Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02517-5
Stephen Lezak, Sharaban Zaman, Injy Johnstone, Barbara Haya
Recent United Nations policymaking on international emissions trading fails to reconcile longstanding flaws that could jeopardize the integrity of these programmes. We call for urgent action by policymakers to safeguard the future of the Paris Agreement.
{"title":"UNFCCC carbon trading could undermine global climate action","authors":"Stephen Lezak, Sharaban Zaman, Injy Johnstone, Barbara Haya","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02517-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02517-5","url":null,"abstract":"Recent United Nations policymaking on international emissions trading fails to reconcile longstanding flaws that could jeopardize the integrity of these programmes. We call for urgent action by policymakers to safeguard the future of the Paris Agreement.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"8-9"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8
Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels, Ben Groom
Unlike CO2, methane emissions have a particularly large short-term effect on temperature. We argue that these largely temporary temperature effects of methane emissions are apt to be offset by temporary CO2 removal. Temporally matching offsetting temperature reductions to the temperature impulse of methane eliminates the sizable intertemporal welfare transfers that occur when methane is offset by equivalent permanent CO2 removals. Assessing equivalence based on avoided economic damages suggests that about 87 temporary CO2 removals over a period of 30 years are needed to offset 1 t of methane. Agreement on the appropriate quantity of temporary CO2 offsets is insensitive to controversial parameters such as the social discount rate, climate damages and future emission scenarios. Short-term monitoring periods of 20–30 years are likely to be more credibly enforceable for various nature-based CO2 removal projects than long-term monitoring requirements. Methane emissions have a large short-term impact on temperature, which can be potentially offset by nature-based solutions that provide temporary carbon storage. This research demonstrates such matching could minimize intertemporal welfare trade-offs and avoid various risks for permanent removal.
{"title":"Temporary carbon dioxide removals to offset methane emissions","authors":"Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels, Ben Groom","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike CO2, methane emissions have a particularly large short-term effect on temperature. We argue that these largely temporary temperature effects of methane emissions are apt to be offset by temporary CO2 removal. Temporally matching offsetting temperature reductions to the temperature impulse of methane eliminates the sizable intertemporal welfare transfers that occur when methane is offset by equivalent permanent CO2 removals. Assessing equivalence based on avoided economic damages suggests that about 87 temporary CO2 removals over a period of 30 years are needed to offset 1 t of methane. Agreement on the appropriate quantity of temporary CO2 offsets is insensitive to controversial parameters such as the social discount rate, climate damages and future emission scenarios. Short-term monitoring periods of 20–30 years are likely to be more credibly enforceable for various nature-based CO2 removal projects than long-term monitoring requirements. Methane emissions have a large short-term impact on temperature, which can be potentially offset by nature-based solutions that provide temporary carbon storage. This research demonstrates such matching could minimize intertemporal welfare trade-offs and avoid various risks for permanent removal.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02487-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02502-y
Yi Liu, Yu Yang, Xiaojuan Li
Decarbonization of the tourism sector faces challenges of structural lock-ins. This Comment challenges the conventional narratives of green tourism and emphasizes to practice more transformative eco-friendly solutions rather than to consume less, with ecotourism as a promising alternative to encourage more low-carbon behaviour in daily life.
{"title":"Structural lock-ins in tourism decarbonization and the alternative","authors":"Yi Liu, Yu Yang, Xiaojuan Li","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02502-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02502-y","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonization of the tourism sector faces challenges of structural lock-ins. This Comment challenges the conventional narratives of green tourism and emphasizes to practice more transformative eco-friendly solutions rather than to consume less, with ecotourism as a promising alternative to encourage more low-carbon behaviour in daily life.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"10-13"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02496-7
Lydia G. Soifer, James Ball, Hamish Asmath, Ilya M. D. Maclean, David Coomes
Climate velocity—the speed and direction species must move to track climate change—is often estimated without accounting for vegetation-driven microclimatic variation. Using mechanistic microclimate models parameterized with three-dimensional maps of topography and vegetation structure, here we show that microclimate heterogeneity reduces the magnitude and alters the direction of climate velocity for maximum and minimum temperatures. For understory-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was halved and generally oriented towards areas with dense vegetation. For canopy-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was nearly zero, with vectors oriented vertically downward. These results demonstrate that vegetation complexity produces localized microrefugia, enabling short-term persistence of species under warming conditions. Our findings emphasize the need to integrate fine-scale habitat heterogeneity into predictions of climate resilience and highlight the value of structurally complex forests in providing microclimatic refugia. The authors model near-ground and within-canopy microclimates in a tropical montane rainforest. They show that short-distance shifts towards dense vegetation or vertically downwards in canopies reduce velocities, highlighting that structurally complex ecosystems may provide short-term climate refuges.
{"title":"Microclimates slow and alter the direction of climate velocities in tropical forests","authors":"Lydia G. Soifer, James Ball, Hamish Asmath, Ilya M. D. Maclean, David Coomes","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02496-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02496-7","url":null,"abstract":"Climate velocity—the speed and direction species must move to track climate change—is often estimated without accounting for vegetation-driven microclimatic variation. Using mechanistic microclimate models parameterized with three-dimensional maps of topography and vegetation structure, here we show that microclimate heterogeneity reduces the magnitude and alters the direction of climate velocity for maximum and minimum temperatures. For understory-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was halved and generally oriented towards areas with dense vegetation. For canopy-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was nearly zero, with vectors oriented vertically downward. These results demonstrate that vegetation complexity produces localized microrefugia, enabling short-term persistence of species under warming conditions. Our findings emphasize the need to integrate fine-scale habitat heterogeneity into predictions of climate resilience and highlight the value of structurally complex forests in providing microclimatic refugia. The authors model near-ground and within-canopy microclimates in a tropical montane rainforest. They show that short-distance shifts towards dense vegetation or vertically downwards in canopies reduce velocities, highlighting that structurally complex ecosystems may provide short-term climate refuges.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02496-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02524-6
Christopher W. Callahan, Jared Trok, Andrew J. Wilson, Carlos F. Gould, Sam Heft-Neal, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Marshall Burke
{"title":"Author Correction: Increasing risk of mass human heat mortality if historical weather patterns recur","authors":"Christopher W. Callahan, Jared Trok, Andrew J. Wilson, Carlos F. Gould, Sam Heft-Neal, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Marshall Burke","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02524-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02524-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"103-103"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02524-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02494-9
Lauren Cohen, Ethan Rouen, Kunal Sachdeva
Corporations are important contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, and stakeholders ask firms to transparently reveal the potential climate impact. However, there are concerns over the consistency and reliability of self-reported emission data. Here we examine the corporate social responsibility reports of major US companies in the last decade. We find that 58% of public firms’ self-reported emissions were later revised, a rate that has remained consistent for a decade. Firms are more likely to understate than overstate, and the amount of understated emissions is more than twice the value of overstated emissions. Factors such as assurance and changes to measurement methodology do not explain the likelihood of revisions, and data providers do not appear to uniformly correct these revisions. Self-reported emissions data are widely used to evaluate corporations’ climate performance, yet concerns exist regarding their credibility. By examining major US companies, researchers find that more than half of them revise, and mainly understate, their emissions data after first report.
{"title":"Widespread revisions of self-reported emissions by major US corporations","authors":"Lauren Cohen, Ethan Rouen, Kunal Sachdeva","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02494-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02494-9","url":null,"abstract":"Corporations are important contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, and stakeholders ask firms to transparently reveal the potential climate impact. However, there are concerns over the consistency and reliability of self-reported emission data. Here we examine the corporate social responsibility reports of major US companies in the last decade. We find that 58% of public firms’ self-reported emissions were later revised, a rate that has remained consistent for a decade. Firms are more likely to understate than overstate, and the amount of understated emissions is more than twice the value of overstated emissions. Factors such as assurance and changes to measurement methodology do not explain the likelihood of revisions, and data providers do not appear to uniformly correct these revisions. Self-reported emissions data are widely used to evaluate corporations’ climate performance, yet concerns exist regarding their credibility. By examining major US companies, researchers find that more than half of them revise, and mainly understate, their emissions data after first report.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"33-36"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02506-8
Bishawjit Mallick, Lori Mae Hunter, Brooke Ackerly, Rup Priodarshini, Ilan Kelman, Ingrid Boas, Brianna Castro, Mathias Czaika, Bayes Ahmed, Md. Nasif Ahsan, Mariana Fajardo Arboleda, Ajay Bailey, Mucahid M. Bayrak, Kelsea Best, Amanda Carrico, Jamie Draper, Benjamin Etzold, Carol Farbotko, Animesh Kumar Gain, Tuhin Ghosh, Jonathan M. Gilligan, Marco Helbich, S. M. Labib, Dora Martins Sampaio, Mostafa Naser, Kei Otsuki, Balgah Roland, Oishi Rani Saha, Patrick Sakdapolrak, Gopa Samanta, Klara Schmock, Harald Sterly, Zakia Sultana, Kees van der Geest, Anna Viani, Julia van den Berg
Adaptation to climate change goes beyond the migration–non-migration divide. Families and communities combine mobility with rootedness, drawing on cultural ties, intergenerational learning, and lived knowledge to navigate risks and shape long-term futures.
{"title":"Future-making beyond (im)mobility through tethered resilience","authors":"Bishawjit Mallick, Lori Mae Hunter, Brooke Ackerly, Rup Priodarshini, Ilan Kelman, Ingrid Boas, Brianna Castro, Mathias Czaika, Bayes Ahmed, Md. Nasif Ahsan, Mariana Fajardo Arboleda, Ajay Bailey, Mucahid M. Bayrak, Kelsea Best, Amanda Carrico, Jamie Draper, Benjamin Etzold, Carol Farbotko, Animesh Kumar Gain, Tuhin Ghosh, Jonathan M. Gilligan, Marco Helbich, S. M. Labib, Dora Martins Sampaio, Mostafa Naser, Kei Otsuki, Balgah Roland, Oishi Rani Saha, Patrick Sakdapolrak, Gopa Samanta, Klara Schmock, Harald Sterly, Zakia Sultana, Kees van der Geest, Anna Viani, Julia van den Berg","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02506-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02506-8","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptation to climate change goes beyond the migration–non-migration divide. Families and communities combine mobility with rootedness, drawing on cultural ties, intergenerational learning, and lived knowledge to navigate risks and shape long-term futures.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"15 12","pages":"1257-1260"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple climate-related stressors affect the ocean, including warming, acidification, deoxygenation and variations in salinity, with profound effects on Earth system cycles, marine ecosystems and human well-being. Nevertheless, a global perspective on the combined impacts of these changes on both surface and subsurface ocean conditions remains unclear. Here, applying a time-of-emergence methodology to observed physical and biogeochemical variables, collectively referred to as compound climatic impact-drivers, we show individual and compound ocean state changes have become increasingly prominent globally over the past 60 years. In particular, observations show the simultaneous emergence of compound climatic impact-drivers in regions spanning the subtropical and tropical Atlantic, the subtropical Pacific, the Arabian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. We highlight extensive exposure of different ocean layers to compound emergence, characterized by significant intensity, duration and magnitude. These results provide a comprehensive framework and perspective to illustrate the ocean’s vulnerability to pervasive and interconnected changes in a warming climate. It is important to understand the combined effects of multiple changes on the ocean. Here the authors use time of emergence to highlight the increases in impacts of individual and compound changes globally from the surface to the deeper ocean, identifying areas most affected.
{"title":"Observed large-scale and deep-reaching compound ocean state changes over the past 60 years","authors":"Zhetao Tan, Karina von Schuckmann, Sabrina Speich, Laurent Bopp, Jiang Zhu, Lijing Cheng","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02484-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02484-x","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple climate-related stressors affect the ocean, including warming, acidification, deoxygenation and variations in salinity, with profound effects on Earth system cycles, marine ecosystems and human well-being. Nevertheless, a global perspective on the combined impacts of these changes on both surface and subsurface ocean conditions remains unclear. Here, applying a time-of-emergence methodology to observed physical and biogeochemical variables, collectively referred to as compound climatic impact-drivers, we show individual and compound ocean state changes have become increasingly prominent globally over the past 60 years. In particular, observations show the simultaneous emergence of compound climatic impact-drivers in regions spanning the subtropical and tropical Atlantic, the subtropical Pacific, the Arabian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. We highlight extensive exposure of different ocean layers to compound emergence, characterized by significant intensity, duration and magnitude. These results provide a comprehensive framework and perspective to illustrate the ocean’s vulnerability to pervasive and interconnected changes in a warming climate. It is important to understand the combined effects of multiple changes on the ocean. Here the authors use time of emergence to highlight the increases in impacts of individual and compound changes globally from the surface to the deeper ocean, identifying areas most affected.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"58-68"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02484-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02501-z
Lingxiao Yan
Research on climate change requires continued support from funding agencies. Nature Climate Change spoke to experts from different organizations across the world to discuss how funding agencies can better promote future climate research and actions regarding interdisciplinary studies, international collaborations, supporting young scholars and more.
{"title":"Funding agencies to drive future climate change research","authors":"Lingxiao Yan","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02501-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02501-z","url":null,"abstract":"Research on climate change requires continued support from funding agencies. Nature Climate Change spoke to experts from different organizations across the world to discuss how funding agencies can better promote future climate research and actions regarding interdisciplinary studies, international collaborations, supporting young scholars and more.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"15 12","pages":"1268-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02501-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02507-7
Kelly Moon, Bianca van Bavel, Lea Berrang Ford, Kerry Badger, Laura Carter, Barbara Evans, William H. Gaze, Philip Howard, Arshnee Moodley, Kasim Allel, Min Na Eii, Sabiha Essack, David N. Fisman, Niklas Harring, Claas Kirchhelle, Anne F. C. Leonard, Sonia Lewycka, Derek R. MacFadden, Evelyn Madoroba, Eric R. Morgan, Windi Muziasari, Miriam Reverter, Barth F. Smets, Tracey Thornley, Li Shean Toh, Fiona Tomley, Sarah C. Walpole, Rebecca King
Interactions between climate change and antimicrobial resistance across terrestrial, aquatic and health systems reveal shared drivers, synergies and trade-offs that shape health and environmental outcomes. This Comment outlines a solutions-oriented research agenda to advance evidence and action that addresses climate change and antimicrobial resistance as interconnected issues.
{"title":"A research agenda advancing climate change and antimicrobial resistance as interconnected issues","authors":"Kelly Moon, Bianca van Bavel, Lea Berrang Ford, Kerry Badger, Laura Carter, Barbara Evans, William H. Gaze, Philip Howard, Arshnee Moodley, Kasim Allel, Min Na Eii, Sabiha Essack, David N. Fisman, Niklas Harring, Claas Kirchhelle, Anne F. C. Leonard, Sonia Lewycka, Derek R. MacFadden, Evelyn Madoroba, Eric R. Morgan, Windi Muziasari, Miriam Reverter, Barth F. Smets, Tracey Thornley, Li Shean Toh, Fiona Tomley, Sarah C. Walpole, Rebecca King","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02507-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02507-7","url":null,"abstract":"Interactions between climate change and antimicrobial resistance across terrestrial, aquatic and health systems reveal shared drivers, synergies and trade-offs that shape health and environmental outcomes. This Comment outlines a solutions-oriented research agenda to advance evidence and action that addresses climate change and antimicrobial resistance as interconnected issues.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"15 12","pages":"1264-1267"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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