Ndt & E International最新文献_第5页

Quantitative comparison of different ultrasound simulation approaches for civil engineering applications 不同超声模拟方法在土木工程应用中的定量比较

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103588

Fabian Dethof , Simon Schmid , Jean-Marie Henault , Thomas Schumacher , Sylvia Keßler , Salvador Villalobos

Interpreting ultrasonic waveforms is often challenging, especially in the presence of tilted boundaries that introduce multiple reflections, mode conversions, and echoes. To analyze such complex signal patterns, wavefield simulations provide a valuable tool. To ensure confidence in the simulation results, the accuracy of the numerical method is crucial. Another consideration when using simulations is their computational expense. Especially in civil engineering applications, large structures need to be investigated, which may not be feasible given the available resources. In this study, different numerical methods and software implementations commonly used for simulations in civil engineering are compared, including the Elastodynamic Finite Integration Technique (EFIT), the Finite Element Method (FEM), and the Spectral Element Method (SEM). The first simulation algorithm was implemented in Fortran by the first co-author; the second and third by utilizing COMSOL and Salvus, respectively. This comparison is conducted through three case studies. In the first case study, the simulation results are compared to analytically determined reflection and transmission coefficients for a two-layered material. Here, COMSOL and Salvus show lower errors than EFIT, but all simulation algorithms achieve relative errors

< 8 %

. In the second case study, simulated waveforms of reflections from a circular void (2D) are compared to an analytical solution. Simulations were performed for differently fine grids/meshes using identical hardware. The results demonstrate that both EFIT and COMSOL require longer run times to reach the same level of accuracy in the simulated waveforms as Salvus. The third case study shows that an ultrasonic echo array measurement in a PMMA block containing a void can be accurately simulated. However, due to hardware limitations, COMSOL was only able to perform a 2.5D simulation, and not a full 3D simulation. Salvus and EFIT reached similar accuracies in this case.

解释超声波波形通常具有挑战性，特别是在存在倾斜边界的情况下，会引入多次反射、模式转换和回声。为了分析这种复杂的信号模式，波场模拟提供了一个有价值的工具。为了保证仿真结果的可信度，数值方法的准确性至关重要。使用模拟时的另一个考虑因素是它们的计算费用。特别是在土木工程应用中，需要对大型结构进行调查，鉴于现有资源，这可能是不可行的。在本研究中，比较了土木工程中常用的不同数值方法和软件实现，包括弹性动力有限积分技术（EFIT），有限元法（FEM）和谱元法（SEM）。第一个仿真算法是由第一合著者用Fortran实现的；第二次和第三次分别使用COMSOL和Salvus。这个比较是通过三个案例研究进行的。在第一个案例研究中，将模拟结果与解析确定的两层材料的反射和透射系数进行了比较。在这里，COMSOL和Salvus的误差低于EFIT，但所有仿真算法的相对误差都达到了8%。在第二个案例研究中，将圆形空洞（2D）反射的模拟波形与解析解进行了比较。使用相同的硬件对不同的精细网格/网格进行了模拟。结果表明，EFIT和COMSOL都需要更长的运行时间才能达到与Salvus相同的模拟波形精度水平。第三个案例研究表明，超声回波阵列测量在含有空隙的PMMA块中可以精确地模拟。然而，由于硬件限制，COMSOL只能执行2.5D模拟，而不是完整的3D模拟。在这种情况下，Salvus和EFIT达到了类似的精度。

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引用次数: 0

A surface defect radius evaluation method based on the eddy current probe containing the dual receiving coils 基于双接收线圈涡流探头的表面缺陷半径评估方法

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103589

Shaoni Jiao , Haowen Zheng , Dong Li , Junxia Li , Peng-peng Shi , Guijun Gao , Hongyu Zhang , Leiping Ren

The surface defect on the aluminum alloy building sheet may gradually evolve from local damage into systematic safety hazards. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of the defect is important to ensure the stability and the long-term safety of the aluminum alloy building structures. During the traditional eddy current testing (ECT), the defect on the metal sheet is often evaluated by a mapping method combined with the testing signal at the calibrated lift-off value. In practical testing, however, the signal value often experiences disturbances due to the change of the lift-off and then affects the accuracy of defect evaluation when using the traditional method. We propose a defect radius evaluation method based on the eddy current probe containing the dual receiving coils to address the adverse effects by lift-off disturbance in the traditional ECT. Comparing with the common multi-coil arrangements in ECT, the dual receiving coils with given lift-off interval output dual responding signals and are adopted for the analysis of characteristic signals. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to solve the inverse problem by comparing the measured characteristic signal values with those predicted by a fast calculation model, enabling precise defect radius evaluation. Using a self-developed ECT system and a dual receiving coils probe, experimental tests were conducted on the aluminum alloy sheet with defects of different sizes. The capability of the proposed method for quantitative assessment of defect parameters was validated by combining with the finite element method. Evaluation results based on experimental signals and simulation data demonstrate that the defect radius evaluation method can compensate for evaluation errors caused by lift-off disturbance.

铝合金建筑板材表面缺陷可能由局部损伤逐渐演变为系统性的安全隐患。因此，定量分析缺陷对保证铝合金建筑结构的稳定性和长期安全具有重要意义。在传统的涡流检测（ECT）中，通常采用映射法结合标定升离值处的检测信号来评估金属板上的缺陷。然而，在实际测试中，传统的缺陷评估方法往往会由于升空量的变化而引起信号值的扰动，从而影响缺陷评估的准确性。针对传统电痉挛检测中存在的升空干扰问题，提出了一种基于双接收线圈涡流探头的缺陷半径评估方法。与ECT中常见的多线圈布置方式相比，采用给定升降间隔的双接收线圈输出双响应信号，用于特征信号的分析。采用粒子群优化（PSO）算法，将测量到的特征信号值与快速计算模型预测的特征信号值进行比较，实现缺陷半径的精确估计。利用自行研制的电痉挛系统和双接收线圈探头，对不同尺寸缺陷的铝合金薄板进行了实验测试。结合有限元法验证了该方法对缺陷参数进行定量评估的能力。基于实验信号和仿真数据的评估结果表明，缺陷半径评估方法可以补偿升空扰动引起的评估误差。

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引用次数: 0

Physics-aware state space network with uncertainty quantification for automated defect detection in infrared NDT thermography 红外无损检测热成像仪缺陷自动检测的不确定量化物理感知状态空间网络

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103586

Mohammed Umar Jibril , Bin Gao , Wai Lok Woo , Guanquan Tian , Nabeel Ahmed Khan , Rabiu Sale Zakariyya , Amina Jibril Muhammad

We present PASS-Net, a physics-guided deep learning framework for automated defect segmentation in infrared non-destructive testing (NDT) of composite materials. The architecture uniquely integrates a U-Net backbone with Fourier-based physics-aware layers and bidirectional State-Space Models (SSMs) to capture both spatial patterns and temporal thermal dynamics. By incorporating thermal diffusion principles directly into the network architecture, the model ensures thermodynamically consistent predictions while maintaining computational efficiency. The SSM enables effective long-range dependency modeling with linear complexity, addressing limitations of traditional attention mechanisms. Moreover, the framework delivers a comprehensive uncertainty analysis by combining inference-time stochastic dropout with evaluation on multiple augmented input variants, decomposing total uncertainty into epistemic and aleatoric components for reliable decision-making in safety-critical contexts. Validated on aerospace-grade composites, such as CFRP and fiberglass, PASS-Net outperforms traditional U-Net models, achieving at least 6% improvement in mean Intersection over Union (mIoU). It demonstrates resilience to real-world challenges, including material heterogeneity and non-uniform heating, making it suitable for industrial-scale deployment. A comparative analysis further reveals a superior defect contrast-to-noise ratio, highlighting the model’s potential for adoption in industrial non-destructive testing (NDT) applications that require both accuracy and computational efficiency. The integrated physics-based loss ensures consistent performance across diverse materials and operational conditions, representing a significant step toward reliable, deployable deep learning solutions in non-destructive testing (NDT). The implementation, including code and datasets, is available in https://faculty.uestc.edu.cn/gaobin/zh_CN/lwcg/153392/list/index.htm.

我们提出了PASS-Net，一个物理指导的深度学习框架，用于复合材料红外无损检测（NDT）中的自动缺陷分割。该体系结构独特地将U-Net骨干网与基于傅里叶的物理感知层和双向状态空间模型（ssm）集成在一起，以捕获空间模式和时间热动力学。通过将热扩散原理直接纳入网络架构，该模型在保持计算效率的同时确保了热力学一致的预测。SSM支持有效的具有线性复杂性的远程依赖建模，解决了传统注意力机制的局限性。此外，该框架通过将推理时间随机退出与对多个增强输入变量的评估相结合，提供了全面的不确定性分析，将总不确定性分解为认知和任意成分，以便在安全关键环境中进行可靠的决策。在航空级复合材料（如CFRP和玻璃纤维）上进行验证后，PASS-Net优于传统的U-Net模型，平均交联（mIoU）提高了至少6%。它展示了对现实世界挑战的弹性，包括材料的异质性和不均匀加热，使其适合工业规模的部署。对比分析进一步揭示了优越的缺陷对比度-噪声比，突出了该模型在需要准确性和计算效率的工业无损检测（NDT）应用中的应用潜力。基于物理的集成损耗确保了在不同材料和操作条件下的一致性能，代表了在无损检测（NDT）中可靠、可部署的深度学习解决方案的重要一步。实现，包括代码和数据集，可在https://faculty.uestc.edu.cn/gaobin/zh_CN/lwcg/153392/list/index.htm中获得。

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引用次数: 0

Dielectric properties of secondary mill scale: Advancing nondestructive terahertz hot-rolled steel surface characterization 二次磨尺度的介电性能：推进无损太赫兹热轧钢表面表征

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103585

Min Zhai , Alexandre Locquet , Wenlong He , Xingxing Lu , D.S. Citrin

Mill scale is composed primarily of three oxides of iron: wüstite, hematite, and magnetite, and should be removed mechanically before subsequent coating. In this work we measure the dielectric properties of three iron oxides using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. The oxide powders are dispersed in a polyethene binder, and the dielectric behavior are extracted using an effective medium theory. Excellent agreement in physical thickness of mill scale obtained previously from terahertz time-of-flight tomography experiments (

\sim 11.55 μ m

) and confirmed by destructive scanning electron-microscopy measurements (

\sim 10 μ m

), validates the accuracy of derived dielectric properties of the constituent oxides of mill scale. Our results strengthen confidence in employing nondestructive terahertz-based technology for inline quality control of steel products.

磨矿垢主要由三种铁的氧化物组成：钨矿石、赤铁矿和磁铁矿，在后续涂层之前应机械除去。在这项工作中，我们用时域太赫兹光谱测量了三种氧化铁的介电性质。将氧化物粉末分散在聚乙烯粘合剂中，并利用有效介质理论提取其介电行为。先前从太赫兹飞行时间断层扫描实验（~ 11.55μm）获得的磨屑物理厚度非常一致，并通过破坏性扫描电子显微镜测量（~ 10μm）证实，验证了磨屑组成氧化物的介电性质的准确性。我们的研究结果增强了采用无损太赫兹技术对钢铁产品进行在线质量控制的信心。

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引用次数: 0

Automated image stitching of ultrasonic C-scan thickness data 超声c扫描厚度数据的自动图像拼接

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103581

Alexandru Nichita, Yifeng Zhang, Frederic Cegla

This study investigates the performance of established image registration methods for stitching partially overlapping ultrasonic C-scan corrosion maps, with the aim of improving data continuity in phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). Three popular feature detectors, KAZE, SIFT, and SURF, are evaluated alongside two extraction methods, SURF descriptor format and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), on a dataset of 1200 simulated corrosion maps with a 10 mm initial backwall thickness. Each corroded map is divided into two overlapping C-scan strips (100 × 200 pixels), simulating inspection scenarios with overlap ranging from 1 to 50 pixels and misalignments up to 20° rotation. The analysis incorporates realistic acquisition imperfections, including signal noise (0–2 mm) and encoder skips.

Results show that KAZE outperforms SIFT and SURF, particularly under noisy conditions, achieving stitching success rates up to 98% when overlaps exceed 10 elements. In ideal conditions, all detectors maintain high performance (90%–95%), but noise and rotational misalignment significantly degrade the results. The two extraction methods are similar for large depth variations, but when depth variation is small (

\leq

1 mm), SURF is more effective at small overlaps (

\leq

20 elements), while HOG exhibits greater robustness at larger overlaps. Among all tested inspection errors, rotational misalignment had the greatest negative impact on stitching accuracy, followed by noise, with encoder skips showing minimal effect.

These findings support the integration of advanced feature-based registration techniques into PAUT data processing workflows, enabling improved corrosion mapping and defect characterisation across multiple scans.

本研究研究了现有图像配准方法的性能，用于拼接部分重叠的超声c扫描腐蚀图，目的是提高相控阵超声检测（PAUT）中的数据连续性。在1200张初始后壁厚度为10mm的模拟腐蚀图数据集上，对KAZE、SIFT和SURF三种流行的特征检测器以及SURF描述符格式和定向梯度直方图（HOG）两种提取方法进行了评估。每张腐蚀图被分成两个重叠的c扫描带（100 × 200像素），模拟检查场景，重叠范围从1到50像素，不对齐可达20°旋转。分析包含现实的采集缺陷，包括信号噪声（0-2毫米）和编码器跳过。结果表明，KAZE优于SIFT和SURF，特别是在噪声条件下，当重叠超过10个元素时，拼接成功率高达98%。在理想条件下，所有探测器都保持高性能（90%-95%），但噪声和旋转不对准会显著降低结果。两种提取方法在深度变化较大时相似，但当深度变化较小（≤1 mm）时，SURF在小重叠处（≤20个元素）更有效，而HOG在大重叠处表现出更强的鲁棒性。在所有测试的检测误差中，旋转不对准对拼接精度的负面影响最大，其次是噪声，编码器跳过的影响最小。这些发现支持将先进的基于特征的注册技术集成到pat数据处理工作流程中，从而改进了跨多次扫描的腐蚀映射和缺陷表征。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of strut discontinuities in additively manufactured lattice structures using thermoelastic stress analysis 用热弹性应力分析评价增材制造晶格结构的结构不连续

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103587

Joshua Rodrigues , Matthew Pelosi , Wayne Foster , Simon Barter , Raj Das

Additively manufactured lattice structures present several advantages to engineering applications through their lightweight properties and efficient load transfer pathways. Structural damage during fatigue loading to components with integrated lattices, however, can result in strut discontinuities that impede their mechanical properties. In-situ identification of discontinuities in lattice structures is necessary to ensure the robustness of structural performance. The assessment of such discontinuities can be difficult, whereby methods of optical analysis present a viable technique to evaluate structural behaviour. This work utilises thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) as a method to rapidly identify strut discontinuities in lattice structures and assess the resultant alteration in load transfer pathways. TSA scans were performed on lattice tensile specimens under cyclic loading and calibrated using strain gauge rosettes, which were compared to numerical models obtained using the finite element (FE) method. Several lattice topologies were investigated with various tensile loading magnitudes to assess the applicability of the TSA method for several stress ranges and load transfer pathways. TSA was found to be an effective method for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of discontinuities in the lattice specimens, which agreed with the FE models. Furthermore, the TSA scans showed the change in load transfer pathways through stress redistribution, highlighting the evolution of critical lattice members and identifying potential failure sites. This approach of rapid stress assessment can be applied to the design and in situ failure analysis of lightweight aerospace and spacecraft structures under dynamic loading conditions.

增材制造的晶格结构由于其轻量化和高效的载荷传递途径，在工程应用中具有许多优点。然而，在疲劳加载过程中，集成网格组件的结构损伤可能导致支撑不连续，从而影响其机械性能。点阵结构不连续点的原位识别是保证结构性能鲁棒性的必要条件。这种不连续性的评估可能是困难的，因此光学分析方法提供了一种评估结构行为的可行技术。这项工作利用热弹性应力分析（TSA）作为一种方法来快速识别网格结构中的支柱不连续，并评估由此产生的荷载传递路径的变化。在循环载荷下对晶格拉伸试样进行TSA扫描，并使用应变计玫瑰花进行校准，将其与使用有限元（FE）方法获得的数值模型进行比较。研究了不同拉伸载荷下的几种晶格拓扑结构，以评估TSA方法在不同应力范围和载荷传递路径下的适用性。发现TSA是一种有效的定性和定量分析晶格试样不连续的方法，这与有限元模型一致。此外，TSA扫描显示了通过应力重新分配的载荷传递路径的变化，突出了关键晶格成员的演变并确定了潜在的失效位点。这种快速应力评估方法可应用于航空航天和航天器轻量化结构在动载荷条件下的设计和原位失效分析。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of microcrack caused by freeze–thawing in wet mortar using ultrasonic velocities of multiple frequencies 用多频超声速度评价湿砂浆冻融微裂纹

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103583

Takuya Horikawa , Ryosuke Umezawa , Satoru Nakashima , Makoto Katsura

This paper proposes a method for determining the characteristics of microcracks in wet mortars caused by frost damage, from ultrasonic velocities measured at multiple frequencies. In partially water-saturated mortar, P-wave propagation induces pressure gradients between the saturated and dried regions. This is followed by pore water flow, called mesoscopic-scale wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF). It results in the viscoelastic behavior of the dynamic moduli, and their frequency dependency reflects the mobility of pore water related to the crack properties. The integration of the cracked effective medium (CEM) theory and mesoscopic-scale WIFF model enables the description of the frequency-dependent moduli of cracked mortars as functions of crack porosity, width, and water saturation. Numerical simulations were conducted initially to evaluate the effects of crack properties and saturation on the moduli. The simulations demonstrated that the crack aperture significantly influenced the reduction in mortar frame moduli and that the frequency dependency of the P-wave velocity was sensitive to the water saturation, as well as the crack properties. Subsequently, P- and S-wave velocity measurements were performed on mortar specimens subjected to freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs). The crack porosity, width, and water saturation were evaluated simultaneously using the proposed method. The obtained crack porosity was consistent with the porosity variation before and after FTCs. The obtained crack width agreed with the variation in pore size distribution. The CEM-WIFF method can be used to evaluate the generation and progress of microcracks in mortar constructions by continuously or periodically measuring the ultrasonic velocities at multiple frequencies.

本文提出了一种利用多频率超声测速来测定湿砂浆冻损微裂纹特征的方法。在部分水饱和砂浆中，纵波传播在饱和区和干燥区之间引起压力梯度。其次是孔隙水流动，称为介观尺度波致流体流动（WIFF）。动态模量具有粘弹性特性，其频率依赖性反映了孔隙水的流动性与裂缝性质的关系。裂缝有效介质（CEM）理论与细观尺度WIFF模型的结合，可以描述裂缝砂浆的频率相关模量作为裂缝孔隙度、宽度和含水饱和度的函数。初步进行了数值模拟，以评估裂纹特性和饱和度对模量的影响。模拟结果表明，裂缝孔径对砂浆框架模量的降低有显著影响，纵波速度的频率依赖关系对含水饱和度和裂缝特性都很敏感。随后，对冻融循环（FTCs）下的砂浆试件进行了纵波和横波速度测量。同时对裂缝孔隙度、宽度和含水饱和度进行了评价。得到的裂纹孔隙率与FTCs前后孔隙率的变化一致。得到的裂缝宽度与孔隙尺寸分布的变化一致。CEM-WIFF方法可以通过连续或周期性地测量多频率的超声速度来评估砂浆结构微裂纹的产生和发展。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced crack profile identification using physics-informed thresholding from digital image correlation techniques 利用数字图像相关技术的物理信息阈值增强裂纹轮廓识别

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103584

Cheng Chen , Liuyang Feng

This paper proposes a novel method to identify the fatigue crack profile using physics-informed indicator derived from digital image correlation (DIC). The physics-informed indicator allows segmentation of crack profiles by applying thresholding to the displacement gradient field. The optimized threshold criteria derive from a GPR-based training process and finite element models. The experimental tests of the modified single edge notched tension specimens validate the crack sizing accuracy of the proposed approach under mixed-mode conditions. This study compares the crack trajectory tracking accuracy among different approaches: the proposed DIC approach, the edge detection method and manual measurement under various image and crack conditions. The physics-informed DIC approach demonstrates enhanced accuracy and robustness than the conventional image tools, especially under compromised image qualities and human-eye-invisible crack conditions.

提出了一种基于数字图像相关（DIC）的物理信息指示器识别疲劳裂纹轮廓的新方法。该物理指标可以通过对位移梯度场应用阈值来分割裂缝剖面。优化的阈值标准来源于基于gpr的训练过程和有限元模型。对改进后的单棱缺口拉伸试件进行了试验，验证了该方法在混合模态条件下的裂纹定值精度。在不同的图像和裂纹条件下，比较了本文提出的DIC方法、边缘检测方法和人工测量方法对裂纹轨迹的跟踪精度。基于物理的DIC方法比传统的图像工具具有更高的准确性和鲁棒性，特别是在图像质量受损和人眼不可见的裂缝条件下。

引用次数: 0

Initial state of charge estimation for prismatic LiFePO4 cells using ultrasonic velocity along internal layers 利用沿内层的超声速度估计棱柱形LiFePO4电池的初始电荷状态

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103580

Shengyuan Zhang , Peng Zuo , Zheng Fan

Prismatic Li-ion battery cells are increasingly employed in electric transportation, where accurate state of charge (SoC) estimation is critical for reliable and efficient operation. However, conventional SoC estimation methods, primarily based on voltage measurements, face challenges with LiFePO

_{4}

cells due to their characteristically flat voltage-SoC profile. To address this limitation, ultrasonic diagnosis offers a valuable alternative by leveraging the coupling between SoC and the mechanical properties of the cells. In this study, we propose a novel ultrasonic feature — the wave velocity along internal layers — as a robust indicator of SoC. Its sensitivity to SoC is validated experimentally, and the correlation is further confirmed through numerical simulations. A full-scale finite difference time domain (FDTD) model is developed to simulate ultrasonic wave propagation, capturing microscale fluid-solid interactions within the porous electrode and separator layers, as well as the coupling between them. Furthermore, multiscale modeling based on finite element model (FEM) and transfer matrix method (TMM) is introduced. Both simulation methods reveal that the observed correlation primarily arises from internal pressure variations, which are directly related to SoC and modulate the interfacial stiffness between the electrode and separator layers. As a result, ultrasonic wave velocity serves as a non-destructive proxy for internal pressure measurements and SoC estimation. With this theoretical insight, the repeatability and transferability of this ultrasonic velocity-based approach are demonstrated, positioning it as a promising complement to existing electrical and mechanical methods.

棱镜型锂离子电池越来越多地应用于电力运输，其中准确的充电状态（SoC）估算对于可靠和高效的运行至关重要。然而，传统的SoC估计方法主要基于电压测量，由于LiFePO4电池具有平坦的电压SoC分布特征，因此面临挑战。为了解决这一限制，超声诊断提供了一个有价值的替代方案，利用SoC和细胞的机械性能之间的耦合。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新的超声特征-沿内层的波速-作为SoC的稳健指标。实验验证了其对SoC的敏感性，数值模拟进一步证实了其相关性。建立了一个全尺寸时域有限差分（FDTD）模型来模拟超声波的传播，捕捉了多孔电极和分离层内的微尺度流固相互作用以及它们之间的耦合。此外，还介绍了基于有限元模型和传递矩阵法的多尺度建模方法。两种模拟方法都表明，观察到的相关性主要来自内部压力变化，而内部压力变化与SoC直接相关，并调节电极和隔膜层之间的界面刚度。因此，超声波波速可以作为内部压力测量和SoC估算的非破坏性代理。有了这一理论见解，证明了这种基于超声速度的方法的可重复性和可转移性，将其定位为现有电气和机械方法的有前途的补充。

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引用次数: 0

THz super-transmission phenomenon in carbon fiber reinforced polymer for non-destructive testing 无损检测用碳纤维增强聚合物中太赫兹超透射现象

IF 4.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103582

Xinke Zhao , Leijun Xu , Jianfeng Chen , Xue Bai , Xinyu Jin , Yiyang Kong , Hui Xiao

As an emerging class of materials, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have found extensive applications in automotive, aviation, and other industries. However, the development of efficient and accurate non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for CFRPs remains a critical research area. Currently, THz-based detection devices are limited by low output power. Electromagnetic waves also experience significant losses in CFRPs. These factors make THz NDT extremely challenging. To address these issues, this article investigates the phenomenon of super-transmission in CFRPs, which mitigates the difficulty of THz electromagnetic waves penetrating this composite material. First, the electromagnetic properties of single-layer CFRP are analyzed by using the effective medium model and electrical concentric cylindrical model, resulting in the construction of the four-port scattering-matrices (S-matrices) for single-layer CFRP. To calculate the total transmission for double-layer CFRPs, the wave-matrices (W-matrices) are employed to construct a cascaded four-port transmission network, thereby providing a theoretical explanation for the super-transmission phenomenon. Furthermore, a THz transmission experiment is conducted by using a 350 GHz detection device and THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The experimental results align well with the theoretical predictions. The proposed super-transmission phenomenon presents a novel approach and methodology for NDT of CFRPs based on THz electromagnetic waves, thereby offering potential applications in the field of NDT.

作为一种新兴的材料，碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRPs）在汽车、航空和其他工业中得到了广泛的应用。然而，开发高效、准确的碳纤维复合材料无损检测方法仍然是一个重要的研究领域。目前，基于太赫兹的探测设备受到低输出功率的限制。电磁波在cfrp中也会遭受重大损失。这些因素使得太赫兹无损检测极具挑战性。为了解决这些问题，本文研究了CFRPs中的超传输现象，从而减轻了太赫兹电磁波穿透CFRPs的困难。首先，采用有效介质模型和电同心圆柱模型对单层CFRP的电磁特性进行了分析，构建了单层CFRP的四端口散射矩阵（s矩阵）。为了计算双层cfrp的总传输，采用波矩阵（w矩阵）构建了一个级联的四端口传输网络，从而为超传输现象提供了理论解释。此外，利用350 GHz探测装置和太赫兹时域谱（THz- tds）进行了太赫兹传输实验。实验结果与理论预测相吻合。所提出的超传输现象为基于太赫兹电磁波的cfrp无损检测提供了一种新的途径和方法，从而在无损检测领域具有潜在的应用前景。

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