Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103421
Haotian Jia , Xiangen Liu , Zhonghua Shen , Zheng Li , Tu Xu
The limitations of the common ZGV resonance method, which combines the lowest-order Zero Group Velocity mode (S1-ZGV) with an arbitrarily high-order resonance, for assessing the wave velocities of plates, were analyzed. A novel ZGV resonance method, combining laser-excited edge resonance and S1-ZGV, is proposed to solve the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio and the difficulty in identifying of higher-order resonances. Furthermore, this method overcomes the problem of the ZGV disappearing at the plate edge and can be used to measure the plate edge thickness. The relationship between the frequency ratio of the S1-ZGV resonance to the edge resonance and the Poisson's ratio of the material was derived. Experimentally, the ZGV and edge resonances within the plate were observed using laser ultrasonic technology. Finally, the global thickness of the plate and the wave velocities of the material were accurately determined.
{"title":"Combining laser-excited edge resonance and ZGV resonance for measuring wave velocities and global thickness distribution of isotropic homogeneous plates","authors":"Haotian Jia , Xiangen Liu , Zhonghua Shen , Zheng Li , Tu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limitations of the common ZGV resonance method, which combines the lowest-order Zero Group Velocity mode (S<sub>1</sub>-ZGV) with an arbitrarily high-order resonance, for assessing the wave velocities of plates, were analyzed. A novel ZGV resonance method, combining laser-excited edge resonance and S<sub>1</sub>-ZGV, is proposed to solve the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio and the difficulty in identifying of higher-order resonances. Furthermore, this method overcomes the problem of the ZGV disappearing at the plate edge and can be used to measure the plate edge thickness. The relationship between the frequency ratio of the S<sub>1</sub>-ZGV resonance to the edge resonance and the Poisson's ratio of the material was derived. Experimentally, the ZGV and edge resonances within the plate were observed using laser ultrasonic technology. Finally, the global thickness of the plate and the wave velocities of the material were accurately determined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103421"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103417
Jon Pérez-Arbulu , José Carlos Ciria , Arantza Mendioroz , Ricardo Celorrio , Agustín Salazar
Delaminations are buried defects parallel to the surface. Beyond detection, the challenge is to size the geometrical parameters of the delamination. For detection and characterization purposes, we propose using optically excited lock-in infrared thermography. In previous papers we dealt with infinite and semi-infinite delaminations featuring homogeneous thickness, i.e. constant thermal resistance. In this work, with the aim of approaching real life flaws, we propose to characterize semi-infinite heterogeneous delaminations, i.e. of varying thickness. We calculate the surface temperature oscillation analytically. Then, we perform experiments on calibrated delaminations of triangular cross-section. By fitting the analytical model to the experiments, we obtain the morphological parameters of the delamination. The quality of the fittings allows us to unambiguously distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous delaminations.
{"title":"Characterization of semi-infinite inhomogeneous delaminations using lock-in thermography","authors":"Jon Pérez-Arbulu , José Carlos Ciria , Arantza Mendioroz , Ricardo Celorrio , Agustín Salazar","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Delaminations are buried defects parallel to the surface. Beyond detection, the challenge is to size the geometrical parameters of the delamination. For detection and characterization purposes, we propose using optically excited lock-in infrared thermography. In previous papers we dealt with infinite and semi-infinite delaminations featuring homogeneous thickness, i.e. constant thermal resistance. In this work, with the aim of approaching real life flaws, we propose to characterize semi-infinite heterogeneous delaminations, i.e. of varying thickness. We calculate the surface temperature oscillation analytically. Then, we perform experiments on calibrated delaminations of triangular cross-section. By fitting the analytical model to the experiments, we obtain the morphological parameters of the delamination. The quality of the fittings allows us to unambiguously distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous delaminations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103417"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103415
Jiaqi Zhou , Qiuping Ma , Bin Gao , Xumei Yang , Donghai Tang , Xiaoxiong Mo , Shiqiang Jiang
High-resolution eddy current in-pipe inspection faces a critical trade-off between sensitivity and resolution. In particular, the uneven magnetic field will result in inconsistent responses from the receiving array elements to decrease the sensitivity of defect, complicating the defect identification and evaluation. To address this issue, this study develops a non-equilibrium sensing mode of enhancing electromagnetic field adjustments to balance the induction field due to an uneven distribution. Specifically, it builds upon differential eddy current probes by adaptively constructing Gaussian compensate distributed hollow-core copper coils with varied structural parameters, forming a receiving array that enhances the probe's discriminative ability as well as maintaining sensitivity. To strengthen the induced eddy current, the excitation coil is relocated from above the receiving coil to the same plane as the receiving coil array. This adjustment mitigates the sensitivity reduction caused by the resolution enhancement. A theoretical equivalent circuit model of the proposed method is established. Both simulation and experiments on vary defects in pipeline have been conducted to validate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed system. Furthermore, the defect's location relative to the probe and its estimated size can be preliminarily determined based on the presence and amplitude of the detection signal from the receiving coil array.
{"title":"High-resolution pipeline in-line inspection based on non-equilibrium sensing with uneven electromagnetic distribution","authors":"Jiaqi Zhou , Qiuping Ma , Bin Gao , Xumei Yang , Donghai Tang , Xiaoxiong Mo , Shiqiang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-resolution eddy current in-pipe inspection faces a critical trade-off between sensitivity and resolution. In particular, the uneven magnetic field will result in inconsistent responses from the receiving array elements to decrease the sensitivity of defect, complicating the defect identification and evaluation. To address this issue, this study develops a non-equilibrium sensing mode of enhancing electromagnetic field adjustments to balance the induction field due to an uneven distribution. Specifically, it builds upon differential eddy current probes by adaptively constructing Gaussian compensate distributed hollow-core copper coils with varied structural parameters, forming a receiving array that enhances the probe's discriminative ability as well as maintaining sensitivity. To strengthen the induced eddy current, the excitation coil is relocated from above the receiving coil to the same plane as the receiving coil array. This adjustment mitigates the sensitivity reduction caused by the resolution enhancement. A theoretical equivalent circuit model of the proposed method is established. Both simulation and experiments on vary defects in pipeline have been conducted to validate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed system. Furthermore, the defect's location relative to the probe and its estimated size can be preliminarily determined based on the presence and amplitude of the detection signal from the receiving coil array.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103416
S. Santa-aho , M. Neslušan , M. Honkanen , L. Azzari , O. Životský , J. Čapek , M. Vippola
Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal is very sensitive to microstructure and stresses of the sample. However, many details of the link between microstructure and MBN signal still remain to be understood. Here, advanced microscopy techniques together with X-ray diffraction method were used for characterization of the industrially-relevant steel structures and the results were linked to the MBN signal outcomes. This study deals with thermal burn during grinding cycles of two different roll-bearing steels, case-carburised (CC) steel and 100Cr6 bearing steel, with different carbide structures. Thermal stability of steels is analysed with many different characterization and visualisation methods to link the structural features affecting the observed magnetic Barkhausen noise signal changes. Due to the different manufacturing operations and compositions of the studied steels, the carbide structure and produced magnetic domain structure, were observed to vary in addition to their different MBN behaviour against thermal burn. Larger and more stable carbides in 100Cr6 bearing steel were noticed to tolerate better the thermal load whereas case-carburised steel underwent more changes in the microstructure and also in the MBN. The work explores the role of structure on carbide stability and discusses the correlation between Barkhausen noise signals and key factors, such as dislocation density, retained austenite fraction, residual stress state, domain wall thickness, and particularly carbide size.
{"title":"Bearing steels with grinding burns studied by Barkhausen noise and advanced microscopy techniques – Role of carbides stability in steel performance","authors":"S. Santa-aho , M. Neslušan , M. Honkanen , L. Azzari , O. Životský , J. Čapek , M. Vippola","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal is very sensitive to microstructure and stresses of the sample. However, many details of the link between microstructure and MBN signal still remain to be understood. Here, advanced microscopy techniques together with X-ray diffraction method were used for characterization of the industrially-relevant steel structures and the results were linked to the MBN signal outcomes. This study deals with thermal burn during grinding cycles of two different roll-bearing steels, case-carburised (CC) steel and 100Cr6 bearing steel, with different carbide structures. Thermal stability of steels is analysed with many different characterization and visualisation methods to link the structural features affecting the observed magnetic Barkhausen noise signal changes. Due to the different manufacturing operations and compositions of the studied steels, the carbide structure and produced magnetic domain structure, were observed to vary in addition to their different MBN behaviour against thermal burn. Larger and more stable carbides in 100Cr6 bearing steel were noticed to tolerate better the thermal load whereas case-carburised steel underwent more changes in the microstructure and also in the MBN. The work explores the role of structure on carbide stability and discusses the correlation between Barkhausen noise signals and key factors, such as dislocation density, retained austenite fraction, residual stress state, domain wall thickness, and particularly carbide size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103416"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103414
Wasil Riaz , Zenghua Liu , Xiaoran Wang , Yongna Shen , Omer Farooq , Cunfu He , Gongtian Shen
This study presents a comparative analysis of magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) signal detection using contact-based electromagnet and non-contact coil setups in pre-stressed Q235 steel samples. The research investigates how these two excitation methods influence MAE signal characteristics, including amplitude, root mean square (RMS), pulse counts, and pulse height distribution (PHD), under varying excitation frequencies (1, 10, and 20 Hz), voltages (10, 20, and 30 V) and tensile strain levels. The results demonstrate that the coil setup provides stable and consistent MAE signals, serving as a reliable baseline, while the electromagnet setup exhibits greater signal sensitivity but introduces variability due to contact-based excitation. The study highlights how contact quality and air-gap effects influence MAE signal variability in electromagnet-based detection of pre-stressed Q235 steel, the need for optimizing excitation conditions and understanding the limitations of electromagnet-based MAE for more reliable non-destructive testing in industrial applications, enabling the broader adoption of MAE-based non-destructive testing in industrial settings.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of electromagnet and coil-based magneto-acoustic emission detection in pre-stressed Q235 steel","authors":"Wasil Riaz , Zenghua Liu , Xiaoran Wang , Yongna Shen , Omer Farooq , Cunfu He , Gongtian Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comparative analysis of magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) signal detection using contact-based electromagnet and non-contact coil setups in pre-stressed Q235 steel samples. The research investigates how these two excitation methods influence MAE signal characteristics, including amplitude, root mean square (RMS), pulse counts, and pulse height distribution (PHD), under varying excitation frequencies (1, 10, and 20 Hz), voltages (10, 20, and 30 V) and tensile strain levels. The results demonstrate that the coil setup provides stable and consistent MAE signals, serving as a reliable baseline, while the electromagnet setup exhibits greater signal sensitivity but introduces variability due to contact-based excitation. The study highlights how contact quality and air-gap effects influence MAE signal variability in electromagnet-based detection of pre-stressed Q235 steel, the need for optimizing excitation conditions and understanding the limitations of electromagnet-based MAE for more reliable non-destructive testing in industrial applications, enabling the broader adoption of MAE-based non-destructive testing in industrial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103396
Chengxiang Wang , Yu He , Jiaxi Wang , Wei Yu
Cone-beam rotational computed laminography (CL) is a highly effective inspection technique for non-destructive testing of objects with a large aspect ratio, such as printed circuit boards (PCB) and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT). However, when scanning objects with a large aspect ratio, the projection data may become truncated, resulting in region of interest (ROI) artifacts in the reconstructed image and reducing the contrast of the reconstructed image. To address this issue, we have proposed a weighted factor that considers the length of the ray within the reconstructed volume and the distance between the X-ray source and the detector bin position. We have also developed a method called ROI conjugate gradient weighted least squares (ROI-CGWLS) to suppress ROI artifacts and enhance the contrast of the reconstructed image in Cone-beam rotational CL. Both simulation and real PCB experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ROI-CGWLS method in suppressing ROI artifacts and improving image contrast and resolution compared to other classical reconstruction methods.
{"title":"A conjugate gradient weighted least squares reconstruction method with region of interest correction for cone-beam rotational computed laminography","authors":"Chengxiang Wang , Yu He , Jiaxi Wang , Wei Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cone-beam rotational computed laminography (CL) is a highly effective inspection technique for non-destructive testing of objects with a large aspect ratio, such as printed circuit boards (PCB) and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT). However, when scanning objects with a large aspect ratio, the projection data may become truncated, resulting in region of interest (ROI) artifacts in the reconstructed image and reducing the contrast of the reconstructed image. To address this issue, we have proposed a weighted factor that considers the length of the ray within the reconstructed volume and the distance between the X-ray source and the detector bin position. We have also developed a method called ROI conjugate gradient weighted least squares (ROI-CGWLS) to suppress ROI artifacts and enhance the contrast of the reconstructed image in Cone-beam rotational CL. Both simulation and real PCB experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ROI-CGWLS method in suppressing ROI artifacts and improving image contrast and resolution compared to other classical reconstruction methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103396"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103404
Qiang Lin , Bin Yang , Lin Liu , Xinyu Yao , Haohao Ding , Shuyue Zhang , Min Yang , Qian Xiao , Wenjian Wang
The addition of WC particles during metal laser cladding (LC) additive manufacturing process not only increases the high-temperature wear resistance but also improves the cracking sensitivity of the cladding. In this paper, LC processes of Fe313 power mixed with different contents of WC were monitored by an acoustic emission (AE) equipment. Combined with the results of temperature and morphology of molten pool and 3D micro-CT imaging results of defects in the cladding, the AE signal response characteristics (Amplitude distributions, and of AE hit signals and time-frequency decomposition results of AE waveform signals) of crack and pore defects during LC process were obtained. The crack formation time detected by the AE signal was consistent with the monitoring results of the high-speed camera. Furthermore, the number and type of defects monitored by the AE signal were consistent with the results of CT imaging and microscopic analysis. The results indicated that the AE monitoring was a reliable online detection method for LC process. Based on the CT imaging results, the unmelted WC particle in the CT image was separated, and the mass fraction of WC powder was calculated and identified, and the detection error of the mass fraction was only 0.505 %. This study can provide theoretical guidance for defect identification and feedback control in laser additive manufacturing process.
{"title":"Acoustic emission signal characteristics of crack and porosity defects formation during laser cladding WC/Fe313 coatings","authors":"Qiang Lin , Bin Yang , Lin Liu , Xinyu Yao , Haohao Ding , Shuyue Zhang , Min Yang , Qian Xiao , Wenjian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The addition of WC particles during metal laser cladding (LC) additive manufacturing process not only increases the high-temperature wear resistance but also improves the cracking sensitivity of the cladding. In this paper, LC processes of Fe313 power mixed with different contents of WC were monitored by an acoustic emission (AE) equipment. Combined with the results of temperature and morphology of molten pool and 3D micro-CT imaging results of defects in the cladding, the AE signal response characteristics (Amplitude distributions, <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> of AE hit signals and time-frequency decomposition results of AE waveform signals) of crack and pore defects during LC process were obtained. The crack formation time detected by the AE signal was consistent with the monitoring results of the high-speed camera. Furthermore, the number and type of defects monitored by the AE signal were consistent with the results of CT imaging and microscopic analysis. The results indicated that the AE monitoring was a reliable online detection method for LC process. Based on the CT imaging results, the unmelted WC particle in the CT image was separated, and the mass fraction of WC powder was calculated and identified, and the detection error of the mass fraction was only 0.505 %. This study can provide theoretical guidance for defect identification and feedback control in laser additive manufacturing process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103413
Nan Zhang, Caibin Xu, Mingxi Deng
The edge reflection of Lamb waves contains rich information about the structure, and is a promising tool for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite laminates. However, related investigation on its applicability in orthotropic composite laminates are still limited. To address this issue, this paper presents a defect localization method based on multipath edge reflected Lamb waves, which can be used for the SHM of square carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates that have orthotropic material properties. Firstly, the feasibility of using edge reflections to detect defects in orthotropic materials is analyzed, laying the foundation for the construction of a multipath model. A modified dispersion compensation algorithm is then developed based on the equivalent dispersion relations, so as to minimize the influence of the orthotropic property on the signal waveform. On the basis, a four-step implementation process of the detection method is established, including identifying edge reflected wave packets, tracking theoretical virtual wave paths, matching wave packets with virtual paths, and imaging the detection area by fusing images of multipath wave packets. Experiments on three different defect cases show that the method can localize the defect on orthotropic CFRP laminates accurately, even its position is near the edges. Compared with the widely-used delay-and-sum algorithm, the method also performs better in the presence of strong edge reflections, thus can be an efficient SHM tool for the orthotropic CFRP laminates of small sizes.
{"title":"Edge-reflected lamb wave exploitation for defect localization in square orthotropic CFRP laminates","authors":"Nan Zhang, Caibin Xu, Mingxi Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The edge reflection of Lamb waves contains rich information about the structure, and is a promising tool for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite laminates. However, related investigation on its applicability in orthotropic composite laminates are still limited. To address this issue, this paper presents a defect localization method based on multipath edge reflected Lamb waves, which can be used for the SHM of square carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates that have orthotropic material properties. Firstly, the feasibility of using edge reflections to detect defects in orthotropic materials is analyzed, laying the foundation for the construction of a multipath model. A modified dispersion compensation algorithm is then developed based on the equivalent dispersion relations, so as to minimize the influence of the orthotropic property on the signal waveform. On the basis, a four-step implementation process of the detection method is established, including identifying edge reflected wave packets, tracking theoretical virtual wave paths, matching wave packets with virtual paths, and imaging the detection area by fusing images of multipath wave packets. Experiments on three different defect cases show that the method can localize the defect on orthotropic CFRP laminates accurately, even its position is near the edges. Compared with the widely-used delay-and-sum algorithm, the method also performs better in the presence of strong edge reflections, thus can be an efficient SHM tool for the orthotropic CFRP laminates of small sizes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103413"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103400
Zenghao Song , Kang Du , Ke Li , Feixiang Wang , Mingwei Xu , Chengcong Ma , Tiqiao Xiao
X-ray imaging is broadly applied for defect detection in industry and research. However, traditional X-ray imaging methods struggle to achieve high sensitivity for pixel-level defects (1–3 pixels) in noisy or scattering-dominated environments, such as metal workpieces or thick low-Z materials. To address this, we introduce move contrast X-ray imaging (MCXI), which leverages relative motion between the sample and imaging system to suppress noise and enhance the sensitivity of weak signal detection in complex backgrounds. MCXI has been successfully applied in fields such as biomedical imaging and high-resolution material studies, demonstrating significant noise resistance and sensitivity improvements. This paper extends MCXI to the testing of defects in static samples, aiming to solve the challenges of detecting pixel-level in high-noise and complex backgrounds. Numerical simulations demonstrate MCXI's capability for single-pixel defect detection. Synchrotron radiation experiments validate this technique through quantitative characterization of 1.54-pixel defects (1-μm polystyrene spheres) in low-contrast polyvinyl chloride (PVC) samples, achieving a CNR of 26.12 - representing a 14.04 × improvement over direct projection imaging. The method's industrial applicability is demonstrated through alloy steel pipe testing with 81.2 μm defects (8.12 pixels), where MCXI achieves a CNR of 15.16 (8.1 × enhancement) using laboratory-based X-ray systems. MCXI's seamless integration with both synchrotron facilities and industrial X-ray machines, combined with its noise-resistant characteristics, establishes a universal solution for high-sensitivity nondestructive testing in challenging environments with strong scattering and complex backgrounds.
{"title":"Nondestructive testing of defects at pixel level with move contrast X-ray imaging","authors":"Zenghao Song , Kang Du , Ke Li , Feixiang Wang , Mingwei Xu , Chengcong Ma , Tiqiao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>X-ray imaging is broadly applied for defect detection in industry and research. However, traditional X-ray imaging methods struggle to achieve high sensitivity for pixel-level defects (1–3 pixels) in noisy or scattering-dominated environments, such as metal workpieces or thick low-Z materials. To address this, we introduce move contrast X-ray imaging (MCXI), which leverages relative motion between the sample and imaging system to suppress noise and enhance the sensitivity of weak signal detection in complex backgrounds. MCXI has been successfully applied in fields such as biomedical imaging and high-resolution material studies, demonstrating significant noise resistance and sensitivity improvements. This paper extends MCXI to the testing of defects in static samples, aiming to solve the challenges of detecting pixel-level in high-noise and complex backgrounds. Numerical simulations demonstrate MCXI's capability for single-pixel defect detection. Synchrotron radiation experiments validate this technique through quantitative characterization of 1.54-pixel defects (1-μm polystyrene spheres) in low-contrast polyvinyl chloride (PVC) samples, achieving a CNR of 26.12 - representing a 14.04 × improvement over direct projection imaging. The method's industrial applicability is demonstrated through alloy steel pipe testing with 81.2 μm defects (8.12 pixels), where MCXI achieves a CNR of 15.16 (8.1 × enhancement) using laboratory-based X-ray systems. MCXI's seamless integration with both synchrotron facilities and industrial X-ray machines, combined with its noise-resistant characteristics, establishes a universal solution for high-sensitivity nondestructive testing in challenging environments with strong scattering and complex backgrounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103400"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103395
Jisoo Kim , Jae-Hong Lim
High-energy X-ray microscopy is critical for imaging dense and large-scale materials due to its ability to provide deep penetration and reduced radiation damage. Incorporating phase-contrast imaging enables the visualization of subtle differences in density that traditional absorption techniques cannot detect. Despite these benefits, implementing phase-contrast imaging at high energies () presents significant challenges. The short wavelength of high-energy X-rays reduces spatial coherence and diminishes refraction, thereby limiting phase-contrast effects. The flux of emitted X-ray photons significantly drops at higher energies due to less efficient emission process. All of these challenges degrade X-ray phase-contrast image quality. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of high-energy X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) using propagation-based methods. Through rigorous wave propagation simulations, we explored the effects and importance of optimizing the source size and geometrical configurations to enhance image quality. Under optimized conditions at a fourth-generation storage ring, we successfully retrieved phase information of microstructures surrounded by similar materials, such as boron fibers in an aluminum matrix and dual-phase iron. These results provide valuable guidelines for designing high-energy X-ray microscopy experiments, helping to maximize imaging performance while addressing the inherent limitations of using high-energy for XPCI. Ultimately, this study provides essential insights for improving high-energy X-ray microscopy, paving the way for advancing non-destructive testing techniques for a wide range of challenging materials and applications.
{"title":"Exploring high-energy X-ray phase-contrast microscopy at a diffraction-limited storage ring","authors":"Jisoo Kim , Jae-Hong Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ndteint.2025.103395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-energy X-ray microscopy is critical for imaging dense and large-scale materials due to its ability to provide deep penetration and reduced radiation damage. Incorporating phase-contrast imaging enables the visualization of subtle differences in density that traditional absorption techniques cannot detect. Despite these benefits, implementing phase-contrast imaging at high energies (<span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mtext>70</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>keV</mtext></mrow></math></span>) presents significant challenges. The short wavelength of high-energy X-rays reduces spatial coherence and diminishes refraction, thereby limiting phase-contrast effects. The flux of emitted X-ray photons significantly drops at higher energies due to less efficient emission process. All of these challenges degrade X-ray phase-contrast image quality. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of high-energy X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) using propagation-based methods. Through rigorous wave propagation simulations, we explored the effects and importance of optimizing the source size and geometrical configurations to enhance image quality. Under optimized conditions at a fourth-generation storage ring, we successfully retrieved phase information of microstructures surrounded by similar materials, such as boron fibers in an aluminum matrix and dual-phase iron. These results provide valuable guidelines for designing high-energy X-ray microscopy experiments, helping to maximize imaging performance while addressing the inherent limitations of using high-energy for XPCI. Ultimately, this study provides essential insights for improving high-energy X-ray microscopy, paving the way for advancing non-destructive testing techniques for a wide range of challenging materials and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18868,"journal":{"name":"Ndt & E International","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 103395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号