Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01682-x
Robert D. Hawkins, Andrew M. Berdahl, Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Noah D. Goodman, P. M. Krafft
Groups coordinate more effectively when individuals are able to learn from others’ successes. But acquiring such knowledge is not always easy, especially in real-world environments where success is hidden from public view. We suggest that social inference capacities may help bridge this gap, allowing individuals to update their beliefs about others’ underlying knowledge and success from observable trajectories of behaviour. We compared our social inference model against simpler heuristics in three studies of human behaviour in a collective-sensing task. Experiment 1 demonstrated that average performance improved as a function of group size at a rate greater than predicted by heuristic models. Experiment 2 introduced artificial agents to evaluate how individuals selectively rely on social information. Experiment 3 generalized these findings to a more complex reward landscape. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the relationship between individual social cognition and the flexibility of collective behaviour. Groups coordinate more effectively when individuals are able to learn from others’ successes. Hawkins et al. use a large-scale collective sensing paradigm to test how individual social inference abilities shape the emergent behaviour of human groups.
{"title":"Flexible social inference facilitates targeted social learning when rewards are not observable","authors":"Robert D. Hawkins, Andrew M. Berdahl, Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Noah D. Goodman, P. M. Krafft","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01682-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01682-x","url":null,"abstract":"Groups coordinate more effectively when individuals are able to learn from others’ successes. But acquiring such knowledge is not always easy, especially in real-world environments where success is hidden from public view. We suggest that social inference capacities may help bridge this gap, allowing individuals to update their beliefs about others’ underlying knowledge and success from observable trajectories of behaviour. We compared our social inference model against simpler heuristics in three studies of human behaviour in a collective-sensing task. Experiment 1 demonstrated that average performance improved as a function of group size at a rate greater than predicted by heuristic models. Experiment 2 introduced artificial agents to evaluate how individuals selectively rely on social information. Experiment 3 generalized these findings to a more complex reward landscape. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the relationship between individual social cognition and the flexibility of collective behaviour. Groups coordinate more effectively when individuals are able to learn from others’ successes. Hawkins et al. use a large-scale collective sensing paradigm to test how individual social inference abilities shape the emergent behaviour of human groups.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 10","pages":"1767-1776"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10374681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01683-w
Wataru Toyokawa
‘Metacognition’ refers to thinking about thinking, and its function in collective human behaviour remains largely unknown. Using a multiplayer online game and agent-based modelling, Hawkins et al. found distinctive patterns of collective intelligence that only emerge when using metacognitive social inference skills.
{"title":"Collective cognition and behaviour","authors":"Wataru Toyokawa","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01683-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01683-w","url":null,"abstract":"‘Metacognition’ refers to thinking about thinking, and its function in collective human behaviour remains largely unknown. Using a multiplayer online game and agent-based modelling, Hawkins et al. found distinctive patterns of collective intelligence that only emerge when using metacognitive social inference skills.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 10","pages":"1612-1613"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10396164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01662-1
Anna P. Giron, Simon Ciranka, Eric Schulz, Wouter van den Bos, Azzurra Ruggeri, Björn Meder, Charley M. Wu
Human development is often described as a ‘cooling off’ process, analogous to stochastic optimization algorithms that implement a gradual reduction in randomness over time. Yet there is ambiguity in how to interpret this analogy, due to a lack of concrete empirical comparisons. Using data from n = 281 participants ages 5 to 55, we show that cooling off does not only apply to the single dimension of randomness. Rather, human development resembles an optimization process of multiple learning parameters, for example, reward generalization, uncertainty-directed exploration and random temperature. Rapid changes in parameters occur during childhood, but these changes plateau and converge to efficient values in adulthood. We show that while the developmental trajectory of human parameters is strikingly similar to several stochastic optimization algorithms, there are important differences in convergence. None of the optimization algorithms tested were able to discover reliably better regions of the strategy space than adult participants on this task. Giron et al. provide empirical evidence that human development has much in common with the algorithm of ‘stochastic optimization’ widely used in machine learning, resolving ambiguities around commonly used analogies in developmental psychology.
{"title":"Developmental changes in exploration resemble stochastic optimization","authors":"Anna P. Giron, Simon Ciranka, Eric Schulz, Wouter van den Bos, Azzurra Ruggeri, Björn Meder, Charley M. Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01662-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01662-1","url":null,"abstract":"Human development is often described as a ‘cooling off’ process, analogous to stochastic optimization algorithms that implement a gradual reduction in randomness over time. Yet there is ambiguity in how to interpret this analogy, due to a lack of concrete empirical comparisons. Using data from n = 281 participants ages 5 to 55, we show that cooling off does not only apply to the single dimension of randomness. Rather, human development resembles an optimization process of multiple learning parameters, for example, reward generalization, uncertainty-directed exploration and random temperature. Rapid changes in parameters occur during childhood, but these changes plateau and converge to efficient values in adulthood. We show that while the developmental trajectory of human parameters is strikingly similar to several stochastic optimization algorithms, there are important differences in convergence. None of the optimization algorithms tested were able to discover reliably better regions of the strategy space than adult participants on this task. Giron et al. provide empirical evidence that human development has much in common with the algorithm of ‘stochastic optimization’ widely used in machine learning, resolving ambiguities around commonly used analogies in developmental psychology.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 11","pages":"1955-1967"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10663152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10374679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01680-z
Marius V. Peelen, Paul E. Downing
Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) has emerged as a powerful method for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography data. The new approaches to experimental design and hypothesis testing afforded by MVPA have made it possible to address theories that describe cognition at the functional level. Here we review a selection of studies that have used MVPA to test cognitive theories from a range of domains, including perception, attention, memory, navigation, emotion, social cognition and motor control. This broad view reveals properties of MVPA that make it suitable for understanding the ‘how’ of human cognition, such as the ability to test predictions expressed at the item or event level. It also reveals limitations and points to future directions. Peelen and Downing review the use of multivariate pattern analysis in cognitive neuroscience to study cognition at the functional level.
{"title":"Testing cognitive theories with multivariate pattern analysis of neuroimaging data","authors":"Marius V. Peelen, Paul E. Downing","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01680-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01680-z","url":null,"abstract":"Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) has emerged as a powerful method for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography data. The new approaches to experimental design and hypothesis testing afforded by MVPA have made it possible to address theories that describe cognition at the functional level. Here we review a selection of studies that have used MVPA to test cognitive theories from a range of domains, including perception, attention, memory, navigation, emotion, social cognition and motor control. This broad view reveals properties of MVPA that make it suitable for understanding the ‘how’ of human cognition, such as the ability to test predictions expressed at the item or event level. It also reveals limitations and points to future directions. Peelen and Downing review the use of multivariate pattern analysis in cognitive neuroscience to study cognition at the functional level.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 9","pages":"1430-1441"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10374682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01669-8
David Zendle, Catherine Flick, Elena Gordon-Petrovskaya, Nick Ballou, Leon Y. Xiao, Anders Drachen
Governments around the world are considering regulatory measures to reduce young people’s time spent on digital devices, particularly video games. This raises the question of whether proposed regulatory measures would be effective. Since the early 2000s, the Chinese government has been enacting regulations to directly restrict young people’s playtime. In November 2019, it limited players aged under 18 to 1.5 hours of daily playtime and 3 hours on public holidays. Using telemetry data on over seven billion hours of playtime provided by a stakeholder from the video games industry, we found no credible evidence for overall reduction in the prevalence of heavy playtime following the implementation of regulations: individual accounts became 1.14 times more likely to play heavily in any given week (95% confidence interval 1.139–1.141). This falls below our preregistered smallest effect size of interest (2.0) and thus is not interpreted as a practically meaningful increase. Results remain robust across a variety of sensitivity analyses, including an analysis of more recent (2021) adjustments to playtime regulation. This casts doubt on the effectiveness of such state-controlled playtime mandates. The authors show that video game playtime restriction policies in China had no discernible influence on time spent gaming.
{"title":"No evidence that Chinese playtime mandates reduced heavy gaming in one segment of the video games industry","authors":"David Zendle, Catherine Flick, Elena Gordon-Petrovskaya, Nick Ballou, Leon Y. Xiao, Anders Drachen","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01669-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01669-8","url":null,"abstract":"Governments around the world are considering regulatory measures to reduce young people’s time spent on digital devices, particularly video games. This raises the question of whether proposed regulatory measures would be effective. Since the early 2000s, the Chinese government has been enacting regulations to directly restrict young people’s playtime. In November 2019, it limited players aged under 18 to 1.5 hours of daily playtime and 3 hours on public holidays. Using telemetry data on over seven billion hours of playtime provided by a stakeholder from the video games industry, we found no credible evidence for overall reduction in the prevalence of heavy playtime following the implementation of regulations: individual accounts became 1.14 times more likely to play heavily in any given week (95% confidence interval 1.139–1.141). This falls below our preregistered smallest effect size of interest (2.0) and thus is not interpreted as a practically meaningful increase. Results remain robust across a variety of sensitivity analyses, including an analysis of more recent (2021) adjustments to playtime regulation. This casts doubt on the effectiveness of such state-controlled playtime mandates. The authors show that video game playtime restriction policies in China had no discernible influence on time spent gaming.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 10","pages":"1753-1766"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10593605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9965201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01681-y
Yongzheng Yang, Sara Konrath
How does economic inequality relate to prosocial behaviour? Existing theories and empirical studies from multiple disciplines have produced mixed results. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to systematically synthesize empirical studies. Results from 192 effect sizes and over 2.5 million observations in 100 studies show that the relationship varies from being negative to positive depending upon the study (95% prediction interval −0.450 to 0.343). However, on average, there is a small, negative relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour (r = −0.064, P = 0.004, 95% confidence interval −0.106 to −0.021). There is generally no evidence that results depend upon characteristics of the studies, participants, the way prosocial behaviour and inequality were assessed, and the publication discipline. Given the prevalence of economic inequality and the importance of prosocial behaviour, this systematic review and meta-analysis provides a timely study on the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour. This meta-analysis of the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour finds that the relationship varies from being negative to positive, but, on average, higher economic inequality is associated with lower prosocial behaviour.
经济不平等与亲社会行为有何关系?来自多个学科的现有理论和实证研究产生了不同的结果。本文通过系统综述和元分析，对实证研究进行系统综合。来自192个效应大小和100个研究中超过250万个观察结果的结果表明，根据研究的不同，这种关系从负向正变化(95%预测区间为-0.450至0.343)。然而，平均而言，经济不平等与亲社会行为之间存在较小的负相关(r = -0.064, P = 0.004, 95%置信区间为-0.106至-0.021)。一般来说，没有证据表明结果取决于研究的特征、参与者、评估亲社会行为和不平等的方式以及发表的学科。鉴于经济不平等的普遍存在和亲社会行为的重要性，本系统综述和荟萃分析为经济不平等与亲社会行为之间的关系提供了及时的研究。
{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour","authors":"Yongzheng Yang, Sara Konrath","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01681-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01681-y","url":null,"abstract":"How does economic inequality relate to prosocial behaviour? Existing theories and empirical studies from multiple disciplines have produced mixed results. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to systematically synthesize empirical studies. Results from 192 effect sizes and over 2.5 million observations in 100 studies show that the relationship varies from being negative to positive depending upon the study (95% prediction interval −0.450 to 0.343). However, on average, there is a small, negative relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour (r = −0.064, P = 0.004, 95% confidence interval −0.106 to −0.021). There is generally no evidence that results depend upon characteristics of the studies, participants, the way prosocial behaviour and inequality were assessed, and the publication discipline. Given the prevalence of economic inequality and the importance of prosocial behaviour, this systematic review and meta-analysis provides a timely study on the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour. This meta-analysis of the relationship between economic inequality and prosocial behaviour finds that the relationship varies from being negative to positive, but, on average, higher economic inequality is associated with lower prosocial behaviour.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 11","pages":"1899-1916"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9965207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01674-x
Alexandru Marcoci, Ann C. Thresher, Niels C. M. Martens, Peter Galison, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Michael D. Johnson
{"title":"Big STEM collaborations should include humanities and social science","authors":"Alexandru Marcoci, Ann C. Thresher, Niels C. M. Martens, Peter Galison, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Michael D. Johnson","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01674-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01674-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 8","pages":"1229-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10432281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01667-w
Brian Guay, Adam J. Berinsky, Gordon Pennycook, David Rand
Progress in the burgeoning field of misinformation research requires some degree of consensus about what constitutes an effective intervention to combat misinformation. We differentiate between research designs that are used to evaluate interventions and recommend one that measures how well people discern between true and false content.
{"title":"How to think about whether misinformation interventions work","authors":"Brian Guay, Adam J. Berinsky, Gordon Pennycook, David Rand","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01667-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01667-w","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in the burgeoning field of misinformation research requires some degree of consensus about what constitutes an effective intervention to combat misinformation. We differentiate between research designs that are used to evaluate interventions and recommend one that measures how well people discern between true and false content.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 8","pages":"1231-1233"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10056695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01665-y
Fotini Christia, Horacio Larreguy, Elizabeth Parker-Magyar, Manuel Quintero
COVID-19 heightened women’s exposure to gender-based and intimate partner violence, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. We tested whether edutainment interventions shown to successfully combat gender-based and intimate partner violence when delivered in person can be effectively delivered using social (WhatsApp and Facebook) and traditional (TV) media. To do so, we randomized the mode of implementation of an intervention conducted by an Egyptian women’s rights organization seeking to support women amid COVID-19 social distancing. We found WhatsApp to be more effective in delivering the intervention than Facebook but no credible evidence of differences across outcomes between social media and TV dissemination. Our findings show little credible evidence that these campaigns affected women’s attitudes towards gender or marital equality or on the justifiability of violence. However, the campaign did increase women’s knowledge, hypothetical use and reported use of available resources. Christia et al. evaluate the delivery of content to empower women exposed to violence amid COVID-19. The recipients exhibited no credible evidence of a shift in attitudes but increased their knowledge and hypothetical and reported use of resources.
{"title":"Empowering women facing gender-based violence amid COVID-19 through media campaigns","authors":"Fotini Christia, Horacio Larreguy, Elizabeth Parker-Magyar, Manuel Quintero","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01665-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01665-y","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 heightened women’s exposure to gender-based and intimate partner violence, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. We tested whether edutainment interventions shown to successfully combat gender-based and intimate partner violence when delivered in person can be effectively delivered using social (WhatsApp and Facebook) and traditional (TV) media. To do so, we randomized the mode of implementation of an intervention conducted by an Egyptian women’s rights organization seeking to support women amid COVID-19 social distancing. We found WhatsApp to be more effective in delivering the intervention than Facebook but no credible evidence of differences across outcomes between social media and TV dissemination. Our findings show little credible evidence that these campaigns affected women’s attitudes towards gender or marital equality or on the justifiability of violence. However, the campaign did increase women’s knowledge, hypothetical use and reported use of available resources. Christia et al. evaluate the delivery of content to empower women exposed to violence amid COVID-19. The recipients exhibited no credible evidence of a shift in attitudes but increased their knowledge and hypothetical and reported use of resources.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 10","pages":"1740-1752"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9954391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01671-0
Analogical reasoning is a hallmark of human intelligence, as it enables us to flexibly solve new problems without extensive practice. By using a wide range of tests, we demonstrate that GPT-3, a large-scale artificial intelligence language model, is capable of solving difficult analogy problems at a level comparable to human performance.
{"title":"Large-scale AI language systems display an emergent ability to reason by analogy","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41562-023-01671-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-023-01671-0","url":null,"abstract":"Analogical reasoning is a hallmark of human intelligence, as it enables us to flexibly solve new problems without extensive practice. By using a wide range of tests, we demonstrate that GPT-3, a large-scale artificial intelligence language model, is capable of solving difficult analogy problems at a level comparable to human performance.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"7 9","pages":"1426-1427"},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9930856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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