Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02514-8
Mark Purdon
Both green industrial policy (‘carrots’) and carbon pricing (‘sticks’) are seen as important instruments for decarbonization, but the sequencing strategy matters. Researchers now demonstrate that carrots alone — without sticks — are unlikely to reach long-term net-zero targets in the USA.
{"title":"Green industrial policy is not enough for net-zero decarbonization","authors":"Mark Purdon","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02514-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02514-8","url":null,"abstract":"Both green industrial policy (‘carrots’) and carbon pricing (‘sticks’) are seen as important instruments for decarbonization, but the sequencing strategy matters. Researchers now demonstrate that carrots alone — without sticks — are unlikely to reach long-term net-zero targets in the USA.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"15-16"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02523-7
Alon Tal, Shlomit Paz
Climate denial in political discourse is fuelled by psychological factors such as psychological distance, cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, loss aversion, existential anxiety and social identity. Effective communication strategies addressing deniers’ motivations are crucial as denial undermines urgent climate action.
{"title":"The political psychology of climate denial","authors":"Alon Tal, Shlomit Paz","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02523-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02523-7","url":null,"abstract":"Climate denial in political discourse is fuelled by psychological factors such as psychological distance, cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, loss aversion, existential anxiety and social identity. Effective communication strategies addressing deniers’ motivations are crucial as denial undermines urgent climate action.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"2-4"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145770605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02513-9
Lander Van Tricht, Harry Zekollari, Matthias Huss, David R. Rounce, Lilian Schuster, Rodrigo Aguayo, Patrick Schmitt, Fabien Maussion, Brandon Tober, Daniel Farinotti
Projections of glacier change typically focus on mass and area loss, yet the disappearance of individual glaciers directly threatens culturally, spiritually and touristically significant landscapes. Here, using three global glacier models, we project a sharp rise in the number of glaciers disappearing worldwide, peaking between 2041 and 2055 with up to ~4,000 glaciers vanishing annually. Regional variability reflects differences in average glacier size, local climate, the magnitude of warming and inventory completeness. Many mountain glaciers will disappear with warming. Here the authors assess how many glaciers will disappear per year under different warming scenarios, finding that a peak in glacier loss will happen during the mid-twenty-first century.
{"title":"Peak glacier extinction in the mid-twenty-first century","authors":"Lander Van Tricht, Harry Zekollari, Matthias Huss, David R. Rounce, Lilian Schuster, Rodrigo Aguayo, Patrick Schmitt, Fabien Maussion, Brandon Tober, Daniel Farinotti","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02513-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02513-9","url":null,"abstract":"Projections of glacier change typically focus on mass and area loss, yet the disappearance of individual glaciers directly threatens culturally, spiritually and touristically significant landscapes. Here, using three global glacier models, we project a sharp rise in the number of glaciers disappearing worldwide, peaking between 2041 and 2055 with up to ~4,000 glaciers vanishing annually. Regional variability reflects differences in average glacier size, local climate, the magnitude of warming and inventory completeness. Many mountain glaciers will disappear with warming. Here the authors assess how many glaciers will disappear per year under different warming scenarios, finding that a peak in glacier loss will happen during the mid-twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 2","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02513-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02511-x
Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels, Ben Groom
We consider potential non-permanence of carbon removal not as an obstacle but as a feature to focus on the compensation for the short-term warming of methane emissions. This could re-open climate finance for nature-based solutions and provide an immediate reduction in temperature stress.
{"title":"Reducing the large short-lived impact of methane emissions with temporary carbon removals","authors":"Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels, Ben Groom","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02511-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02511-x","url":null,"abstract":"We consider potential non-permanence of carbon removal not as an obstacle but as a feature to focus on the compensation for the short-term warming of methane emissions. This could re-open climate finance for nature-based solutions and provide an immediate reduction in temperature stress.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"19-20"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02511-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02517-5
Stephen Lezak, Sharaban Zaman, Injy Johnstone, Barbara Haya
Recent United Nations policymaking on international emissions trading fails to reconcile longstanding flaws that could jeopardize the integrity of these programmes. We call for urgent action by policymakers to safeguard the future of the Paris Agreement.
{"title":"UNFCCC carbon trading could undermine global climate action","authors":"Stephen Lezak, Sharaban Zaman, Injy Johnstone, Barbara Haya","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02517-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02517-5","url":null,"abstract":"Recent United Nations policymaking on international emissions trading fails to reconcile longstanding flaws that could jeopardize the integrity of these programmes. We call for urgent action by policymakers to safeguard the future of the Paris Agreement.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"8-9"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8
Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels, Ben Groom
Unlike CO2, methane emissions have a particularly large short-term effect on temperature. We argue that these largely temporary temperature effects of methane emissions are apt to be offset by temporary CO2 removal. Temporally matching offsetting temperature reductions to the temperature impulse of methane eliminates the sizable intertemporal welfare transfers that occur when methane is offset by equivalent permanent CO2 removals. Assessing equivalence based on avoided economic damages suggests that about 87 temporary CO2 removals over a period of 30 years are needed to offset 1 t of methane. Agreement on the appropriate quantity of temporary CO2 offsets is insensitive to controversial parameters such as the social discount rate, climate damages and future emission scenarios. Short-term monitoring periods of 20–30 years are likely to be more credibly enforceable for various nature-based CO2 removal projects than long-term monitoring requirements. Methane emissions have a large short-term impact on temperature, which can be potentially offset by nature-based solutions that provide temporary carbon storage. This research demonstrates such matching could minimize intertemporal welfare trade-offs and avoid various risks for permanent removal.
{"title":"Temporary carbon dioxide removals to offset methane emissions","authors":"Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels, Ben Groom","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike CO2, methane emissions have a particularly large short-term effect on temperature. We argue that these largely temporary temperature effects of methane emissions are apt to be offset by temporary CO2 removal. Temporally matching offsetting temperature reductions to the temperature impulse of methane eliminates the sizable intertemporal welfare transfers that occur when methane is offset by equivalent permanent CO2 removals. Assessing equivalence based on avoided economic damages suggests that about 87 temporary CO2 removals over a period of 30 years are needed to offset 1 t of methane. Agreement on the appropriate quantity of temporary CO2 offsets is insensitive to controversial parameters such as the social discount rate, climate damages and future emission scenarios. Short-term monitoring periods of 20–30 years are likely to be more credibly enforceable for various nature-based CO2 removal projects than long-term monitoring requirements. Methane emissions have a large short-term impact on temperature, which can be potentially offset by nature-based solutions that provide temporary carbon storage. This research demonstrates such matching could minimize intertemporal welfare trade-offs and avoid various risks for permanent removal.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02487-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02502-y
Yi Liu, Yu Yang, Xiaojuan Li
Decarbonization of the tourism sector faces challenges of structural lock-ins. This Comment challenges the conventional narratives of green tourism and emphasizes to practice more transformative eco-friendly solutions rather than to consume less, with ecotourism as a promising alternative to encourage more low-carbon behaviour in daily life.
{"title":"Structural lock-ins in tourism decarbonization and the alternative","authors":"Yi Liu, Yu Yang, Xiaojuan Li","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02502-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02502-y","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonization of the tourism sector faces challenges of structural lock-ins. This Comment challenges the conventional narratives of green tourism and emphasizes to practice more transformative eco-friendly solutions rather than to consume less, with ecotourism as a promising alternative to encourage more low-carbon behaviour in daily life.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"10-13"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02496-7
Lydia G. Soifer, James Ball, Hamish Asmath, Ilya M. D. Maclean, David Coomes
Climate velocity—the speed and direction species must move to track climate change—is often estimated without accounting for vegetation-driven microclimatic variation. Using mechanistic microclimate models parameterized with three-dimensional maps of topography and vegetation structure, here we show that microclimate heterogeneity reduces the magnitude and alters the direction of climate velocity for maximum and minimum temperatures. For understory-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was halved and generally oriented towards areas with dense vegetation. For canopy-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was nearly zero, with vectors oriented vertically downward. These results demonstrate that vegetation complexity produces localized microrefugia, enabling short-term persistence of species under warming conditions. Our findings emphasize the need to integrate fine-scale habitat heterogeneity into predictions of climate resilience and highlight the value of structurally complex forests in providing microclimatic refugia. The authors model near-ground and within-canopy microclimates in a tropical montane rainforest. They show that short-distance shifts towards dense vegetation or vertically downwards in canopies reduce velocities, highlighting that structurally complex ecosystems may provide short-term climate refuges.
{"title":"Microclimates slow and alter the direction of climate velocities in tropical forests","authors":"Lydia G. Soifer, James Ball, Hamish Asmath, Ilya M. D. Maclean, David Coomes","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02496-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02496-7","url":null,"abstract":"Climate velocity—the speed and direction species must move to track climate change—is often estimated without accounting for vegetation-driven microclimatic variation. Using mechanistic microclimate models parameterized with three-dimensional maps of topography and vegetation structure, here we show that microclimate heterogeneity reduces the magnitude and alters the direction of climate velocity for maximum and minimum temperatures. For understory-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was halved and generally oriented towards areas with dense vegetation. For canopy-dwelling organisms, the magnitude of maximum temperature velocity was nearly zero, with vectors oriented vertically downward. These results demonstrate that vegetation complexity produces localized microrefugia, enabling short-term persistence of species under warming conditions. Our findings emphasize the need to integrate fine-scale habitat heterogeneity into predictions of climate resilience and highlight the value of structurally complex forests in providing microclimatic refugia. The authors model near-ground and within-canopy microclimates in a tropical montane rainforest. They show that short-distance shifts towards dense vegetation or vertically downwards in canopies reduce velocities, highlighting that structurally complex ecosystems may provide short-term climate refuges.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02496-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02524-6
Christopher W. Callahan, Jared Trok, Andrew J. Wilson, Carlos F. Gould, Sam Heft-Neal, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Marshall Burke
{"title":"Author Correction: Increasing risk of mass human heat mortality if historical weather patterns recur","authors":"Christopher W. Callahan, Jared Trok, Andrew J. Wilson, Carlos F. Gould, Sam Heft-Neal, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Marshall Burke","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02524-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02524-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"103-103"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02524-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02494-9
Lauren Cohen, Ethan Rouen, Kunal Sachdeva
Corporations are important contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, and stakeholders ask firms to transparently reveal the potential climate impact. However, there are concerns over the consistency and reliability of self-reported emission data. Here we examine the corporate social responsibility reports of major US companies in the last decade. We find that 58% of public firms’ self-reported emissions were later revised, a rate that has remained consistent for a decade. Firms are more likely to understate than overstate, and the amount of understated emissions is more than twice the value of overstated emissions. Factors such as assurance and changes to measurement methodology do not explain the likelihood of revisions, and data providers do not appear to uniformly correct these revisions. Self-reported emissions data are widely used to evaluate corporations’ climate performance, yet concerns exist regarding their credibility. By examining major US companies, researchers find that more than half of them revise, and mainly understate, their emissions data after first report.
{"title":"Widespread revisions of self-reported emissions by major US corporations","authors":"Lauren Cohen, Ethan Rouen, Kunal Sachdeva","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02494-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41558-025-02494-9","url":null,"abstract":"Corporations are important contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, and stakeholders ask firms to transparently reveal the potential climate impact. However, there are concerns over the consistency and reliability of self-reported emission data. Here we examine the corporate social responsibility reports of major US companies in the last decade. We find that 58% of public firms’ self-reported emissions were later revised, a rate that has remained consistent for a decade. Firms are more likely to understate than overstate, and the amount of understated emissions is more than twice the value of overstated emissions. Factors such as assurance and changes to measurement methodology do not explain the likelihood of revisions, and data providers do not appear to uniformly correct these revisions. Self-reported emissions data are widely used to evaluate corporations’ climate performance, yet concerns exist regarding their credibility. By examining major US companies, researchers find that more than half of them revise, and mainly understate, their emissions data after first report.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"16 1","pages":"33-36"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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