to be a notable burden worldwide, both in terms of patient mortality and morbidity, and the economic costs associated with treatment, diagnosis and management. The epidemiology of C. difficile has changed markedly over the decades, with high CDI rates driven by clinical pressures exacerbated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, antibiotic resistance and selective pressures caused by antimicrobial use. C. difficile is challenging to diagnose and treat as it forms spores and can persist asymptomatically within the gut. Some strains express multiple virulence factors, including adhesins and toxins. The gut microbiota is crucially important in CDI, as a healthy microbiota is resistant to colonization with C. difficile. Dysbiosis, often caused by antimicrobial exposure, enables C. difficile spores to germinate and produce toxin, causing symptoms that can range from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death. This Review describes changes in epidemiology and effects on diagnosis, discusses recent breakthroughs in the understanding of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance and explores the role of microbiota dysbiosis in CDI and novel microbiota therapies in CDI treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01245-z
Liam Mark Rooney
In this Journal Club, Liam Mark Rooney discusses a paper that revealed that microbial communities are capable of emergent, collective behaviour.
在本杂志中，利亚姆·马克·鲁尼讨论了一篇论文，该论文揭示了微生物群落能够出现集体行为。
{"title":"Making waves: how biofilms find their rhythm","authors":"Liam Mark Rooney","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01245-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01245-z","url":null,"abstract":"In this Journal Club, Liam Mark Rooney discusses a paper that revealed that microbial communities are capable of emergent, collective behaviour.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"23 12","pages":"755-755"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01246-y
Andrea Du Toit
This study reports the identification of two prophage-encoded systems involved in anti-phage defence through Abi.
本研究报告了通过Abi参与抗噬菌体防御的两个噬菌体编码系统的鉴定。
{"title":"Prophage against phage","authors":"Andrea Du Toit","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01246-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01246-y","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the identification of two prophage-encoded systems involved in anti-phage defence through Abi.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"23 11","pages":"681-681"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01239-x
Alannah C. King, Kate C. Mellor
This Genome Watch article explores how metagenomics can be used to investigate viral diversity and track emerging zoonotic disease threats from wildlife.
这篇基因组观察文章探讨了如何使用宏基因组学来调查病毒多样性和跟踪野生动物新出现的人畜共患疾病威胁。
{"title":"Zoonotic threats hidden in wildlife","authors":"Alannah C. King, Kate C. Mellor","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01239-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01239-x","url":null,"abstract":"This Genome Watch article explores how metagenomics can be used to investigate viral diversity and track emerging zoonotic disease threats from wildlife.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"24 1","pages":"7-7"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01237-z
Shan-Shan Jiang,Ying-Xuan Chen,Jing-Yuan Fang
Fusobacterium nucleatum, a commensal microorganism and opportunistic pathogen (a pathobiont), has emerged as a key player in both local and systemic diseases. In humans, F. nucleatum is found in the oral microbiota, but under certain conditions, it can spread to other ecological niches within the body, such as the gut microbiota. Importantly, F. nucleatum has a pathogenic role in periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease and various cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. F. nucleatum can promote oncogenesis via several mechanisms, including virulence factors, chronic inflammation, immune evasion and direct interactions with tumour cells. The strong link between this pathobiont microorganism and cancer has led to the emergence of several potential diagnostic strategies and possible therapeutic interventions. Given its increasing association with cancer progression and poor clinical outcomes, understanding the role of F. nucleatum in disease treatment offers critical insights for future research and clinical applications. This Review underscores the importance of F. nucleatum in microbiology, oncology and translational medicine.
{"title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum: ecology, pathogenesis and clinical implications.","authors":"Shan-Shan Jiang,Ying-Xuan Chen,Jing-Yuan Fang","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01237-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-025-01237-z","url":null,"abstract":"Fusobacterium nucleatum, a commensal microorganism and opportunistic pathogen (a pathobiont), has emerged as a key player in both local and systemic diseases. In humans, F. nucleatum is found in the oral microbiota, but under certain conditions, it can spread to other ecological niches within the body, such as the gut microbiota. Importantly, F. nucleatum has a pathogenic role in periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease and various cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. F. nucleatum can promote oncogenesis via several mechanisms, including virulence factors, chronic inflammation, immune evasion and direct interactions with tumour cells. The strong link between this pathobiont microorganism and cancer has led to the emergence of several potential diagnostic strategies and possible therapeutic interventions. Given its increasing association with cancer progression and poor clinical outcomes, understanding the role of F. nucleatum in disease treatment offers critical insights for future research and clinical applications. This Review underscores the importance of F. nucleatum in microbiology, oncology and translational medicine.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"223 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":88.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most intricate structures found in bacterial cells are magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria. These membrane-bound organelles contain tens-of-nanometre-sized crystals of a magnetic iron mineral that are usually aligned in well-ordered chains and function as sensors for geomagnetic field navigation in their aquatic habitats. Magnetosomes emerged as a model to study bacterial cell biology, organelle biogenesis and biomineralization, but they are also of interest as 'magnetofossils' in geoscience and have potential for various biotechnological applications. Recent work has unveiled a vast structural and genetic complexity of magnetosome biosynthesis. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of magnetosome formation and organization within the cell, with emphasis on two established magnetospirilla model species. We highlight the function, diversity and potential applications of magnetosomes and discuss open questions for future research.
{"title":"Biosynthesis and function of magnetic organelles in magnetotactic bacteria.","authors":"Dirk Schüler,Marina Dziuba,Daniel Pfeiffer,René Uebe","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01234-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-025-01234-2","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most intricate structures found in bacterial cells are magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria. These membrane-bound organelles contain tens-of-nanometre-sized crystals of a magnetic iron mineral that are usually aligned in well-ordered chains and function as sensors for geomagnetic field navigation in their aquatic habitats. Magnetosomes emerged as a model to study bacterial cell biology, organelle biogenesis and biomineralization, but they are also of interest as 'magnetofossils' in geoscience and have potential for various biotechnological applications. Recent work has unveiled a vast structural and genetic complexity of magnetosome biosynthesis. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of magnetosome formation and organization within the cell, with emphasis on two established magnetospirilla model species. We highlight the function, diversity and potential applications of magnetosomes and discuss open questions for future research.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":88.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1038/s41579-025-01244-0
Andrea Du Toit
This study reports the possible negative effects of warming sea surface temperatures on Prochlorococcus populations.
本研究报告了海面温度升高对原绿球藻种群可能产生的负面影响。
{"title":"Warming waters, declining Prochlorococcus","authors":"Andrea Du Toit","doi":"10.1038/s41579-025-01244-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41579-025-01244-0","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the possible negative effects of warming sea surface temperatures on Prochlorococcus populations.","PeriodicalId":18838,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","volume":"23 11","pages":"682-682"},"PeriodicalIF":103.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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