Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5
Takayuki Katoh, Hiroaki Suga
In the canonical genetic code, the 61 sense codons are assigned to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Advancements in genetic code manipulation techniques have enabled the ribosomal incorporation of nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs). The critical molecule for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into peptide sequences is aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA), which recognizes the mRNA codon through its anticodon. Because aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are highly specific for their respective amino acid–tRNA pairs, it is not feasible to use natural ARSs to prepare npAA-tRNAs. However, flexizymes are adaptable aminoacylation ribozymes that can be used to prepare diverse aminoacyl-tRNAs at will using amino acids activated with suitable leaving groups. Regarding recognition elements, flexizymes require only an aromatic ring in either the leaving group or side chain of the activated amino acid, and the conserved 3′-end CCA of the tRNA. Therefore, flexizymes allow virtually any amino acid to be charged onto any tRNA. The flexizyme system can handle not only l-α-amino acids with side chain modifications but also various backbone-modified npAAs. This Review describes the development of flexizyme variants and discusses their structure and mechanism and their applications in genetic code reprogramming for the synthesis of unique peptides and proteins. Flexizymes can be used to prepare nonproteinogenic aminoacyl-tRNAs (npAA-tRNAs) by activating amino acids with suitable leaving groups, leading to ribosomal incorporation of npAAs by genetic code reprogramming. This enables the ribosomal synthesis of unique peptides and proteins containing various npAAs.
{"title":"Reprogramming the genetic code with flexizymes","authors":"Takayuki Katoh, Hiroaki Suga","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00656-5","url":null,"abstract":"In the canonical genetic code, the 61 sense codons are assigned to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Advancements in genetic code manipulation techniques have enabled the ribosomal incorporation of nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs). The critical molecule for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into peptide sequences is aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA), which recognizes the mRNA codon through its anticodon. Because aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are highly specific for their respective amino acid–tRNA pairs, it is not feasible to use natural ARSs to prepare npAA-tRNAs. However, flexizymes are adaptable aminoacylation ribozymes that can be used to prepare diverse aminoacyl-tRNAs at will using amino acids activated with suitable leaving groups. Regarding recognition elements, flexizymes require only an aromatic ring in either the leaving group or side chain of the activated amino acid, and the conserved 3′-end CCA of the tRNA. Therefore, flexizymes allow virtually any amino acid to be charged onto any tRNA. The flexizyme system can handle not only l-α-amino acids with side chain modifications but also various backbone-modified npAAs. This Review describes the development of flexizyme variants and discusses their structure and mechanism and their applications in genetic code reprogramming for the synthesis of unique peptides and proteins. Flexizymes can be used to prepare nonproteinogenic aminoacyl-tRNAs (npAA-tRNAs) by activating amino acids with suitable leaving groups, leading to ribosomal incorporation of npAAs by genetic code reprogramming. This enables the ribosomal synthesis of unique peptides and proteins containing various npAAs.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 12","pages":"879-892"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142452169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00660-9
Liang Mei, Ruijie Yang
Room-temperature magnetism is challenging for 2D materials as they tend to lose their magnetic order at increasing temperatures. Now, researchers have achieved room temperature magnetism in lithium-intercalated chromium iodide.
{"title":"2D magnets filled with lithium","authors":"Liang Mei, Ruijie Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00660-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00660-9","url":null,"abstract":"Room-temperature magnetism is challenging for 2D materials as they tend to lose their magnetic order at increasing temperatures. Now, researchers have achieved room temperature magnetism in lithium-intercalated chromium iodide.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 11","pages":"798-798"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142398247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00642-x
Hyo-Jun Lee, Keiji Maruoka
Over the past three decades, chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs) have emerged as highly successful organocatalysts in a diverse range of asymmetric reactions. A substantial number of chiral PTCs have now already been discovered and utilized in dependable routes to enantioenriched products. These extend beyond the classical cationic PTCs with the emergence of anionic phase-transfer catalysis and hydrogen-bonding phase-transfer catalysis providing new asymmetric synthetic approaches. Nevertheless, the application level of chiral PTCs in both academic and industrial processes is below our expectation. This Review highlights the notable advances in chiral PTCs, including challenges, limitations and efforts to overcome them. Following this, the potential for sustainable chiral PTCs is described with a focus on using photocatalysed, flow and electrochemical synthesis. Chiral phase-transfer catalysts are practical and powerful organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis. This Review illustrates notable recent advances of chiral phase-transfer catalysts, including challenges, limitations and potential solutions, as well as future opportunities to improve sustainability.
{"title":"Asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis","authors":"Hyo-Jun Lee, Keiji Maruoka","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00642-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00642-x","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past three decades, chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs) have emerged as highly successful organocatalysts in a diverse range of asymmetric reactions. A substantial number of chiral PTCs have now already been discovered and utilized in dependable routes to enantioenriched products. These extend beyond the classical cationic PTCs with the emergence of anionic phase-transfer catalysis and hydrogen-bonding phase-transfer catalysis providing new asymmetric synthetic approaches. Nevertheless, the application level of chiral PTCs in both academic and industrial processes is below our expectation. This Review highlights the notable advances in chiral PTCs, including challenges, limitations and efforts to overcome them. Following this, the potential for sustainable chiral PTCs is described with a focus on using photocatalysed, flow and electrochemical synthesis. Chiral phase-transfer catalysts are practical and powerful organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis. This Review illustrates notable recent advances of chiral phase-transfer catalysts, including challenges, limitations and potential solutions, as well as future opportunities to improve sustainability.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 11","pages":"851-869"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00652-9
Chad T. Palumbo, Erik T. Ouellette, Jie Zhu, Yuriy Román-Leshkov, Shannon S. Stahl, Gregg T. Beckham
Lignin, the heterogeneous aromatic macromolecule found in the cell walls of vascular plants, is an abundant feedstock for the production of biochemicals and biofuels. Many valorization schemes rely on lignin depolymerization, with decades of research focused on accessing monomers through C–O bond cleavage, given the abundance of β–O–4 bonds in lignin and the large number of available C–O bond cleavage strategies. Monomer yields are, however, invariably lower than desired, owing to the presence of recalcitrant C–C bonds whose selective cleavage remains a major challenge in catalysis. In this Review, we highlight lignin C–C cleavage reactions, including those of linkages arising from biosynthesis (β–1, β–5, β–β and 5–5) and industrial processing (5–CH2–5 and α–5). We examine multiple approaches to C–C cleavage, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis and biocatalysis, to identify promising strategies for further research and provide guidelines for definitive measurements of lignin C–C bond cleavage. To date, monomer yields from lignin are limited to those attainable through C–O bond cleavage. Cleaving C–C bonds often leads to deleterious product degradation and low monomer yields. Herein we review lignin C–C cleavage reports and advocate for a standardized reporting of yields.
{"title":"Accessing monomers from lignin through carbon–carbon bond cleavage","authors":"Chad T. Palumbo, Erik T. Ouellette, Jie Zhu, Yuriy Román-Leshkov, Shannon S. Stahl, Gregg T. Beckham","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00652-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00652-9","url":null,"abstract":"Lignin, the heterogeneous aromatic macromolecule found in the cell walls of vascular plants, is an abundant feedstock for the production of biochemicals and biofuels. Many valorization schemes rely on lignin depolymerization, with decades of research focused on accessing monomers through C–O bond cleavage, given the abundance of β–O–4 bonds in lignin and the large number of available C–O bond cleavage strategies. Monomer yields are, however, invariably lower than desired, owing to the presence of recalcitrant C–C bonds whose selective cleavage remains a major challenge in catalysis. In this Review, we highlight lignin C–C cleavage reactions, including those of linkages arising from biosynthesis (β–1, β–5, β–β and 5–5) and industrial processing (5–CH2–5 and α–5). We examine multiple approaches to C–C cleavage, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis and biocatalysis, to identify promising strategies for further research and provide guidelines for definitive measurements of lignin C–C bond cleavage. To date, monomer yields from lignin are limited to those attainable through C–O bond cleavage. Cleaving C–C bonds often leads to deleterious product degradation and low monomer yields. Herein we review lignin C–C cleavage reports and advocate for a standardized reporting of yields.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 11","pages":"799-816"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00634-x
Stephanie Greed
Ahead of his 85th birthday, Graham Richards discussed his life in science and its intersection with industry. From a mix-up that led to him reading chemistry at the University of Oxford rather than physics, Richards later became the head of the chemistry department and co-founded Oxford Molecular Plc.
{"title":"Secrets from a spin-out success story","authors":"Stephanie Greed","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00634-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00634-x","url":null,"abstract":"Ahead of his 85th birthday, Graham Richards discussed his life in science and its intersection with industry. From a mix-up that led to him reading chemistry at the University of Oxford rather than physics, Richards later became the head of the chemistry department and co-founded Oxford Molecular Plc.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 10","pages":"719-720"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00649-4
Ciro Romano, Ruben Martin
The dynamic translocation of a metal catalyst along an alkyl side chain — often coined as ‘chain-walking’ — has opened new retrosynthetic possibilities that enable functionalization at unactivated C(sp3)–H sites. The use of nickel complexes in chain-walking strategies has recently gained considerable momentum owing to their versatility for forging sp3 architectures and their redox promiscuity that facilitates both one-electron or two-electron reaction manifolds. This Review discusses the relevance and impact that these processes might have in synthetic endeavours, including mechanistic considerations when appropriate. Particular emphasis is given to the latest discoveries that leverage the potential of Ni-catalysed chain-walking scenarios for tackling transformations that would otherwise be difficult to accomplish, including the merger of chain-walking with other new approaches such as photoredox catalysis or electrochemical activation. Ni-catalysed chain-walking blossomed as an effective synthetic tool to functionalize C(sp3)–H bonds in hydrocarbon chains. This Review provides a detailed overview of the most recent advances in this field, focusing on site-selective and regioselective manipulations at previously out-of-reach C(sp3)–H sites.
{"title":"Ni-catalysed remote C(sp3)–H functionalization using chain-walking strategies","authors":"Ciro Romano, Ruben Martin","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00649-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00649-4","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic translocation of a metal catalyst along an alkyl side chain — often coined as ‘chain-walking’ — has opened new retrosynthetic possibilities that enable functionalization at unactivated C(sp3)–H sites. The use of nickel complexes in chain-walking strategies has recently gained considerable momentum owing to their versatility for forging sp3 architectures and their redox promiscuity that facilitates both one-electron or two-electron reaction manifolds. This Review discusses the relevance and impact that these processes might have in synthetic endeavours, including mechanistic considerations when appropriate. Particular emphasis is given to the latest discoveries that leverage the potential of Ni-catalysed chain-walking scenarios for tackling transformations that would otherwise be difficult to accomplish, including the merger of chain-walking with other new approaches such as photoredox catalysis or electrochemical activation. Ni-catalysed chain-walking blossomed as an effective synthetic tool to functionalize C(sp3)–H bonds in hydrocarbon chains. This Review provides a detailed overview of the most recent advances in this field, focusing on site-selective and regioselective manipulations at previously out-of-reach C(sp3)–H sites.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 11","pages":"833-850"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00648-5
Daniel Whitaker, Matthew W. Powner
Water is essential for life as we know it, but it has paradoxically been considered inimical to the emergence of life. Proteins and nucleic acids have sustained evolution and life for billions of years, but both are condensation polymers, suggesting that their formation requires the elimination of water. This presents intrinsic challenges at the origins of life, including how condensation polymer synthesis can overcome the thermodynamic pressure of hydrolysis in water and how nucleophiles can kinetically outcompete water to yield condensation products. The answers to these questions lie in balancing thermodynamic activation and kinetic stability. For peptides, an effective strategy is to directly harness the energy trapped in prebiotic molecules, such as nitriles, and avoid the formation of fully hydrolysed monomers. In this Review, we discuss how chemical energy can be built into precursors, retained, and released selectively for polymer synthesis. Looking to the future, the outstanding goals include how nucleic acids can be synthesized, avoiding the formation of fully hydrolysed monomers and what caused information to flow from nucleic acids to proteins. Water is essential for life but paradoxically considered detrimental to the origins of life. Here, we discuss whether avoiding hydrolysed monomers and exploiting the chemical energy in prebiotic precursors may hold the missing key to unlocking biopolymer synthesis.
{"title":"On the aqueous origins of the condensation polymers of life","authors":"Daniel Whitaker, Matthew W. Powner","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00648-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00648-5","url":null,"abstract":"Water is essential for life as we know it, but it has paradoxically been considered inimical to the emergence of life. Proteins and nucleic acids have sustained evolution and life for billions of years, but both are condensation polymers, suggesting that their formation requires the elimination of water. This presents intrinsic challenges at the origins of life, including how condensation polymer synthesis can overcome the thermodynamic pressure of hydrolysis in water and how nucleophiles can kinetically outcompete water to yield condensation products. The answers to these questions lie in balancing thermodynamic activation and kinetic stability. For peptides, an effective strategy is to directly harness the energy trapped in prebiotic molecules, such as nitriles, and avoid the formation of fully hydrolysed monomers. In this Review, we discuss how chemical energy can be built into precursors, retained, and released selectively for polymer synthesis. Looking to the future, the outstanding goals include how nucleic acids can be synthesized, avoiding the formation of fully hydrolysed monomers and what caused information to flow from nucleic acids to proteins. Water is essential for life but paradoxically considered detrimental to the origins of life. Here, we discuss whether avoiding hydrolysed monomers and exploiting the chemical energy in prebiotic precursors may hold the missing key to unlocking biopolymer synthesis.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 11","pages":"817-832"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142350283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00650-x
Kane A. C. Bastick, Dean D. Roberts, Allan J. B. Watson
Organoboron chemistry has become a cornerstone of modern synthetic methodology. Most of these reactions use an organoboron starting material that contains just one C(sp2)–B or C(sp3)–B bond; however, there has been a recent and accelerating trend to prepare multiborylated alkanes that possess two or more C(sp3)–B bonds. This is despite a lack of general reactivity, meaning many of these compounds currently offer limited downstream synthetic value. This Review summarizes recent advances in the exploration of multiborylated alkanes, including a discussion on how these products may be elaborated in further synthetic manipulations. Monoborylated alkanes display diverse reactivity and broad application; however, despite an increasing number of approaches to access them, multiborylated alkanes have yet to realize their synthetic potential. This Review highlights the current state-of-the-art in approaches to and synthetic applications of multiborylated alkanes.
{"title":"The current utility and future potential of multiborylated alkanes","authors":"Kane A. C. Bastick, Dean D. Roberts, Allan J. B. Watson","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00650-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00650-x","url":null,"abstract":"Organoboron chemistry has become a cornerstone of modern synthetic methodology. Most of these reactions use an organoboron starting material that contains just one C(sp2)–B or C(sp3)–B bond; however, there has been a recent and accelerating trend to prepare multiborylated alkanes that possess two or more C(sp3)–B bonds. This is despite a lack of general reactivity, meaning many of these compounds currently offer limited downstream synthetic value. This Review summarizes recent advances in the exploration of multiborylated alkanes, including a discussion on how these products may be elaborated in further synthetic manipulations. Monoborylated alkanes display diverse reactivity and broad application; however, despite an increasing number of approaches to access them, multiborylated alkanes have yet to realize their synthetic potential. This Review highlights the current state-of-the-art in approaches to and synthetic applications of multiborylated alkanes.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 10","pages":"741-761"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00655-6
Sammer Marzouk, Dang Nguyen, Cameron Sabet
Inhibiting a signal transducer, which kicks off the production of β-lactamase in response to the presence of an antibiotic, shuts down resistance and makes β-lactam antibiotics effective once more.
{"title":"Reviving antibiotic power","authors":"Sammer Marzouk, Dang Nguyen, Cameron Sabet","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00655-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00655-6","url":null,"abstract":"Inhibiting a signal transducer, which kicks off the production of β-lactamase in response to the presence of an antibiotic, shuts down resistance and makes β-lactam antibiotics effective once more.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 10","pages":"722-722"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00644-9
Alison J. Frontier
2024 marks twenty years of the educational website Not Voodoo: Demystifying Synthetic Organic Chemistry — a fount of knowledge for organic chemistry laboratory techniques, with tips and tricks for both beginning research students and advanced experimentalists.
{"title":"The Not Voodoo website after twenty dynamic years","authors":"Alison J. Frontier","doi":"10.1038/s41570-024-00644-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-024-00644-9","url":null,"abstract":"2024 marks twenty years of the educational website Not Voodoo: Demystifying Synthetic Organic Chemistry — a fount of knowledge for organic chemistry laboratory techniques, with tips and tricks for both beginning research students and advanced experimentalists. ","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"8 10","pages":"713-714"},"PeriodicalIF":38.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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