Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00566-6
Chuancheng Fu, Alexandra Steckbauer, Hugo Mann, Carlos M. Duarte
The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) provides a major impetus for the restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems to address the biodiversity and climate crises. In this Perspective, we translate the KM-GBF targets for blue carbon ecosystems into quantitative metrics, outline action that must be taken to achieve these goals and quantify the associated climate benefits. To achieve the KM-GBF targets, net mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass losses of 187–190 km2, 76–126 km2 and 3,068–3,597 km2, respectively, must be avoided annually from 2030 onwards and 23,693–24,369 km2, 10,467–17,296 km2 and 90,601–106,215 km2 of these ecosystems must be restored. Achieving the KM-GBF targets would contribute 2.8% of the reduction of carbon emissions needed to limit anthropogenic warming to 2 °C by 2030. However, the cost of achieving the targets (US$520.1 billion yr–1) far exceeds the amount pledged ($200 billion yr–1) for all ecosystems. Thus, research is needed to develop cost-effective restoration and conservation technologies, along with innovative financial models to incentivize investments in nature. Additionally, blue carbon actions must be embedded within National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans to ensure that the targets are met. Degradation and loss of blue carbon ecosystems contributes to climate change, weakens coastal protection and threatens biodiversity. This Perspective outlines the actions required to achieve goals to restore and protect these ecosystems.
{"title":"Achieving the Kunming–Montreal global biodiversity targets for blue carbon ecosystems","authors":"Chuancheng Fu, Alexandra Steckbauer, Hugo Mann, Carlos M. Duarte","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00566-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00566-6","url":null,"abstract":"The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) provides a major impetus for the restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems to address the biodiversity and climate crises. In this Perspective, we translate the KM-GBF targets for blue carbon ecosystems into quantitative metrics, outline action that must be taken to achieve these goals and quantify the associated climate benefits. To achieve the KM-GBF targets, net mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass losses of 187–190 km2, 76–126 km2 and 3,068–3,597 km2, respectively, must be avoided annually from 2030 onwards and 23,693–24,369 km2, 10,467–17,296 km2 and 90,601–106,215 km2 of these ecosystems must be restored. Achieving the KM-GBF targets would contribute 2.8% of the reduction of carbon emissions needed to limit anthropogenic warming to 2 °C by 2030. However, the cost of achieving the targets (US$520.1 billion yr–1) far exceeds the amount pledged ($200 billion yr–1) for all ecosystems. Thus, research is needed to develop cost-effective restoration and conservation technologies, along with innovative financial models to incentivize investments in nature. Additionally, blue carbon actions must be embedded within National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans to ensure that the targets are met. Degradation and loss of blue carbon ecosystems contributes to climate change, weakens coastal protection and threatens biodiversity. This Perspective outlines the actions required to achieve goals to restore and protect these ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"538-552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00572-8
Katriona Edlmann
Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) will be an essential part of the energy transition. Over 45 pilot projects are underway to reduce the technical and regulatory risks of UHS, but negative perceptions must be addressed to ensure that hydrogen’s role in achieving net zero targets can be realized.
{"title":"Challenging perceptions of underground hydrogen storage","authors":"Katriona Edlmann","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00572-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00572-8","url":null,"abstract":"Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) will be an essential part of the energy transition. Over 45 pilot projects are underway to reduce the technical and regulatory risks of UHS, but negative perceptions must be addressed to ensure that hydrogen’s role in achieving net zero targets can be realized.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"478-480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00574-6
Nils Markusson
Using carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for carbon removal is crucial to climate policy, but implementation at scale is at risk owing to political obstacles. Climate policies must avoid relying on empty promises of CCS for carbon removal without necessary financial resourcing and support emissions reductions separately from carbon removal.
{"title":"Political obstacles to carbon capture and storage for carbon removal","authors":"Nils Markusson","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00574-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00574-6","url":null,"abstract":"Using carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for carbon removal is crucial to climate policy, but implementation at scale is at risk owing to political obstacles. Climate policies must avoid relying on empty promises of CCS for carbon removal without necessary financial resourcing and support emissions reductions separately from carbon removal.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"481-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00570-w
Laura Wainman
Laura Wainman explains how drones can be used to sample the composition and dynamics of volcanic plumes.
劳拉-温曼（Laura Wainman）解释了如何利用无人机对火山羽流的成分和动态进行采样。
{"title":"Using drones to sample volcanic plumes","authors":"Laura Wainman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00570-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00570-w","url":null,"abstract":"Laura Wainman explains how drones can be used to sample the composition and dynamics of volcanic plumes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"484-484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00571-9
Falk M. Oraschewski
Falk Oraschewski describes how phase-sensitive radio echo sounding can be used to measure melting at the base of ice shelves and englacial ice crystal orientations.
{"title":"Phase-sensitive radar measurements of glacial processes","authors":"Falk M. Oraschewski","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00571-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00571-9","url":null,"abstract":"Falk Oraschewski describes how phase-sensitive radio echo sounding can be used to measure melting at the base of ice shelves and englacial ice crystal orientations.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"485-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00568-4
Graham Simpkins, Allen Pope
To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Allen Pope about their career path from research scientist to programme director at the U.S. National Science Foundation.
{"title":"From academia to a career in programme management","authors":"Graham Simpkins, Allen Pope","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00568-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00568-4","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Allen Pope about their career path from research scientist to programme director at the U.S. National Science Foundation.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"483-483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00560-y
Anastasis Christou, Vasiliki G. Beretsou, Iakovos C. Iakovides, Popi Karaolia, Costas Michael, Tarik Benmarhnia, Benny Chefetz, Erica Donner, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Yunho Lee, Teik Thye Lim, Lian Lundy, Roberta Maffettone, Luigi Rizzo, Edward Topp, Despo Fatta-Kassinos
Effective management of water resources is crucial for global food security and sustainable development. In this Review, we explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with treated wastewater (TW) reuse for irrigation. Currently, 400 km3 yr−1 of wastewater is generated globally, but <20% is treated, and of that TW, only 2–15% is reused for irrigation depending on region. The main limitation of TW for irrigation is the inability of current treatment technologies to completely remove all micropollutants and contaminants of emerging concern, some of which have unknown impacts on crops, environment and health. However, advanced water treatment and reuse schemes, supported by water quality monitoring and regulations, can provide a stable water supply for agricultural production, as demonstrated in regions such as the USA and Israel. Such schemes could potentially serve a net energy source, as the embedded energy in wastewater exceeds treatment needs by 9 to 10 times. Agriculturally useful nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could be also recovered and reused. TW reuse for irrigation could act as a major contributor to a circular economy and sustainable development, but the first steps will be funding and implementation of advanced and sustainable treatment technologies and social acceptance. Treated wastewater (TW) reuse for irrigation could alleviate water imbalances and boost food production in water-scarce regions, thus promoting global food and water security. This Review discusses the potential and challenges of widespread TW reuse for agriculture in a circular economy framework.
{"title":"Sustainable wastewater reuse for agriculture","authors":"Anastasis Christou, Vasiliki G. Beretsou, Iakovos C. Iakovides, Popi Karaolia, Costas Michael, Tarik Benmarhnia, Benny Chefetz, Erica Donner, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Yunho Lee, Teik Thye Lim, Lian Lundy, Roberta Maffettone, Luigi Rizzo, Edward Topp, Despo Fatta-Kassinos","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00560-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00560-y","url":null,"abstract":"Effective management of water resources is crucial for global food security and sustainable development. In this Review, we explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with treated wastewater (TW) reuse for irrigation. Currently, 400 km3 yr−1 of wastewater is generated globally, but <20% is treated, and of that TW, only 2–15% is reused for irrigation depending on region. The main limitation of TW for irrigation is the inability of current treatment technologies to completely remove all micropollutants and contaminants of emerging concern, some of which have unknown impacts on crops, environment and health. However, advanced water treatment and reuse schemes, supported by water quality monitoring and regulations, can provide a stable water supply for agricultural production, as demonstrated in regions such as the USA and Israel. Such schemes could potentially serve a net energy source, as the embedded energy in wastewater exceeds treatment needs by 9 to 10 times. Agriculturally useful nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could be also recovered and reused. TW reuse for irrigation could act as a major contributor to a circular economy and sustainable development, but the first steps will be funding and implementation of advanced and sustainable treatment technologies and social acceptance. Treated wastewater (TW) reuse for irrigation could alleviate water imbalances and boost food production in water-scarce regions, thus promoting global food and water security. This Review discusses the potential and challenges of widespread TW reuse for agriculture in a circular economy framework.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"504-521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00561-x
Faith Ka Shun Chan, Amelie Paszkowski, Zilin Wang, Xiaohui Lu, Gordon Mitchell, Duc Dung Tran, Jeroen Warner, Jianfeng Li, Yongqin David Chen, Nan Li, Indrajit Pal, James Griffiths, Jiannan Chen, Wei-Qiang Chen, Yong-Guan Zhu
The five Asian mega-deltas (the Yangtze, the Pearl, the Chao Phraya, the Mekong and the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna deltas) are home to approximately 80% of the global deltaic population and the region experiences 90% of global flood exposure. In this Review, we investigate the similarities and differences between the Asian mega-deltas to identify transferable lessons to improve climate resilience. The deltas are increasingly threatened by coastal flooding, saline intrusion and erosion caused by climate change and human activities such as groundwater extraction and dam construction. Owing to differences in the stages of their development, various resilience measures have been implemented. For example, the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and Mekong deltas use strategic delta plans to identify risk hotspots and guide decision-making. These deltas also increase resilience at a community level by supporting communities to diversify their livelihoods to respond to changing risks and land conditions. Meanwhile, the Yangtze and Pearl deltas have developed forecasting and sensing technologies to allow them to prepare for and respond to hazards effectively. The Asian mega-deltas should learn from one another to integrate effective resilience plans across regional, delta and community levels. Future cross-delta collaborations and knowledge transfer, for example through the formation of a Regional Delta Resilience Alliance, could help to achieve long-term sustainable delta management. Climate change and human activities are increasing the exposure of deltaic communities to natural hazards. This Review discusses lessons that the Asian mega-deltas can share to develop long-term resilience strategies.
{"title":"Building resilience in Asian mega-deltas","authors":"Faith Ka Shun Chan, Amelie Paszkowski, Zilin Wang, Xiaohui Lu, Gordon Mitchell, Duc Dung Tran, Jeroen Warner, Jianfeng Li, Yongqin David Chen, Nan Li, Indrajit Pal, James Griffiths, Jiannan Chen, Wei-Qiang Chen, Yong-Guan Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00561-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00561-x","url":null,"abstract":"The five Asian mega-deltas (the Yangtze, the Pearl, the Chao Phraya, the Mekong and the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna deltas) are home to approximately 80% of the global deltaic population and the region experiences 90% of global flood exposure. In this Review, we investigate the similarities and differences between the Asian mega-deltas to identify transferable lessons to improve climate resilience. The deltas are increasingly threatened by coastal flooding, saline intrusion and erosion caused by climate change and human activities such as groundwater extraction and dam construction. Owing to differences in the stages of their development, various resilience measures have been implemented. For example, the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and Mekong deltas use strategic delta plans to identify risk hotspots and guide decision-making. These deltas also increase resilience at a community level by supporting communities to diversify their livelihoods to respond to changing risks and land conditions. Meanwhile, the Yangtze and Pearl deltas have developed forecasting and sensing technologies to allow them to prepare for and respond to hazards effectively. The Asian mega-deltas should learn from one another to integrate effective resilience plans across regional, delta and community levels. Future cross-delta collaborations and knowledge transfer, for example through the formation of a Regional Delta Resilience Alliance, could help to achieve long-term sustainable delta management. Climate change and human activities are increasing the exposure of deltaic communities to natural hazards. This Review discusses lessons that the Asian mega-deltas can share to develop long-term resilience strategies.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"522-537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00565-7
Massimo Tavoni, Pietro Andreoni, Matteo Calcaterra, Elisa Calliari, Teresa Deubelli-Hwang, Reinhard Mechler, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Leonie Wenz
A loss and damage (L&D) fund has been established to support particularly vulnerable developing countries. L&D funding needs, entitlements and necessary contributions can be quantified using climate economics coupled with historical responsibility principles; for the year 2025, total L&D funding needs are estimated to be US $395 [128–937] billion.
{"title":"Economic quantification of Loss and Damage funding needs","authors":"Massimo Tavoni, Pietro Andreoni, Matteo Calcaterra, Elisa Calliari, Teresa Deubelli-Hwang, Reinhard Mechler, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Leonie Wenz","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00565-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00565-7","url":null,"abstract":"A loss and damage (L&D) fund has been established to support particularly vulnerable developing countries. L&D funding needs, entitlements and necessary contributions can be quantified using climate economics coupled with historical responsibility principles; for the year 2025, total L&D funding needs are estimated to be US $395 [128–937] billion.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 6","pages":"411-413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00557-7
Luke A. McGuire, Brian A. Ebel, Francis K. Rengers, Diana C. S. Vieira, Petter Nyman
Fire-induced geomorphic changes, such as enhanced erosion and debris-flow activity, are expected to increase with climate change owing to increases in fire activity and rainfall intensification. In this Review, we summarize how landscape attributes, rainfall and burn severity influence post-fire geomorphic responses over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Sub-hourly rainfall intensity and burn severity control the magnitude of many post-fire geomorphic process rates through their influence on ground cover and rainfall-runoff partitioning. Post-fire debris flows (PFDFs) make a substantial contribution to the post-fire sediment cascade, transporting sediment from hillslopes to channels, adjacent floodplains and alluvial fans. By the late twenty-first century, PFDF activity is estimated to increase in 68% of areas in which PFDFs have occurred in the past and decrease in only 2% of locations. Once altered by fire, geomorphic state variables — such as infiltration capacity, canopy cover, ground cover and sediment availability — can recover to their pre-fire value or be shifted to a new value. Improved understanding of the factors that influence these post-fire trajectories could support targeted management and intervention strategies. Additionally, monitoring that extends beyond the first 1–3 years after fire and deeper integration of ecohydrological processes into geomorphic models are needed to improve forecasts of post-fire geomorphic responses. Fire can increase the rates of geomorphic processes leading to rapid landscape change and sediment-related hazards. This Review outlines the factors and processes that influence the magnitude, temporal persistence and extent of fire-induced geomorphic changes.
{"title":"Fire effects on geomorphic processes","authors":"Luke A. McGuire, Brian A. Ebel, Francis K. Rengers, Diana C. S. Vieira, Petter Nyman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00557-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00557-7","url":null,"abstract":"Fire-induced geomorphic changes, such as enhanced erosion and debris-flow activity, are expected to increase with climate change owing to increases in fire activity and rainfall intensification. In this Review, we summarize how landscape attributes, rainfall and burn severity influence post-fire geomorphic responses over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Sub-hourly rainfall intensity and burn severity control the magnitude of many post-fire geomorphic process rates through their influence on ground cover and rainfall-runoff partitioning. Post-fire debris flows (PFDFs) make a substantial contribution to the post-fire sediment cascade, transporting sediment from hillslopes to channels, adjacent floodplains and alluvial fans. By the late twenty-first century, PFDF activity is estimated to increase in 68% of areas in which PFDFs have occurred in the past and decrease in only 2% of locations. Once altered by fire, geomorphic state variables — such as infiltration capacity, canopy cover, ground cover and sediment availability — can recover to their pre-fire value or be shifted to a new value. Improved understanding of the factors that influence these post-fire trajectories could support targeted management and intervention strategies. Additionally, monitoring that extends beyond the first 1–3 years after fire and deeper integration of ecohydrological processes into geomorphic models are needed to improve forecasts of post-fire geomorphic responses. Fire can increase the rates of geomorphic processes leading to rapid landscape change and sediment-related hazards. This Review outlines the factors and processes that influence the magnitude, temporal persistence and extent of fire-induced geomorphic changes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"486-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141195100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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