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When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis 人类与人工智能的结合何时有用?系统回顾与荟萃分析
IF 29.9 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02024-1
Michelle Vaccaro, Abdullah Almaatouq, Thomas Malone

Inspired by the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) to augment humans, researchers have studied human–AI systems involving different tasks, systems and populations. Despite such a large body of work, we lack a broad conceptual understanding of when combinations of humans and AI are better than either alone. Here we addressed this question by conducting a preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis of 106 experimental studies reporting 370 effect sizes. We searched an interdisciplinary set of databases (the Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, the Web of Science and the Association for Information Systems eLibrary) for studies published between 1 January 2020 and 30 June 2023. Each study was required to include an original human-participants experiment that evaluated the performance of humans alone, AI alone and human–AI combinations. First, we found that, on average, human–AI combinations performed significantly worse than the best of humans or AI alone (Hedges’ g = −0.23; 95% confidence interval, −0.39 to −0.07). Second, we found performance losses in tasks that involved making decisions and significantly greater gains in tasks that involved creating content. Finally, when humans outperformed AI alone, we found performance gains in the combination, but when AI outperformed humans alone, we found losses. Limitations of the evidence assessed here include possible publication bias and variations in the study designs analysed. Overall, these findings highlight the heterogeneity of the effects of human–AI collaboration and point to promising avenues for improving human–AI systems.

受越来越多地使用人工智能(AI)来增强人类能力的启发,研究人员对涉及不同任务、系统和人群的人类-AI 系统进行了研究。尽管开展了如此大量的工作,但我们对人类与人工智能的组合何时优于二者单独使用缺乏广泛的概念性理解。为了解决这个问题,我们对 106 项报告了 370 个效应大小的实验研究进行了预先登记的系统回顾和荟萃分析。我们搜索了一套跨学科数据库(计算机械协会数字图书馆、科学网和信息系统协会电子图书馆),以查找 2020 年 1 月 1 日至 2023 年 6 月 30 日期间发表的研究。每项研究都必须包含一个原始的人类-参与者实验,评估人类单独、人工智能单独和人类-人工智能组合的性能。首先,我们发现,平均而言,人类-人工智能组合的表现明显差于人类或人工智能单独的最佳表现(赫德斯 g = -0.23;95% 置信区间,-0.39 至 -0.07)。其次,我们发现在涉及决策的任务中,人类的表现会有所下降,而在涉及创建内容的任务中,人类的表现则会明显提高。最后,当人类的表现优于单独使用人工智能时,我们发现人类和人工智能的组合会提高绩效,但当人工智能的表现优于单独使用人类时,我们发现人类和人工智能的组合会降低绩效。本文评估的证据存在局限性,包括可能存在的发表偏差和所分析研究设计的差异。总之,这些研究结果凸显了人类与人工智能合作效果的异质性,并为改进人类与人工智能系统指出了大有可为的途径。
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引用次数: 0
The case for human–AI interaction as system 0 thinking 人机交互作为系统 0 思维的理由
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01995-5
Massimo Chiriatti, Marianna Ganapini, Enrico Panai, Mario Ubiali, Giuseppe Riva
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引用次数: 0
A new sociology of humans and machines 人类与机器的新社会学
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02001-8
Milena Tsvetkova, Taha Yasseri, Niccolo Pescetelli, Tobias Werner
From fake social media accounts and generative artificial intelligence chatbots to trading algorithms and self-driving vehicles, robots, bots and algorithms are proliferating and permeating our communication channels, social interactions, economic transactions and transportation arteries. Networks of multiple interdependent and interacting humans and intelligent machines constitute complex social systems for which the collective outcomes cannot be deduced from either human or machine behaviour alone. Under this paradigm, we review recent research and identify general dynamics and patterns in situations of competition, coordination, cooperation, contagion and collective decision-making, with context-rich examples from high-frequency trading markets, a social media platform, an open collaboration community and a discussion forum. To ensure more robust and resilient human–machine communities, we require a new sociology of humans and machines. Researchers should study these communities using complex system methods; engineers should explicitly design artificial intelligence for human–machine and machine–machine interactions; and regulators should govern the ecological diversity and social co-development of humans and machines. This Perspective calls for a new sociology of humans and machines to study groups and networks comprising multiple interacting humans and algorithms, bots or robots. A deeper understanding of human–machine social systems can contribute new and valued insights for AI research, design and policy.
从虚假的社交媒体账户和人工智能聊天机器人,到交易算法和自动驾驶汽车,机器人、机械人和算法层出不穷,渗透到我们的通信渠道、社会交往、经济交易和交通动脉。由多个相互依存、相互作用的人类和智能机器组成的网络构成了复杂的社会系统,其集体结果无法仅从人类或机器的行为中推导出来。在这一范式下,我们回顾了最近的研究,并通过高频交易市场、社交媒体平台、开放式协作社区和讨论论坛等背景丰富的实例,确定了竞争、协调、合作、传染和集体决策情况下的一般动态和模式。为了确保人机社区更加稳健、更具弹性,我们需要一种新的人机社会学。研究人员应使用复杂系统方法研究这些社区;工程师应明确设计人机和机机互动的人工智能;监管机构应管理人类和机器的生态多样性和社会共同发展。
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引用次数: 0
Risks and protective measures for synthetic relationships 合成关系的风险和保护措施
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02005-4
Christopher Starke, Alfio Ventura, Clara Bersch, Meeyoung Cha, Claes de Vreese, Philipp Doebler, Mengchen Dong, Nicole Krämer, Margarita Leib, Jochen Peter, Lea Schäfer, Ivan Soraperra, Jessica Szczuka, Erik Tuchtfeld, Rebecca Wald, Nils Köbis
As artificial intelligence tools become more sophisticated, humans build synthetic relationships with them. Synthetic relationships differ fundamentally from traditional human–machine interactions and present new risks, such as privacy breaches, psychological manipulation and the erosion of human autonomy. This necessitates proactive, human-centred policies.
随着人工智能工具变得越来越复杂,人类与它们建立起了合成关系。合成关系与传统的人机交互有着本质区别,并带来了新的风险,如隐私泄露、心理操纵和人类自主性的削弱。这就需要制定积极主动、以人为本的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Building machines that learn and think with people 制造能与人共同学习和思考的机器
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01991-9
Katherine M. Collins, Ilia Sucholutsky, Umang Bhatt, Kartik Chandra, Lionel Wong, Mina Lee, Cedegao E. Zhang, Tan Zhi-Xuan, Mark Ho, Vikash Mansinghka, Adrian Weller, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Thomas L. Griffiths
What do we want from machine intelligence? We envision machines that are not just tools for thought but partners in thought: reasonable, insightful, knowledgeable, reliable and trustworthy systems that think with us. Current artificial intelligence systems satisfy some of these criteria, some of the time. In this Perspective, we show how the science of collaborative cognition can be put to work to engineer systems that really can be called ‘thought partners’, systems built to meet our expectations and complement our limitations. We lay out several modes of collaborative thought in which humans and artificial intelligence thought partners can engage, and we propose desiderata for human-compatible thought partnerships. Drawing on motifs from computational cognitive science, we motivate an alternative scaling path for the design of thought partners and ecosystems around their use through a Bayesian lens, whereby the partners we construct actively build and reason over models of the human and world. In this Perspective, the authors advance a view for the science of collaborative cognition to engineer systems that can be considered thought partners, systems built to meet our expectations and complement our limitations.
我们想从机器智能中得到什么?我们设想的机器不仅是思考的工具,还是思考的伙伴:合理、有洞察力、知识渊博、可靠和值得信赖的系统,与我们一起思考。目前的人工智能系统在某些时候满足了其中的一些标准。在本《视角》中,我们将展示如何利用协作认知科学来设计真正可称为 "思想伙伴 "的系统,即满足我们的期望并补充我们的局限性的系统。我们列出了人类和人工智能思维伙伴可以参与的几种协作思维模式,并提出了与人类兼容的思维伙伴的必要条件。我们借鉴了计算认知科学的主题,通过贝叶斯视角,提出了设计思维伙伴和使用思维伙伴生态系统的另一种扩展路径,即我们构建的思维伙伴可以积极构建人类和世界的模型并进行推理。
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引用次数: 0
Metaverse technologies can foster an inclusive society 元数据技术可促进包容性社会的发展
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01987-5
Daisuke Sakamoto, Tetsuo Ono
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引用次数: 0
Promises and challenges of generative artificial intelligence for human learning 生成式人工智能促进人类学习的前景与挑战
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02004-5
Lixiang Yan, Samuel Greiff, Ziwen Teuber, Dragan Gašević
Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) holds the potential to transform the delivery, cultivation and evaluation of human learning. Here the authors examine the integration of GenAI as a tool for human learning, addressing its promises and challenges from a holistic viewpoint that integrates insights from learning sciences, educational technology and human–computer interaction. GenAI promises to enhance learning experiences by scaling personalized support, diversifying learning materials, enabling timely feedback and innovating assessment methods. However, it also presents critical issues such as model imperfections, ethical dilemmas and the disruption of traditional assessments. Thus, cultivating AI literacy and adaptive skills is imperative for facilitating informed engagement with GenAI technologies. Rigorous research across learning contexts is essential to evaluate GenAI’s effect on human cognition, metacognition and creativity. Humanity must learn with and about GenAI, ensuring that it becomes a powerful ally in the pursuit of knowledge and innovation, rather than a crutch that undermines our intellectual abilities. This Perspective describes the roles of generative AI in providing personalized support, diversity and innovative assessment in learning. However, it also raises ethical concerns and highlights issues such as model imperfection, underscoring the need for AI literacy and adaptability.
生成式人工智能(GenAI)具有改变人类学习的交付、培养和评估的潜力。作者在本文中探讨了如何将 GenAI 整合为人类学习的工具,并从综合了学习科学、教育技术和人机交互等方面的观点出发,探讨了 GenAI 的前景和挑战。GenAI有望通过扩大个性化支持、丰富学习材料、实现及时反馈和创新评估方法来提升学习体验。然而,它也带来了一些关键问题,如模型不完善、伦理困境和对传统评估的破坏。因此,培养人工智能素养和适应技能对于促进在知情的情况下使用 GenAI 技术至关重要。跨学习环境的严格研究对于评估 GenAI 对人类认知、元认知和创造力的影响至关重要。人类必须学习GenAI,了解GenAI,确保GenAI成为追求知识和创新的强大盟友,而不是削弱我们智力的拐杖。
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引用次数: 0
How developments in natural language processing help us in understanding human behaviour 自然语言处理的发展如何帮助我们理解人类行为
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01938-0
Rada Mihalcea, Laura Biester, Ryan L. Boyd, Zhijing Jin, Veronica Perez-Rosas, Steven Wilson, James W. Pennebaker
The ways people use language can reveal clues to their emotions, social behaviours, thinking styles, cultures and the worlds around them. In the past two decades, research at the intersection of social psychology and computer science has been developing tools to analyse natural language from written or spoken text to better understand social processes and behaviour. The goal of this Review is to provide a brief overview of the methods and data currently being used and to discuss the underlying meaning of what language analyses can reveal in comparison with more traditional methodologies such as surveys or hand-scored language samples. Language reveals clues to human emotions, social behaviours, thinking styles and cultures. This Review provides a brief overview of computational methods to analyse natural language from written or spoken text as a new tool to investigate social processes and understand human behaviour.
人们使用语言的方式可以揭示他们的情感、社会行为、思维方式、文化和周围世界的线索。在过去的二十年里,社会心理学和计算机科学的交叉研究一直在开发工具来分析书面或口语文本中的自然语言,以便更好地理解社会过程和行为。本综述旨在简要介绍目前正在使用的方法和数据,并讨论语言分析与调查或手写语言样本等更传统的方法相比所能揭示的深层含义。
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引用次数: 0
Embracing the ubiquity of machines 拥抱无处不在的机器
IF 21.4 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02049-6
As digital technologies become ever more pervasive and sophisticated, understanding the nuances of the relationship between humans and machines becomes increasingly important. Spanning a range of disciplines, from computer science and psychology to medicine and education, this issue’s Focus includes a diverse array of voices and perspectives on the many ways in which humans and digital machines interact and communicate with each other, as well as the societal implications and ethical considerations of emerging technologies.
随着数字技术日益普及和复杂,理解人类与机器之间关系的细微差别变得越来越重要。从计算机科学、心理学到医学和教育学,本期的《聚焦》涵盖了一系列学科,就人类与数字机器之间的多种互动和交流方式,以及新兴技术的社会影响和伦理考量提供了不同的声音和观点。
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引用次数: 0
Honesty oaths for rule-following 遵守规则的诚信誓言
IF 29.9 1区 心理学 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02018-z
Shaul Shalvi
Honesty oaths are commonly used to promote ethical behaviour, but their effectiveness is not well understood. A mega-study involving thousands of people shows that taking an oath to be honest can reduce tax evasion in an online economic game.
诚信宣誓通常被用来促进道德行为,但人们对其效果并不十分了解。一项涉及数千人的大型研究表明,在网络经济游戏中宣誓诚实可以减少逃税行为。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nature Human Behaviour
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