Ndt & E International最新文献_第4页

A study on fatigue life evaluation of 42CrMo steel under cyclic loading based on metal magnetic memory method

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103285

Hao Jiang , Laibin Zhang , Jianchun Fan , Zhitong Zhang , Kaiwen Wang

Accidents involving drilling tool fractures in the process of oil and gas resource exploration and development occur frequently, and there are few detection methods for detecting the residual fatigue life of drilling tool joints with irregular surfaces. Therefore, developing a quick and effective method to evaluate fatigue damage in drilling tool joints is particularly important. In this study, a fatigue life evaluation method for ferromagnetic materials was established based on metal magnetic memory (MMM) detection technology, which can be used in the petroleum industry to evaluate the remaining life of drilling tool joints. First, the relationship between the impact load and specimen fatigue life was determined through a simulation, followed by a fatigue test, and the magnetic signals on the surface of the specimen under different fatigue loads were collected. The effects of the three evaluation methods were compared, and it was found that dynamic time warping (DTW) was more accurate for the evaluation of metal fatigue. Finally, a fatigue damage evaluation model for ferromagnetic metallic materials was established, and the feasibility of the method was verified using test data. This method can effectively predict the remaining fatigue life of threaded specimens, and can be applied in the petroleum industry to evaluate the remaining fatigue life of drilling tool joints. This study provides guidance for the petroleum industry in ensuring the safety of drilling tools.

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引用次数: 0

Simulated delaminations in thermal NDT standards and the concept of thermally equivalent defects

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103278

V.P. Vavilov , D.D. Burleigh , A.O. Chulkov , D. Yu Kladov

In the thermal nondestructive testing (TNDT) of composite panels NDT standards (reference panels) are used to validate TNDT procedures and to verify the effectiveness of data processing algorithms. Most composite NDT standards use Teflon implants to simulate delaminations in composite panels.

3D numerical modeling has been used to evaluate the temperature versus time behavior of Teflon/foamed polypropylene implants and FBHs to determine how the parameters of implants (dimension, thickness, number of layers) or FBHs (dimension and depth) can be optimized to provide the best possible representations of real delaminations.

An ongoing question in the TNDT “community” has been “How well do Teflon implants and FBHs represent real delaminations?”

This paper will answer this question and provide recommendations.

Following the numerical modeling, composite test panels with simulated delaminations were fabricated, they were tested by TNDT, and the results were evaluated and compared.

The concept of thermally equivalent defects is introduced. A thermally equivalent defect is an FBH or Teflon/foamed polypropylene implant that accurately represent the temperature versus time performance of a real delamination, even though the simulated defect may not be the same diameter or depth of the real delamination.

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引用次数: 0

Detection of defects in girth welded joints of tubular structure by circumferential feature-guided waves

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103283

Xinyi Yuan , Weibin Li , Mingxi Deng

The employment of circumferential feature-guided waves (CFGWs) presents a promising and effective avenue for defect detection in girth welded joints of tubular structures. This study delves into the propagation characteristics of diverse CFGW modes utilizing the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method. A comparative scrutiny with feature-guided wave (FGW) modes in plate welded joints elucidates how the modal attributes of CFGW modes are impacted by geometric aspects like curvature. Moreover, the research extensively probes the sensitivity of distinct CFGW modes to various defects in girth welded joints through a blend of experimental and numerical approaches. The numerical results align closely with the experimental outcomes, unequivocally affirming the efficacy of CFGWs in defect detection within girth welded joints. The findings reveal that the sensitivity of varied CFGW modes to defects is contingent upon the energy flow distribution across the cross-section of the girth welded joint. This investigation underscores the potential of CFGWs for precise, long-range defect screening at the joint region of girth welded joints in tubular structures.

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引用次数: 0

Application of Golay-based total focusing method using a high-frequency, lead-free, flexible ultrasonic array for inspection of thick non-planar industrial components

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103282

Elmergue Germano , Morteza Tabatabaeipour , Ehsan Mohseni , David Lines , Charles N. MacLeod , Kwok-Ho Lam , David Hughes , Heather Trodden , Anthony Gachagan

The compromise between axial resolution and penetration depth in ultrasound imaging poses a challenge for high-frequency ultrasonic arrays, limiting their ability to effectively inspect thick components in industrial applications. In this work, a commercial 20 MHz, 64 element, 1 mm pitch lead-free flexible linear array was characterised in terms of its performance. The array was subsequently evaluated using Golay-coded excitation techniques to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and operability on non-planar thick components. The SNR improvement verification results were acquired with the array deployed on a 100 mm thick flat aluminium test specimen. As expected, an increase in SNR was observed as the Golay code length increased. The imaging strategy employed a combination of Full Matrix Capture (FMC) and Total Focusing Method (TFM) to assess the performance variations between the conventional pulse excitation and Golay-coded excitation. The Golay-based TFM demonstrated superior performance compared to the conventional pulse-based TFM, with an SNR improvement of 4.95 dB when using the full array aperture to inspect the non-planar steel S355 specimen. A sub-aperture selection approach, based on the effect of the array element beam spread, offered additional SNR improvement of up to 8.2 dB. Greater imaging penetration depth was achieved, with an increase of >40 % compared to conventional pulse-based TFM. Thus, for inspection of thick non-planar industrial components using a lead-free high-frequency array, Golay-coded excitation schemes show excellent potential to enhance SNR, penetration depth and imaging quality.

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引用次数: 0

Nondestructive examination of internal defects in cylindrical glass fiber reinforced plastics using dynamic active microwave thermography 用动态有源微波热成像技术无损检测圆柱形玻璃纤维增强塑料内部缺陷

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103281

Pouya Faraji Kalajahi, Davood Akbari

In this paper, the applicability of Dynamic Active Microwave Thermography (DAMT) in nondestructive inspection of GFRP cylindrical shells has been investigated experimentally and numerically. In this regard, Cylindrical GFRP samples were prepared through a filament winding process. Two types of planar and linear defects were created inside the cylindrical samples. Holes and cracks in three different diameters and lengths were engraved on the inner side of the samples. Aiming to create temperature contrast between sound and defected areas a microwave excitation setup comprising a microwave horn antenna, a rotational element, and a Faraday's cage was utilized. Thermal images were captured from the surface of the samples by means of an IR camera. The influences of different parameters including excitation power, heating time, and standoff distance on the temperature contrast were assessed. Besides, in order to examine the electrical field distribution, the interaction of the E-field with the sample, and the temperature distribution on the surface of the sample, the heating process was simulated numerically using the finite element method. The FEM analysis results indicate a proper agreement with the experimental test results.

本文对动态主动微波热成像技术（DAMT）在玻璃钢圆柱壳无损检测中的适用性进行了实验和数值研究。为此，通过长丝缠绕工艺制备了圆柱形GFRP样品。在圆柱形试样内部产生了平面和线性两种缺陷。在样品的内侧刻有三种不同直径和长度的孔和裂缝。为了在声区和缺陷区之间建立温度对比，采用了由微波喇叭天线、旋转元件和法拉第笼组成的微波激励装置。利用红外照相机从样品表面捕获热图像。考察了激励功率、加热时间、距离等参数对温度对比的影响。此外，为了研究加热过程中的电场分布、电场与试样的相互作用以及试样表面的温度分布，采用有限元方法对加热过程进行了数值模拟。有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。

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引用次数: 0

GPR hyperbolic fitting in multi-layered structure: A depth-weighted velocity correction approach 多层结构中的 GPR 双曲拟合：深度加权速度校正方法

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103280

Wenchao He , Wallace Wai-Lok Lai , Xin Sui , Huamei Zhu

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a popular non-destructive tool for detecting sub-surface utilities such as pipelines and rebar, which typically produce hyperbolic patterns in radargrams. Although hyperbolic fitting is commonly employed to determine burial depth and wave velocity, these techniques traditionally depend on the assumption of homogeneous media—an assumption that neglects Snell's Law and is seldom realized in field conditions, leading to errors in velocity estimation. To address this challenge, this article introduces a depth-weighted velocity correction approach designed to improve velocity estimation accuracy within layered media. Analogous to Dix conversion in seismology, the algorithm assumes that the effective wave velocity obtained from hyperbolic fitting is a depth-weighted average of the velocities corresponding to each layer, with the proportional distance traveled by electromagnetic (EM) waves through each layer aligning with the layer's relative thickness. By incorporating known thicknesses and velocities of the overlying layers, the algorithm recalculates the wave velocity in the layer containing the target object. It is adaptable to two different hyperbolic models based on the availability of target radius and antenna separation information. The efficacy of the proposed method has been validated through extensive numerical and laboratory experiments, including a sensitivity analysis of the algorithm's parameters. Results confirm that the proposed method effectively reduces the impact of non-target layers, enhancing the accuracy of wave velocity estimations by 9% and 11% in single-overlying and double overlayying cases, respectively. This advancement is beneficial for sub-surface utility detection beneath horizontal overlays such as tunnel linings and asphalt pavement, as well as in air-coupled radar applications for extraterrestrial exploration. Most importantly, Snell's law can not and should not be neglected in GPR analysis.

地面穿透雷达 (GPR) 是一种常用的非破坏性工具，用于探测管道和钢筋等地下公用设施，这些设施通常会在雷达图中产生双曲形态。虽然双曲拟合通常用于确定埋深和波速，但这些技术传统上依赖于均质介质假设--这种假设忽略了斯涅尔定律，在现场条件下很少实现，从而导致速度估计错误。为了应对这一挑战，本文介绍了一种深度加权速度校正方法，旨在提高分层介质中的速度估算精度。与地震学中的 Dix 转换类似，该算法假定双曲拟合得到的有效波速是每个层对应速度的深度加权平均值，电磁波穿过每个层的距离比例与层的相对厚度一致。该算法结合已知的上覆层厚度和速度，重新计算包含目标物体的层中的波速。根据目标半径和天线间距信息，该算法可适用于两种不同的双曲线模型。通过大量的数值和实验室实验，包括对算法参数的敏感性分析，验证了所提方法的有效性。结果证实，所提出的方法能有效减少非目标层的影响，在单层叠加和双层叠加情况下，波速估算的精度分别提高了 9% 和 11%。这一进步有利于隧道衬砌和沥青路面等水平覆盖层下的地下公用设施探测，也有利于地外探测中的空气耦合雷达应用。最重要的是，在 GPR 分析中不能也不应忽视斯涅尔定律。

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引用次数: 0

The design of high temperature EMATs to avoid irreversible magnetic losses 设计高温电磁超声衰减器以避免不可逆磁损

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103279

Nived Suresh , Pierce Elliott , Cosmin Radu , Joseph Corcoran

Many applications demand Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) withstand exposure to elevated temperature without performance degradation. Permanent magnet EMATs are typically optimized on the basis of maximizing magnetic bias and mode purity, but there is a gap in the literature to-date about magnetic design to limit signal degradation through irreversible demagnetization. For practical purposes, recoverable irreversible demagnetization, which can only be recovered through active remagnetization, represents permanent damage to an EMAT. The extent of recoverable irreversible demagnetization depends on a combination of magnetic material selection and the physical configuration of the magnet (including magnet geometry, interaction with other ferromagnetic materials, and interaction with other magnetic fields). This paper presents the background theory on self-generated demagnetizing fields, which lead to recoverable irreversible losses, and presents an approach to predict the resulting magnetic losses. Thermal exposure experiments on different magnetic configurations are presented, illustrating the predictive method, and showing the importance of magnetic design to avoid magnetic losses. A further experiment, where EMATs are built with different magnetic configurations, shows that a favorable design results in negligible loss in post-exposure ultrasonic signal amplitude, whereas an unfavorable design led to a 65 % loss. Consequently, it is proposed that when designing an EMAT for elevated temperature, minimizing the demagnetizing field should be included as an important aspect of optimization.

许多应用要求电磁声传感器（EMAT）能够承受高温而不降低性能。永磁 EMAT 通常是在最大限度提高磁偏压和模式纯度的基础上进行优化的，但迄今为止，有关限制不可逆退磁造成的信号衰减的磁设计方面的文献还存在空白。在实际应用中，只有通过主动再磁化才能恢复的可恢复不可逆退磁代表了对电磁超声衰减器的永久性损坏。可恢复不可逆退磁的程度取决于磁性材料的选择和磁体的物理结构（包括磁体的几何形状、与其他铁磁材料的相互作用以及与其他磁场的相互作用）。本文介绍了导致可恢复不可逆损耗的自产生退磁磁场的背景理论，并提出了预测由此产生的磁损耗的方法。本文介绍了不同磁配置的热暴露实验，说明了预测方法，并显示了磁设计对避免磁损耗的重要性。另一个实验是用不同的磁性配置制造电磁超声衰减器，结果表明，有利的设计导致暴露后超声波信号振幅的损失可以忽略不计，而不利的设计则导致 65% 的损失。因此，建议在设计用于高温的电磁超声衰减器时，应将最小化退磁磁场作为优化的一个重要方面。

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引用次数: 0

Quantum machine learning for recognition of defects in ultrasonic imaging 量子机器学习在超声成像缺陷识别中的应用

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103262

Anurag Dubey , Thulsiram Gantala , Anupama Ray , Anil Prabhakar , Prabhu Rajagopal

The paper discusses a new paradigm of employing a quantum machine learning (QML) algorithm for automated weld defect recognition. A variational quantum classifier (VQC) using ultrasonic phased arrays is proposed to extract weld defect features in the atomic state to improve the classification accuracy and achieve high-speed calculation due to simultaneous qubits. The VQC is trained using a simulation-assisted weld dataset generated using finite element (FE) models and deep convolution generative adversarial networks (DCGAN). The total focusing method (TFM) weld images of porosity and slag are generated using time-transmitted signals received by performing full matrix capture, modeling various defect morphologies using FE simulations. These datasets are fed to train the DCGAN to generate synthetic TFM images. We use the feature selection method to obtain the best results with a quantum circuit with minimal qubits. Prominent features so obtained are supplied to the encoder circuit of the VQC to convert it to a quantum domain, thereby passing to an ansatz circuit to train quantum hyperparameters. The loss is computed for every iteration by optimizing the learnable parameters of the VQC. The VQC is trained by varying quantities of datasets to improve the reliability and efficiency of the weld defect classifications. It is found that VQC outperforms some of the classical machine learning algorithms with an accuracy of

96

%.

本文讨论了采用量子机器学习（QML）算法进行焊缝缺陷自动识别的新范式。提出了一种基于超声相控阵的变分量子分类器（VQC），用于提取原子态焊缝缺陷特征，提高了分类精度，并利用同时存在的量子比特实现了高速计算。VQC使用仿真辅助焊接数据集进行训练，该数据集由有限元（FE）模型和深度卷积生成对抗网络（DCGAN）生成。全聚焦法（TFM）利用接收到的时间传输信号进行全矩阵捕获，生成气孔和熔渣的焊缝图像，并利用有限元模拟模拟各种缺陷形态。这些数据集被输入训练DCGAN以生成合成的TFM图像。我们使用特征选择方法在最小量子位的量子电路中获得最佳结果。将得到的显著特征提供给VQC的编码器电路，将其转换为量子域，从而传递给ansatz电路来训练量子超参数。通过优化VQC的可学习参数，计算每次迭代的损失。VQC通过不同数量的数据集进行训练，以提高焊缝缺陷分类的可靠性和效率。研究发现，VQC优于一些经典的机器学习算法，准确率达到96%。

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引用次数: 0

A novel multi-fidelity Gaussian process regression approach for defect characterization in motion-induced eddy current testing 一种新的多保真高斯过程回归方法用于运动感应涡流检测缺陷表征

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103274

Xuhui Huang , Zi Li , Lei Peng , Yufei Chu , Zebadiah Miles , Sunil Kishore Chakrapani , Ming Han , Anish Poudel , Yiming Deng

This study introduces a novel framework aimed at addressing the challenge of surface defect characterization in lab-scale tests. It utilizes a high-speed rotational disc setup to simulate the dynamics of rolling contact fatigue found in railway inspections through Motion-Induced Eddy Current Testing (MIECT). A key component of our approach was the integration of experimental data and finite element modeling, aimed at interpreting the relationship between defect dimensions, velocity, and their impact on magnetic sensor outputs. Our research focused on two main objectives: developing a forward model to predict the differential peak-to-peak amplitude (

{Δ V}_{p p}

) of sensor readings from defect size and velocity, and to perform inverse estimation of defect sizes from

{Δ V}_{p p}

across continuous velocity ranges. The key findings reveal that for the forward problem, the Radial Basis Function Multi-Fidelity Scaling (RBF-MFS) method outperforms other multi-fidelity and single-fidelity approaches. Moreover, the proposed Gaussian Process Regression with Multi-Fidelity Scaling and Feature Discretization (GPR-MFS-FD) method outperformed the state-of-the-art multi-fidelity method in the inverse estimation of defect geometries. This innovative method leverages high-fidelity experimental data together with low-fidelity physics simulations via multi-fidelity scaling and feature discretization to effectively manage velocity range inputs, reflecting real-world operational uncertainties in high-speed transport vehicles and infrastructures. Our integrated and novel data-driven approaches advance defect characterization, enhancing MIECT's application in surface defect detection and analysis, with potential extensions to other NDE applications.

本研究引入了一种新的框架，旨在解决实验室规模测试中表面缺陷表征的挑战。它利用高速旋转盘设置来模拟通过运动感应涡流测试（MIECT）在铁路检查中发现的滚动接触疲劳动力学。我们方法的一个关键组成部分是实验数据和有限元建模的集成，旨在解释缺陷尺寸、速度及其对磁传感器输出的影响之间的关系。我们的研究集中在两个主要目标上：开发一个正演模型来预测缺陷尺寸和速度的传感器读数的峰对峰振幅差异（ΔVpp），以及在连续速度范围内从ΔVpp进行缺陷尺寸的逆估计。研究结果表明，对于正演问题，径向基函数多保真度缩放（RBF-MFS）方法优于其他多保真度和单保真度方法。此外，本文提出的多保真度尺度和特征离散化高斯过程回归（GPR-MFS-FD）方法在缺陷几何形状逆估计方面优于当前最先进的多保真度方法。这种创新的方法利用高保真实验数据和低保真物理模拟，通过多保真缩放和特征离散化，有效地管理速度范围输入，反映高速运输车辆和基础设施中实际操作的不确定性。我们的集成和新颖的数据驱动方法推进了缺陷表征，增强了MIECT在表面缺陷检测和分析中的应用，并有可能扩展到其他无损检测应用。

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引用次数: 0

Going deeper on magneto-optical Faraday effect analysis to detect fatigue crack with high-spatial resolution for non-destructive inspection 深入研究磁光法拉第效应分析，以高空间分辨率检测疲劳裂纹，用于无损检测

IF 4.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Ndt & E International

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103277

I Dewa Made Oka Dharmawan , Jinyi Lee

In this study, we introduce a high-resolution technique for defect detection that uses the magneto–optical (MO) Faraday effect. Our system combines a portable polarized microscope and an MO sensor for the high spatial observation of a magnetic domain structure. We accurately localized and characterized the fatigue defects through integrated image pre-processing and cross-power spectral density analysis. This approach enhances our analysis of the magnetic domain structure, increasing the spatial capabilities of the microscope to detect fatigue defects. We conducted experiments on fatigue cracks with defect depth angles of 0°, 30°, and 60°, analyzing their relationship through signal amplitude and the tendency of the signal shift with increasing defect angle. Our findings were validated using a tunnel magnetoresistance sensor. Future research will focus on the optimization of feature extraction complexity, considering the limited computational power available for portable non-destructive testing devices.

在本研究中，我们介绍了一种利用磁光（MO）法拉第效应进行缺陷检测的高分辨率技术。我们的系统结合了便携式偏振显微镜和 MO 传感器，可对磁畴结构进行高空间观测。通过综合图像预处理和交叉功率谱密度分析，我们准确定位并描述了疲劳缺陷。这种方法增强了我们对磁畴结构的分析，提高了显微镜检测疲劳缺陷的空间能力。我们对缺陷深度角为 0°、30° 和 60°的疲劳裂纹进行了实验，通过信号振幅和信号随缺陷角增大而移动的趋势分析了它们之间的关系。我们的研究结果通过隧道磁阻传感器得到了验证。考虑到便携式无损检测设备的计算能力有限，未来的研究将侧重于优化特征提取的复杂性。

引用次数: 0