Ndt & E International最新文献_第5页

Comprehensive study on microwave inspection of internal pipe wall thinning: Discontinuities, reflections and signals 管道内壁减薄微波检测综合研究：不连续性、反射和信号

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103269

Weiying Cheng

Microwave inspection of internal pipe wall thinning (PWT) relies on reflections occurring at locations where inner radius changes. Reflections also occur at other discontinuities, such as air gaps and the pipe end, which seriously contaminate the measurement signals for PWT and pose challenges to PWT characterization. This study clarified the mechanism of reflections from different types of discontinuities using theoretical, analytical, and numerical solutions. By establishing a formula to calculate the characteristic impedance of a circular waveguide, we were able to analytically compute the scattering parameter

S_{11}

for a waveguide with a full-circumferential PWT, providing insights for PWT characterization. Furthermore, we defined the number of repetitions per unit of frequency as

Ω

and represented the measured

S_{11}

signals in the

Ω -

domain. The correspondence between

Ω

and traveling distance enables localization of discontinuities without considering frequency-dependent propagation velocity. The

Ω

domain representations primarily associated with PWT were isolated by band and converted back to the frequency domain, allowing for more effective PWT characterization.

管道内壁减薄（PWT）的微波检测依赖于内半径变化处发生的反射。反射也会发生在其他不连续处，如气隙和管端，这严重污染了 PWT 的测量信号，给 PWT 的表征带来了挑战。本研究通过理论、分析和数值求解，阐明了不同类型不连续面的反射机理。通过建立圆波导特性阻抗的计算公式，我们能够分析计算出全圆周压电陶瓷波导的散射参数 S11，为压电陶瓷特性分析提供了启示。此外，我们还将单位频率的重复次数定义为 Ω，并用 Ω 域表示测得的 S11 信号。Ω和移动距离之间的对应关系使我们能够在不考虑频率相关传播速度的情况下定位不连续性。主要与 PWT 有关的 Ω 域表示按频带分离，并转换回频域，从而更有效地描述 PWT。

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引用次数: 0

Structural health assessment of existing dams based on non-destructive testing, physics-based models and machine learning tools 基于无损检测、物理模型和机器学习工具的现有大坝结构健康评估

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103271

Gabriella Bolzon , Antonella Frigerio , Mohammad Hajjar , Caterina Nogara , Emanuele Zappa

The safe operation of dams is ensured by monitoring systems that collect periodic information on environmental conditions (for example, temperature and water level) and on the structural response to external actions. In newly built or retrofitted facilities, large networks of sensors can take daily measurements that are automatically transferred to servers. In other cases, additional information can be acquired, occasionally or systematically, through emerging drone-based non-contact full-field techniques.

The measurements are processed by various analytical and machine learning tools trained on historical data sets, capable of highlighting any anomalous recordings. Monitoring data can also support the accurate calibration of a physics-based model of the structure, usually built in the finite element framework. The analyses carried out by the digital twin allow the experimental database to be expanded with the displacements evaluated in the event of extreme environmental conditions, damage or collapse mechanisms never occurred before.

This contribution illustrates an integrated approach to the safety assessment of existing dams that combines experimental, computational and data processing methodologies. Attention is particularly focused on model calibration procedures and on the uncertainties that influence the characteristics of the joints. The presented results of the validation studies performed by the Authors on benchmark and real-scale problems highlight the merits and limitations of alternative approaches to data exploitation and remote measurement.

大坝的安全运行离不开监测系统，这些系统定期收集有关环境条件（如温度和水位）以及结构对外部作用反应的信息。在新建或改造的设施中，大型传感器网络可以每天进行测量，并自动传输到服务器。在其他情况下，可以通过新兴的无人机非接触式全场技术，偶尔或系统性地获取额外信息。测量结果由各种分析和机器学习工具根据历史数据集进行处理，能够突出显示任何异常记录。监测数据还可支持对基于物理的结构模型进行精确校准，该模型通常在有限元框架内构建。通过数字孪生进行的分析，可以扩展实验数据库，在极端环境条件、损坏或从未出现过的坍塌机制情况下对位移进行评估。本文特别关注模型校准程序和影响连接特性的不确定性。作者对基准问题和实际问题的验证研究结果突出了数据利用和远程测量替代方法的优点和局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Identification of crack orientation in electrically conductive materials using eddy current testing powered by rotational directive filter 利用旋转指令滤波器驱动的涡流测试识别导电材料的裂纹走向

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103273

Wataru Matsunaga , Xiaojuan Xu , Koichi Mizukami , Yoshihiro Mizutani , Akira Todoroki

In this study, we developed a method to identify crack orientation in carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) by controlling its electromagnetic field using a rotational directive filter (RDF) during eddy current testing (ECT). Finite element analysis showed that by applying an RDF and rotating it, the eddy currents induced in the CFRTP can be changed and controlled in any in-plane direction. A slit simulating a crack was used to identify crack orientation in CFRTP. The ECT output change reached the maximum when the RDF angle coincided with the crack orientation. The proposed method can identify crack orientation in CFRTP.

在这项研究中，我们开发了一种在涡流测试（ECT）过程中通过使用旋转定向滤波器（RDF）控制电磁场来识别碳纤维增强热塑性塑料（CFRTP）裂纹取向的方法。有限元分析表明，通过应用 RDF 并使其旋转，可以改变并控制 CFRTP 中感应的涡流在任何平面方向上的方向。模拟裂缝的狭缝用于确定 CFRTP 中的裂缝方向。当 RDF 角度与裂纹方向一致时，ECT 输出变化达到最大值。所提出的方法可以识别 CFRTP 中的裂纹走向。

引用次数: 0

Wall thinning quantification with a lift-off distance for ferromagnetic structures using pulsed ECT equipped with ICA-Gauss filter and Hough Transform 利用配备 ICA-Gauss 滤波器和 Hough 变换的脉冲 ECT，对铁磁性结构的壁薄进行升程量化

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103272

Jizhou Zhang , Siwei Fan , Guohang Lu , Shuyan Yang , Shejuan Xie , Zhenmao Chen , Yang Zheng , Tetsuya Uchimoto , Toshiyuki Takagi

Determining the thickness of ferromagnetic materials with a lift-off distance poses a significant challenge for current non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. Pulsed eddy current (PEC) testing is deemed as a powerful candidate to evaluate this type of defect. However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the PEC response signal obtained with large lift-off distance is very poor, so that the signal feature can hardly be extracted. To improve the SNR of PEC response signals and capture the signal feature adaptively, this paper proposed a novel PEC signal processing algorithm based on ICA-Gauss filter and Hough Transform (HT). Firstly, the principle of the proposed method was introduced. Then, two case studies, a comparison experiment and an application experiment were conducted to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of this method. Results from these experiments show that (a) the ICA-Gauss filter can effectively suppress the power-line noises and random noises in PEC signals, (b) the ICA-Gauss filter outperforms traditional filters in feature robustness and computing efficiency, including double-logarithmic median filter and Savitzky-Golay filter, and (c) HT is an adaptive and accurate method to extract the PEC signal feature, thus achieving a small detection error.

确定铁磁性材料的厚度与提升距离对当前的无损检测（NDT）技术是一项重大挑战。脉冲涡流 (PEC) 测试被认为是评估这类缺陷的有力候选技术。然而，在大提升距离下获得的 PEC 响应信号的信噪比（SNR）很低，因此很难提取信号特征。为了提高 PEC 响应信号的信噪比并自适应地捕捉信号特征，本文提出了一种基于 ICA-Gauss 滤波器和 Hough 变换（HT）的新型 PEC 信号处理算法。首先，介绍了所提方法的原理。然后，进行了两个案例研究、一个对比实验和一个应用实验，以验证该方法的有效性和准确性。实验结果表明：(a) ICA-Gauss 滤波器能有效抑制 PEC 信号中的电力线噪声和随机噪声；(b) ICA-Gauss 滤波器在特征鲁棒性和计算效率方面优于传统滤波器，包括双对数中值滤波器和 Savitzky-Golay 滤波器；(c) HT 是一种提取 PEC 信号特征的自适应精确方法，因此检测误差较小。

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引用次数: 0

Optimising full waveform inversion with inhomogeneous transducers: Parameters and considerations for successful implementation 利用非均质传感器优化全波形反演：成功实施的参数和注意事项

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103265

Carlos-Omar Rasgado-Moreno , Panpan Xu , Marek Rist , Madis Ratassepp

Guided wave tomography (GWT) based full waveform inversion (FWI) is an emerging technique for structural health monitoring applications, primarily for plates and pipeline structures. Generally, FWI employs a two-dimensional (2-D) forward model to circumvent the high computational cost associated with the inversion scheme. Consequently, a re-scaling step is implemented to compensate for any potential discrepancies between the 2-D model and the observed data. Druet et al., (2019) introduced the autocalibration method, which utilises the information from the healthy rays to calibrate those rays that pass through the defect. In this method, only the phase information is re-scaled, given that phase information is the dominant factor in FWI. However, overlooking amplitude discrepancies might lead the inversion scheme to become trapped in a local minimum. In this study, we propose to include the amplitude information as well, following the autocalibration method. We use an updated autocalibration method to reconstruct a 100 mm wide defect on an 8 mm thick steel straight pipe with traditional GWT using the

A_{0}

mode. This novel approach provides a more accurate representation of the defect and avoids becoming trapped in a local minimum, thereby improving the reliability and effectiveness of FWI. Furthermore, we offer guidance for the successful implementation of this method in the presence of inhomogeneous transducers, a common challenge in practical applications.

基于导波层析成像（GWT）的全波形反演（FWI）是一种新兴的结构健康监测应用技术，主要用于板材和管道结构。一般来说，全波形反演采用二维（2-D）前向模型，以规避与反演方案相关的高计算成本。因此，需要执行重新缩放步骤，以补偿二维模型与观测数据之间的任何潜在差异。Druet 等人（2019 年）引入了自动校准方法，利用健康射线的信息来校准穿过缺陷的射线。在这种方法中，考虑到相位信息是 FWI 的主要因素，因此只对相位信息进行了重新标定。然而，忽略振幅差异可能会导致反演方案陷入局部最小值。在本研究中，我们建议按照自动校准方法，将振幅信息也包括在内。我们使用更新的自动校准方法，用传统的 A0 模式 GWT 在 8 毫米厚的钢直管上重建 100 毫米宽的缺陷。这种新方法能更准确地表示缺陷，避免陷入局部最小值，从而提高 FWI 的可靠性和有效性。此外，我们还为在存在不均匀传感器的情况下成功实施这种方法提供了指导，这在实际应用中是一个常见的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

A simplified procedure for evaluation of damage-depth in concrete exposed to high temperature using the impact-echo method 利用冲击回波法评估暴露于高温下的混凝土的破坏深度的简化程序

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103270

Hsuan-Chih Yang , Yiching Lin

Concrete is widely recognized as a material capable of withstanding the intrusion of high temperatures during fires. However, under different high-temperature conditions, concrete can still experience strength reduction, cracking, or spalling, which can significantly impact the safety and durability of concrete structures. Conventionally, the wave refraction technique was used to detect the depth of this damage layer. However, the wave refraction technique is a time-consuming point-by-point detection method. In order to increase detection efficiency, this paper proposes a simplified method based on a single-point test. Numerical analysis of the thermal conduction of a concrete slab exposed to elevated temperature was performed first to investigate the temperature distribution within the concrete slab. Subsequently, the wave refraction technique was numerically simulated to evaluate the damage depth of the concrete slab. According to the refracted wave propagation path, a simplified procedure is proposed for the detection of the damage depth of concrete under high temperature. In the simplified procedure, a receiver is placed at an adequate distance from the impact source so that the first arrival wave at the receiver will be a wave refracted from the interface between the damaged layer and the sound layer inside the concrete. To verify the applicability of the proposed simplified procedure, concrete slab specimens subjected to an elevated temperature of 600 °C were tested in this study. The experimental results indicate that the simplified method proposed in this paper can indeed be used to detect the depth of high-temperature damage in concrete. In addition, the experimental results show that under the same high-temperature exposure conditions, the depth of fire damage increases with a decrease in the water-cement ratio. This can be attributed to the higher thermal conductivity coefficient of concrete with a lower water-cement ratio.

混凝土被公认为是一种能够在火灾中抵御高温侵袭的材料。然而，在不同的高温条件下，混凝土仍会出现强度降低、开裂或剥落等现象，从而严重影响混凝土结构的安全性和耐久性。传统上，人们使用波折射技术来检测这种损伤层的深度。然而，波折射技术是一种耗时的逐点检测方法。为了提高检测效率，本文提出了一种基于单点检测的简化方法。首先对暴露在高温下的混凝土板的热传导进行了数值分析，以研究混凝土板内的温度分布。随后，对波折射技术进行数值模拟，以评估混凝土板的损坏深度。根据折射波的传播路径，提出了检测高温下混凝土破坏深度的简化程序。在简化程序中，接收器与冲击源保持足够的距离，这样第一个到达接收器的波将是从受损层和混凝土内部声层之间的界面折射出来的波。为了验证所建议的简化程序的适用性，本研究对承受 600 °C 高温的混凝土板试件进行了测试。实验结果表明，本文提出的简化方法确实可用于检测混凝土的高温损伤深度。此外，实验结果表明，在相同的高温暴露条件下，火灾破坏深度随着水灰比的降低而增加。这可归因于水灰比较低的混凝土导热系数较高。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of heat-treated bearing rings via measurement of electromagnetic properties for pulsed eddy current evaluation 通过测量脉冲涡流评估的电磁特性表征热处理轴承套圈

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103268

Jingwei Sha , Hong Zhang , Mengbao Fan , Binghua Cao , Fengshan Sun

Nondestructive evaluation of heat-treated bearing rings is a critical technique for quality control in industries. However, there are few reports addressing the complex mapping between hardness and electromagnetic properties due to the intricate changes in the microstructure. This paper proposes a dual-method approach, combining magnetic saturation eddy current techniques and Barkhausen noise reconstruction hysteresis loop techniques, to independently establish the relationship between hardness and electromagnetic properties. The results show that the electrical properties of unqualified specimens are significantly higher than those of other specimens, with qualified specimens have slightly higher properties than untreated ones. Additionally, an inverse relationship between hardness and magnetic properties is observed. Based on the obtained electromagnetic parameters, a pulsed eddy current hardness detection simulation model is established, which has the potential to improve purely data-driven methods for hardness detection in deep learning.

热处理轴承套圈的无损评估是工业质量控制的一项关键技术。然而，由于微观结构的复杂变化，硬度与电磁特性之间的复杂映射关系鲜有报道。本文提出了一种结合磁饱和涡流技术和巴克豪森噪声重构磁滞回线技术的双方法，以独立建立硬度和电磁特性之间的关系。结果表明，不合格试样的电特性明显高于其他试样，而合格试样的电特性略高于未处理试样。此外，硬度与磁性能之间存在反比关系。根据获得的电磁参数，建立了脉冲涡流硬度检测仿真模型，该模型有望改进深度学习中纯数据驱动的硬度检测方法。

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引用次数: 0

A novel damage localization method of Circular Phased Array using Minimum Variance Distortionless Response Beamforming with Autocorrelation Matrix Diagonal Loading 利用自相关矩阵对角线加载的最小方差无失真响应波束成形的新型圆形相控阵损伤定位方法

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103267

Yonghui An , Shilong Ni , Ranting Cui , Jinping Ou

Damage localization methods based on Acoustic Emission (AE) can be classified into time-based and waveform-based. However, the former requires a large number of sensors while the latter is limited to 2D plane localization. In order to address the challenge of achieving more accurate 3D localization using a reduced number of sensors, this paper proposes a Circular Phased Array using Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) Beamforming with Autocorrelation Matrix Diagonal Loading (AMDL) method. Firstly, a sparse circular array is utilized to form multiple beamforming for coherent shear wave signals, decomposing the original 3D localization problem into Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation. Secondly, azimuth angle, elevation angle and autocorrelation matrix diagonal loading methods are introduced, working in conjunction with the MVDR beamforming algorithm. Finally, spatial integration is performed through matrix decomposition to solve geometric overdetermined equations. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through numerical simulations and experimental verifications under various damage conditions. Results indicate that estimation errors for azimuth and elevation angles are both less than 2 %, while 3D damage source localization errors remain within a range of less than 3 %. This proposed method extends beamforming technology from 2D plane localization to 3D localization, significantly reducing the complexity of sensor arrangement and lowering the cost of structural health monitoring systems by utilizing a small number of sensors.

基于声发射（AE）的损伤定位方法可分为基于时间的方法和基于波形的方法。然而，前者需要大量传感器，而后者仅限于二维平面定位。为了解决用更少的传感器数量实现更精确的三维定位这一难题，本文提出了一种使用自相关矩阵对角加载（AMDL）方法的最小方差无失真响应（MVDR）波束成形的圆形相控阵。首先，利用稀疏圆形阵列形成相干剪切波信号的多重波束成形，将原来的三维定位问题分解为到达方向（DOA）估计。其次，引入方位角、仰角和自相关矩阵对角加载方法，与 MVDR 波束成形算法结合使用。最后，通过矩阵分解进行空间整合，以求解几何超定方程。在各种损坏条件下，通过数值模拟和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明，方位角和仰角的估计误差均小于 2%，而三维损伤源定位误差保持在小于 3% 的范围内。该方法将波束成形技术从二维平面定位扩展到三维定位，大大降低了传感器布置的复杂性，并通过利用少量传感器降低了结构健康监测系统的成本。

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引用次数: 0

Novel fast full-wavefield modeling of air-coupled surface waves and its implications for non-contact pavement testing 空气耦合表面波的新型快速全波场建模及其对非接触式路面测试的影响

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103266

Quoc Kinh Tran , Chih-Ping Lin , Ernian Pan , Tsai-Jung Wu , Yin-Ming Po

We present a novel approach for deriving and modeling air-coupled surface waves with applications in non-contact non-destructive testing (NDT). It is based on the fast Fourier-Bessel series system in conjunction with the unconditionally stable dual-variable and position matrix method. Parametric studies, including sensitivity analysis, are conducted to assess the feasibility of using non-contact air-coupled measurements for pavement testing, focusing on Green's functions, time-domain waveforms, and experimental frequency-velocity spectra (FVS, i.e., the estimated Green's functions from acquired truncated wavefield). The predicted experimental FVS presented in this study are synthetic dispersion images, which are distinguished from the measured experimental FVS (i.e., measured dispersion images from multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) test). With the derived complete solution of air-coupled dynamic responses, we find that: (1) Striking similarities between the theoretical Green's functions of vertical displacement (on the pavement surface) and pressure (in the air), as well as in their corresponding experimental FVS. (2) The proposed accurate and efficient full-wave modeling of air-coupled surface waves avoids the need for good contact between geophones/accelerometers and pavement surface. This facilitates direct inversion of shear wave velocity profiles by fitting the predicted experimental FVS to the measured one. (3) Sensitivity analysis demonstrates no significant loss of information in the pressure measured in the air, supporting the feasibility of using non-contact measurement for non-destructive testing. These results suggest that non-contact air-coupled measurements hold great promise as a viable alternative to contact measurements in non-destructive testing.

我们提出了一种用于非接触无损检测（NDT）的空气耦合表面波推导和建模的新方法。该方法基于快速傅立叶-贝塞尔级数系统以及无条件稳定的双变量和位置矩阵法。对参数进行了研究，包括灵敏度分析，以评估将非接触式空气耦合测量用于路面测试的可行性，重点关注格林函数、时域波形和实验频率-速度谱（FVS，即从获取的截断波场中估算出的格林函数）。本研究中展示的实验频速谱是合成频散图像，与实测实验频速谱（即多通道面波分析（MASW）测试的实测频散图像）有所区别。通过对空气耦合动态响应的完整求解，我们发现(1) 垂直位移（路面表面）和压力（空气中）的理论格林函数及其相应的实验 FVS 具有惊人的相似性。 (2) 所提出的精确、高效的空气耦合面波全波建模避免了检波器/加速度计与路面表面之间的良好接触。这有助于通过将预测的实验 FVS 与测量的 FVS 进行拟合，直接反演剪切波速度剖面。(3) 敏感性分析表明，空气中测得的压力信息没有明显损失，这支持了使用非接触式测量进行无损检测的可行性。这些结果表明，非接触式空气耦合测量有望成为无损检测中接触式测量的可行替代方法。

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引用次数: 0

Image enhancement methods for inspection of planar and non-planar FRP structures using a noise-based microwave NDT inspection system 使用基于噪声的微波无损检测系统检测平面和非平面玻璃钢结构的图像增强方法

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103264

Marc D. Navagato, Ram M. Narayanan

Microwave nondestructive testing (MNDT) includes inspection techniques that assess a particular material’s health status using low-power and contactless inspection systems. In near-field microwave inspections, imaging results are heavily influenced by the standoff distance parameter, i.e., the physical separation between the microwave sensor and the sample under test (SUT). Variations in the standoff distance during an inspection tend to cause defect masking of disbonds and delaminations in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials, causing defects to go undetected frequently. An MNDT near-field inspection system using noise waveforms is used to identify engineered internal defects within carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) samples. Tactics utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Stacked Sparse Autoencoders (SSAEs), and an autoencoder network trained in a manner for anomaly detection are used to minimize the effects of standoff distance, reduce defect masking, and increase the ability to identify hidden defects. The samples tested are constructed to possess planar and non-planar geometries, such that the viability of the data-driven image enhancement and standoff distance correction methods are demonstrated with respect to a wide variety of in situ inspection applications.

微波无损检测（MNDT）包括使用低功耗和非接触式检测系统评估特定材料健康状况的检测技术。在近场微波检测中，成像结果在很大程度上受间距参数的影响，即微波传感器与被测样品（SUT）之间的物理间隔。在检测过程中，间距的变化往往会导致纤维增强聚合物 (FRP) 材料中的脱键和分层缺陷被掩盖，从而导致缺陷经常被检测不到。使用噪声波形的 MNDT 近场检测系统可识别碳纤维增强聚合物 (CFRP) 样品中的工程内部缺陷。利用主成分分析 (PCA)、堆叠稀疏自动编码器 (SSAE) 和以异常检测方式训练的自动编码器网络等策略，最大限度地减少了间距的影响，减少了缺陷掩蔽，提高了识别隐藏缺陷的能力。所测试的样品具有平面和非平面几何形状，从而证明了数据驱动的图像增强和间距校正方法在各种现场检测应用中的可行性。

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引用次数: 0