Ndt & E International最新文献_第3页

Assessment of out-of-plane ply waviness in carbon-fibre reinforced plastics: Comparing different non-destructive evaluation modalities 碳纤维增强塑料的面外铺层波纹度评价：不同无损评价方法的比较

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2026.103630

Rylan C.V.V. Gomes , Ehsan Mohseni , Vedran Tunukovic , Vincent Maes , Matteo Contino , S. Gareth Pierce , Kenneth Burnham , Randika K.W. Vithanage , Charles N. Macleod , Gavin Munro , Tom O'Hare

Out-of-plane waviness (ply wrinkles) reduces tensile and compressive strength in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs), with maximum out-of-plane ply angle governing failure mechanisms. This study comparatively evaluates three Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques: Eddy Current Array Testing (ECAT), Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) and X-ray Digital Tomosynthesis (DT) for detecting and characterising ply wrinkles across three parameters: amplitude, wavelength, and maximum out-of-plane ply angle. Nine unidirectional CFRP coupons containing induced ply wrinkles of controlled amplitudes (0.13–1.31 mm) were inspected, addressing a critical gap in comparative NDE performance for sub-2 mm amplitude defects in thin laminates.

PAUT achieved the highest overall characterisation success rate of 96.3 % (26/27 measurements) and a detection success rate of 88.9 % (8/9 samples). Critically, PAUT achieved 100 % success in characterising maximum out-of-plane ply angle - the parameter governing compressive/tensile failure across all samples, including the lowest amplitude wrinkle (0.13 mm). However, systematic overestimation in wrinkle amplitude characterisation occurred (+55.3 % mean percentage error). ECAT achieved an equivalent 88.9 % detection success and 33.3 % characterisation success, successfully measuring wrinkle wavelength (100 %) but unable to quantify wrinkle amplitude or out-of-plane ply angle from complex impedance data alone, positioning it as a rapid automated screening tool. X-ray DT achieved 88.9 % detection and characterisation success, with moderate overestimation in wrinkle amplitude characterisation (+24.8 %). However, complete detection and characterisation failure occurred on the lowest amplitude ply wrinkle.

A critical finding establishes that reliable characterisation requires ply wrinkle amplitudes ≥0.32 mm across all techniques, with implications for the wrinkle parameter hierarchy in manufacturing quality control.

碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRPs）的面外波浪形（铺层皱褶）会降低其抗拉和抗压强度，最大的面外铺层角控制其失效机制。本研究比较评估了三种无损检测（NDE）技术：涡流阵列检测（ECAT）、相控阵超声检测（PAUT）和x射线数字断层合成（DT），用于检测和表征三个参数：振幅、波长和最大面外铺层角的铺层褶皱。测试了9种单向CFRP片材，其中包含可控振幅（0.13-1.31 mm）的诱导层皱，解决了薄层压板中低于2 mm振幅缺陷的比较NDE性能的关键差距。PAUT达到了96.3%（26/27次测量）的最高总体表征成功率和88.9%（8/9个样本）的检测成功率。关键的是，pat在表征最大面外铺层角方面取得了100%的成功，这是控制所有样品的压缩/拉伸破坏的参数，包括最低幅度褶皱（0.13 mm）。然而，系统高估皱纹振幅特征发生（+ 55.3%平均百分比误差）。ECAT的检测成功率为88.9%，表征成功率为33.3%，成功测量了皱纹波长（100%），但无法仅从复杂阻抗数据量化皱纹幅度或面外厚度角，将其定位为快速自动化筛选工具。x射线DT检测和表征成功率为88.9%，皱纹振幅表征有中度高估（+ 24.8%）。然而，完全检测和表征失败发生在最低振幅皱褶。一项重要的发现表明，在所有技术中，可靠的表征要求皱褶幅度≥0.32 mm，这对制造质量控制中的皱褶参数层次具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrasonic characterisation of process-induced pores in selective laser melted TiB2/Al composites 选择性激光熔化TiB2/Al复合材料中工艺诱导气孔的超声表征

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103629

Kaiwen Ni , Qiuyu Li , Ming Huang , Yuan Liu

Process-induced pores in metal additive manufacturing (AM) components critically compromise mechanical performance, necessitating reliable characterisation methods for quality assurance. While ultrasound offers promising advantages for rapid, non-destructive evaluation with deep penetration, existing studies struggle to isolate pore effects from confounding grain scattering. This work overcomes these limitations by investigating selective laser melted TiB

_{2}

/Al composites, whose ceramic-reinforced microstructure exhibits refined equiaxed grains and minimal texture, effectively suppressing grain scattering to reveal fundamental pore-ultrasound interactions. We systematically examined how porosity (0.22%–2.21%), morphology, and size distribution influence ultrasonic attenuation and velocity. This was achieved through integrated experimental measurements and three-dimensional pore-scale finite element simulations incorporating realistic pores derived from stereological transformation of microscopy data. Our findings reveal hierarchical pore effects: porosity exhibits strong linear correlations with both attenuation coefficient and phase velocity under the same pore morphology conditions; irregular morphologies amplify these effects, generating fivefold higher attenuation sensitivity and twofold higher velocity sensitivity compared to spherical pores; size variations primarily affect attenuation with minimal velocity impact. Additional, we demonstrated ultrasound’s spatial mapping capability for detecting subtle microstructural heterogeneities, with attenuation exhibiting superior porosity sensitivity. These quantitative pore-ultrasound relationships establish a robust framework for non-destructive evaluation in metal AM, enabling morphology-sensitive quality control and process optimisation for safety-critical applications.

金属增材制造（AM）部件中的工艺诱发孔隙严重影响机械性能，需要可靠的表征方法来保证质量。虽然超声在快速、无损的深穿透评估方面具有很好的优势，但现有的研究很难从混杂的颗粒散射中分离出孔隙效应。这项工作通过研究选择性激光熔化TiB2/Al复合材料克服了这些限制，其陶瓷增强微观结构表现出精致的等轴晶粒和最小的纹理，有效地抑制了晶粒散射，揭示了基本的孔-超声相互作用。我们系统地研究了孔隙度（0.22%-2.21%）、形貌和尺寸分布对超声衰减和速度的影响。这是通过综合实验测量和三维孔隙尺度的有限元模拟来实现的，其中包括来自显微镜数据的立体变换的真实孔隙。我们的研究结果揭示了分层孔隙效应：在相同孔隙形态条件下，孔隙度与衰减系数和相速度均表现出很强的线性相关性；不规则的孔隙形态放大了这些影响，与球形孔隙相比，衰减灵敏度提高了5倍，速度灵敏度提高了2倍；尺寸变化主要影响衰减，速度影响最小。此外，我们还证明了超声波的空间测绘能力，可以检测细微的微观结构非均质性，衰减显示出优越的孔隙度敏感性。这些定量的孔隙-超声关系为金属增材制造的无损评估建立了一个强大的框架，为安全关键应用实现了形态敏感的质量控制和工艺优化。

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引用次数: 0

On acoustic fields of Lamb wave scattering in plates based on Convolutional Neural Network-Transformer 基于卷积神经网络-变压器的板材Lamb波散射声场研究

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103628

Zhen Zhang , Linfeng Wang , Jian Li , Zhoumo Zeng , Yang Liu

This paper presents a hybrid deep learning model that combines Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Transformer to enable efficient prediction of far-field scattered signals of S0 mode Lamb waves from defects of thin plates. The proposed model combines CNN for local spatial feature extraction with Transformer to model global temporal dependencies, enhancing the ability to predict scattering from irregularly-shaped defects beyond the limitations of traditional methods. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of an aluminum plate with irregularly-shaped defects was developed to generate scattering fields with diverse morphologies and parameters for model training and testing. CNN-Transformer model successfully predicted the scattering behavior of S0 mode Lamb wave, demonstrating high accuracy in scenarios with irregularly-shaped defects. The model's performance was further validated through laser Doppler experiments, demonstrating strong consistency with the predicted scattering characteristics. Furthermore, the model was extended to solve the scattering matrix, enabling accurate prediction of scattered signals across multiple incident angles. This study introduces a new approach to defect scattering in ultrasonic guided wave detection. It provides both theoretical insights and practical support for engineering applications.

本文提出了一种结合卷积神经网络（CNN）和变压器（Transformer）的混合深度学习模型，能够有效预测薄板缺陷的50模兰姆波远场散射信号。该模型结合CNN局部空间特征提取和Transformer建模全局时间依赖性，提高了不规则形状缺陷散射预测能力，超越了传统方法的局限性。建立了不规则缺陷铝板的三维有限元模型，生成了具有多种形态和参数的散射场，用于模型训练和测试。CNN-Transformer模型成功地预测了S0模式Lamb波的散射行为，在不规则形状缺陷情况下显示出较高的精度。通过激光多普勒实验进一步验证了模型的性能，与预测的散射特性有较强的一致性。此外，将模型扩展到求解散射矩阵，实现了对多个入射角散射信号的准确预测。介绍了超声导波检测中缺陷散射的一种新方法。它为工程应用提供了理论见解和实践支持。

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引用次数: 0

Exploiting critical interference in bounded ultrasonic beam scattering for near-surface damage detection in curved structures 利用有界超声波束散射的临界干扰进行曲面结构近表面损伤检测

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103627

Jiangcheng Cai, Mingxi Deng

Advances in modern manufacturing have expanded the application of components with curvature surfaces in engineering, thereby increasing the demand for ultrasonic techniques capable of detecting near-surface damage in curved structures. This paper proposes a damage detection method based on the critical scattering fields generated by the interaction between ultrasonic waves and curvature surfaces. In this paper, we analyzed stainless steel structure comprised by two quarter-cylindrical segments and joined adhesively. Under fluid–solid coupling conditions, an obliquely incident acoustic wave interacts with a curved structure, splitting into a directly reflected wave and leaky Rayleigh waves. Our analysis shows that under specific conditions, re-radiated waves induced by leaky Rayleigh waves interfere with the direct reflected wave, forming a critical constructive interference field. We specifically investigate the origins of constructive interference angles in the studied structure and demonstrate that early-stage surface damage can be effectively identified using precisely configured transducer pairs under these constructive interference angle conditions. Conducted at three inspection points on specimen, Finite element simulations confirm that the proposed method can detect damage within a near-surface region extending up to one wavelength of the circumferential Rayleigh waves. Experimental results further validate the method's ability to reliably identify corrosion damage.

现代制造业的发展扩大了曲率表面构件在工程中的应用，从而增加了对能够检测弯曲结构近表面损伤的超声技术的需求。提出了一种基于超声与曲率面相互作用产生的临界散射场的损伤检测方法。在本文中，我们分析了由两个四分之一圆柱段组成并粘合连接的不锈钢结构。在流固耦合条件下，斜入射声波与弯曲结构相互作用，分裂成直接反射波和泄漏瑞利波。我们的分析表明，在特定条件下，由泄漏瑞利波诱导的再辐射波与直接反射波发生干涉，形成临界干涉场。我们特别研究了所研究结构中构造干涉角的来源，并证明在这些构造干涉角条件下，使用精确配置的传感器对可以有效地识别早期表面损伤。在试件的三个检查点上进行有限元模拟，证实了所提出的方法可以检测到圆周瑞利波一个波长的近表面区域内的损伤。实验结果进一步验证了该方法可靠识别腐蚀损伤的能力。

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引用次数: 0

An omnidirectional high-order shear horizontal mode EMAT 全向高阶剪切水平模态EMAT

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103626

Zenghua Liu , Mengqi Su , Xin Zhao , Tianxiang Kong , Yanhong Guo , Cuiping Huo , Cunfu He

Shear Horizontal (SH) guided waves play a crucial role in non-destructive testing and structural health monitoring. Particularly, the higher-order modes of SH waves are sensitive to variations in material thickness, making it useful for detecting material thinning, while their group velocities can be conveniently studied through frequency control. This research proposed a novel omnidirectional high-order SH mode electromagnetic acoustic transducer (OHSHM-EMAT), composed of 14 axially polarized sector-shaped magnets with alternating magnetic field orientations, complemented by a spiral coil configuration. The transducer effectively excites and receives high-order SH₁ guided waves in aluminum plates using a circumferentially periodic permanent magnet array. A 3D finite element model of the OHSHM-EMAT was constructed, successfully demonstrating the excitation of SH₁ guided waves. Optimal configuration parameters for the magnets and coil were determined through optimization. To validate the accuracy of the simulation results, performance verification experiments were conducted on aluminum plates. Experimental results confirmed that the OHSHM-EMAT can generate omnidirectional SH₁ mode guided waves in aluminum materials while effectively suppressing the generation of SH₀ mode guided waves.

剪切水平导波在无损检测和结构健康监测中起着至关重要的作用。特别是，SH波的高阶模态对材料厚度的变化很敏感，这有助于检测材料的变薄，而它们的群速度可以通过频率控制来方便地研究。本研究提出了一种新型的全向高阶SH模式电磁声换能器（OHSHM-EMAT），该换能器由14块具有交变磁场取向的轴向极化扇形磁体组成，外加螺旋线圈结构。该换能器利用周长周期永磁阵列有效地激发和接收铝板中的高阶SH1导波。建立了OHSHM-EMAT的三维有限元模型，成功地模拟了SH1导波的激励。通过优化，确定了磁体和线圈的最优配置参数。为了验证仿真结果的准确性，在铝板上进行了性能验证实验。实验结果证实，OHSHM-EMAT可以在铝材料中产生全方位的SH1模导波，同时有效抑制SH0模导波的产生。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical evaluation of the sideband peak count method for nonlinear ultrasonic damage detection 非线性超声损伤检测的边带峰值计数方法的数值评价

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103625

Peter B. Nagy , Laurence J. Jacobs , Bernd Köhler , Frank Schubert

It is well established in the scientific literature that a material's nonlinear response is much more sensitive to increasing dislocation density, microcrack nucleation, and other types of early material degradation than its linear response. The nonlinear elastic behavior of materials can be studied using various nonlinear ultrasonic techniques (NLU). However, they are all significantly more complex than their linear counterparts; therefore, they are often limited to a laboratory environment, and their field of application in industry is very narrow. In recent years, numerous publications have proposed new techniques based on the so-called Sideband Peak Count (SPC) method that utilizes relatively simple ultrasonic measurements to evaluate the degree of nonlinearity in materials. In contrast to conventional NLU NDE techniques, such as harmonic generation or wave mixing, SPC currently lacks a rigorous theoretical basis. To fill this gap, this paper presents computational results obtained under the assumption of classical quadratic nonlinearity using the COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software package. Parametric studies of four relevant variables ‒ excitation level, material nonlinearity, localized nonlinearity caused by a defect, and linear scattering caused by a geometrical feature ‒ were conducted. All the results of this numerical parametric study indicate that the SPC method and the SPC damage parameter named SPC-Index (SPC-I) offer limited sensitivity to changes in the level of classical acoustic nonlinearity at typical excitation levels used in ultrasonic NDE.

科学文献已经证实，与线性响应相比，材料的非线性响应对位错密度增加、微裂纹成核和其他类型的早期材料退化更为敏感。材料的非线性弹性行为可以用各种非线性超声技术来研究。然而，它们都比它们的线性对应物复杂得多；因此，它们往往局限于实验室环境，在工业上的应用领域非常狭窄。近年来，许多出版物提出了基于所谓的边带峰值计数（SPC）方法的新技术，该方法利用相对简单的超声波测量来评估材料的非线性程度。与传统的NLU NDE技术（如谐波产生或波混频）相比，SPC目前缺乏严格的理论基础。为了填补这一空白，本文给出了利用COMSOL多物理场有限元软件包在经典二次非线性假设下得到的计算结果。对四个相关变量——激励水平、材料非线性、缺陷引起的局部非线性和几何特征引起的线性散射进行了参数化研究。所有数值参数研究结果表明，SPC方法和SPC损伤参数SPC- index （SPC- i）对超声无损检测中典型激励水平下经典声学非线性水平变化的灵敏度有限。

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引用次数: 0

Semi-analytical modeling of eddy current response signals from a hollow cylinder due to a rectangular coil 由矩形线圈引起的空心圆柱体涡流响应信号的半解析建模

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103624

Prashanth Baskaran, Artur L. Ribeiro, Helena G. Ramos

Analytical modeling of a non-axisymmetric geometry, typically found in eddy-current NDT, requires the fields to be formulated via the second order vector potential, which is expressed in terms of the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) potentials. The potentials have a modal expansion in Fourier space involving modified Bessel functions with their corresponding (modal) coefficients. Generally, for tube structures inspected with non-axisymmetric coil, both TE and TM modes exist in the conductor and the modal coefficients are coupled, hindering the analytical formulation of the incident electric and magnetic fields. In this work we propose a numerical approach, by discretizing the continuity boundary condition across the interface, to numerically determine all the modal coefficients. This approach not only enabled the computation of coil impedance, but also the computation of the incident fields in all the layers. In this work, we have considered modeling a hollow tube structure with a rectangular excitation coil, placed either inside or outside the tube, and semi-analytically determine the coil’s response signals. The numerically predicted modal coefficients are validated indirectly by comparing the prediction of coil impedance, incident magnetic flux density and incident eddy-current density with experimental measurements and/or finite element method (FEM) simulations. The proposed technique can be extended to a multi-layer tube geometry.

非轴对称几何的解析建模，通常在涡流无损检测中发现，需要通过二阶矢量势来表示场，这是用横向电（TE）和横向磁（TM）势来表示的。势在傅里叶空间中有一个模态展开，涉及到带有相应（模态）系数的修正贝塞尔函数。通常，对于采用非轴对称线圈检测的管状结构，导体中同时存在TE模态和TM模态，且模态系数耦合，阻碍了入射电场和磁场的解析表达式。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种数值方法，通过离散跨界面的连续性边界条件，以数值方式确定所有模态系数。这种方法不仅可以计算线圈阻抗，还可以计算各层的入射场。在这项工作中，我们考虑了一个空心管结构的建模与矩形激励线圈，放置在管内或管外，并半解析地确定线圈的响应信号。通过将线圈阻抗、入射磁通密度和入射涡流密度的预测与实验测量和/或有限元法（FEM）模拟结果进行比较，间接验证了数值预测的模态系数。所提出的技术可以扩展到多层管的几何形状。

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引用次数: 0

Analytical modeling and analysis of Rayleigh-wave EMATs considering both the horizontal and vertical magnetic fields 考虑水平和垂直磁场的瑞利波emat解析建模与分析

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103623

Zhichao Li, Guichao Huang, Runjie Yang, Xuesong Wang, Chaoran Deng

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) suffer from inherently low transduction efficiency. Recent studies have demonstrated that the horizontal magnetic fields can significantly enhance the signal amplitude of Lorentz force-based EMATs. However, conventional analytical models primarily account for the effects of the vertical magnetic fields, while overlooking the excitation contribution of the horizontal magnetic fields, thereby limiting efforts to improve EMAT performance. In this work, the electromagnetic ultrasonic testing process using Rayleigh waves is systematically divided into three stages: excitation, propagation, and reception. Theoretical models are developed for each stage. Based on this framework, an analytical model incorporating both the vertical and horizontal magnetic fields is established. Experimental results from various coil configurations demonstrate that the proposed theoretical model can accurately compute the ultrasonic signals within the test specimen. Furthermore, the analytical model is employed to investigate the effect of magnet width on the amplitude and distortion level of the received signal. The findings reveal that when the magnet width is equal to the overall width of the coil, the received signal achieves the maximum amplitude with relatively low distortion.

电磁声换能器（EMATs）固有的低转导效率。近年来的研究表明，水平磁场可以显著增强基于洛伦兹力的emat的信号幅度。然而，传统的分析模型主要考虑了垂直磁场的影响，而忽略了水平磁场的激励贡献，从而限制了提高EMAT性能的努力。在这项工作中，利用瑞利波的电磁超声检测过程系统地分为三个阶段：激发、传播和接收。为每个阶段建立理论模型。在此基础上，建立了考虑垂直磁场和水平磁场的解析模型。不同线圈结构的实验结果表明，该理论模型能够准确地计算出试样内部的超声信号。此外，利用解析模型研究了磁体宽度对接收信号幅值和失真程度的影响。结果表明，当磁体宽度等于线圈的总宽度时，接收信号的幅值最大，失真程度较低。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Multiporous-Cascaded coil based high lift-off and dynamic electromagnetic thermography of rail defects inspection” [NDT E Int 159C (2025) 103599] “基于多孔级联线圈的高升力和动态电磁热成像轨道缺陷检测”的勘误表[NDT E Int 159C (2025) 103599]

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103619

Geng Yang, Haoran Li, Bin Gao, Xiaolong Lu, Junhong Qi, Dong Liu, Guiyun Tian, Xiaojie Xue, Xingcai Liu

引用次数: 0

A skipping Rayleigh wave technique for discontinuous creep crack sizing at high temperature 非连续蠕变裂纹高温定径的跳变瑞利波技术

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103622

Edmund Jones , Catrin M. Davies , Joseph Corcoran

A feasibility study into utilising Rayleigh surface waves for sizing regions of discontinuous creep crack damage in compact tension laboratory tests is presented. The method relies on the efficient Rayleigh surface to shear bulk wave mode conversion (and vice versa) at discontinuous surfaces, in a process referred to as ‘skipping’ in this paper. A Finite Element study is presented to demonstrate the skipping behaviour. In order to utilise the Rayleigh wave for creep crack growth measurements, a novel experimental procedure has been developed that enables in situ measurements at elevated temperature. The approach uses waveguides that transmit shear guided waves from ambient conditions to the sample which is inside a furnace. The waveguides are dry-coupled to the corner edges of the compact tension sample, the shear guided waves excite Rayleigh waves which then propagate around the crack tip. By monitoring the time-of-flight of the ultrasound the damaged region can be sized. Results of a creep crack growth experiment are shown and crack size estimates from x-ray computed tomography (XCT), direct current potential drop (DCPD) and the Rayleigh wave techniques are compared. The direct current potential drop measurements vastly underestimates the maximum extent of the damaged region, estimating 0.38 mm in contrast to the 1.40 mm measured by XCT, as the discontinuous defects are not an effective impediment to electrical current. The Rayleigh wave technique estimates a far more accurate 1.27 mm.

本文提出了利用瑞利表面波对致密拉伸试验中不连续蠕变裂纹损伤区域进行分级的可行性研究。该方法依赖于在不连续表面上有效的瑞利面剪切体波模式转换（反之亦然），该过程在本文中称为“跳变”。提出了一个有限元研究来证明跳变行为。为了利用瑞利波进行蠕变裂纹扩展测量，已经开发了一种新的实验程序，可以在高温下进行原位测量。该方法使用波导将剪切导波从环境条件传输到炉内的样品。波导与紧致拉伸试样的边缘干耦合，剪切导波激发瑞利波，然后沿裂纹尖端传播。通过监测超声波的飞行时间，可以确定受损区域的大小。给出了蠕变裂纹扩展实验的结果，并比较了x射线计算机断层扫描（XCT）、直流电位降（DCPD）和瑞利波技术估计的裂纹尺寸。直流电电位降测量大大低估了损坏区域的最大程度，与XCT测量的1.40 mm相比，估计为0.38 mm，因为不连续的缺陷不是电流的有效障碍。瑞利波技术估计的误差要精确得多，为1.27毫米。

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引用次数: 0