Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02398-w
I-An Su
{"title":"What I learned applying for tenure-track positions.","authors":"I-An Su","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02398-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02398-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02388-y
{"title":"Priming of non-constituents reveals linguistic structure beyond grammar.","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02388-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02388-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02390-4
Roni Tibon,Andrea Greve,Gina Humphreys,Jörn Alexander Quent,Richard Henson
Although the distinction between episodic and semantic memory is supported by numerous neuropsychological studies, neuroimaging data have shown considerable overlap between regions that are activated during semantic and episodic remembering. This might indicate similar or shared mechanisms but might also result from inadequate task designs or poor functional magnetic resonance imaging signal coverage. Here we compared neural activations and representations associated with successful retrieval of episodic and semantic memories, using tasks that are more closely matched. A total of n = 40 participants recalled pairings between logos and brand names, where the pairings corresponded to real-world knowledge (semantic task) or were learned in an initial study phase (episodic task). Neither a priori-defined networks nor clusters generally activated by our task provided evidence for any difference between successful semantic and episodic retrieval, with the Bayes factor for the a priori networks supporting the null hypothesis of no difference. Protocol registration The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 15 September 2021. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/dm47y/ .
{"title":"Neural activations and representations during episodic versus semantic memory retrieval.","authors":"Roni Tibon,Andrea Greve,Gina Humphreys,Jörn Alexander Quent,Richard Henson","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02390-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02390-4","url":null,"abstract":"Although the distinction between episodic and semantic memory is supported by numerous neuropsychological studies, neuroimaging data have shown considerable overlap between regions that are activated during semantic and episodic remembering. This might indicate similar or shared mechanisms but might also result from inadequate task designs or poor functional magnetic resonance imaging signal coverage. Here we compared neural activations and representations associated with successful retrieval of episodic and semantic memories, using tasks that are more closely matched. A total of n = 40 participants recalled pairings between logos and brand names, where the pairings corresponded to real-world knowledge (semantic task) or were learned in an initial study phase (episodic task). Neither a priori-defined networks nor clusters generally activated by our task provided evidence for any difference between successful semantic and episodic retrieval, with the Bayes factor for the a priori networks supporting the null hypothesis of no difference. Protocol registration The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 15 September 2021. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/dm47y/ .","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02383-3
Jonathan Nicholas, Marcelo G Mattar
Our experiences contain countless details that may be important in the future, yet we rarely know which will matter and which will not. This uncertainty poses a difficult challenge for adaptive decision-making, as failing to preserve relevant information can prevent us from making good choices later on. One solution to this challenge is to store detailed memories of individual experiences that can be flexibly accessed whenever their details become relevant. By allowing us to store and recall specific events in vivid detail, the human episodic memory system provides exactly this capacity. Yet, whether and how this ability supports adaptive behaviour is poorly understood. Here we aimed to determine whether people use detailed episodic memories to make decisions when future task demands are uncertain. We hypothesized that the episodic memory system's ability to store events in great detail allows us to reference any of these details if they later become relevant. We tested this hypothesis using a novel decision-making task in which participants encoded individual events with multiple features and later made decisions based on these features to maximize their earnings. Across 5 experiments (total n = 535), we found that participants referenced episodic memories during decisions in feature-rich environments and that they did so specifically when it was unclear at encoding which features would be needed in the future. Overall, these findings reveal a fundamental adaptive function of episodic memory, showing how its rich representational capacity enables flexible decision-making under uncertainty.
{"title":"Episodic memory facilitates flexible decision-making via access to detailed events.","authors":"Jonathan Nicholas, Marcelo G Mattar","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02383-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02383-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our experiences contain countless details that may be important in the future, yet we rarely know which will matter and which will not. This uncertainty poses a difficult challenge for adaptive decision-making, as failing to preserve relevant information can prevent us from making good choices later on. One solution to this challenge is to store detailed memories of individual experiences that can be flexibly accessed whenever their details become relevant. By allowing us to store and recall specific events in vivid detail, the human episodic memory system provides exactly this capacity. Yet, whether and how this ability supports adaptive behaviour is poorly understood. Here we aimed to determine whether people use detailed episodic memories to make decisions when future task demands are uncertain. We hypothesized that the episodic memory system's ability to store events in great detail allows us to reference any of these details if they later become relevant. We tested this hypothesis using a novel decision-making task in which participants encoded individual events with multiple features and later made decisions based on these features to maximize their earnings. Across 5 experiments (total n = 535), we found that participants referenced episodic memories during decisions in feature-rich environments and that they did so specifically when it was unclear at encoding which features would be needed in the future. Overall, these findings reveal a fundamental adaptive function of episodic memory, showing how its rich representational capacity enables flexible decision-making under uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02385-1
Magdalena del Río, Nadescha Trudel, Gita Prabhu, Laurence T. Hunt, Michael Moutoussis, Raymond J. Dolan, Tobias U. Hauser
Biases in information gathering are common in the general population and reach pathological extremes in paralysing indecisiveness, as in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we adopt a new perspective on information gathering and demonstrate an information integration bias whereby there is over-weighting of most recent information via evidence strength updates (ΔES). In a crowd-sourced sample (N = 5,237), we find that a reduced ΔES weighting drives indecisiveness along an obsessive–compulsive spectrum. We replicate this attenuated ΔES weighting in a second lab-based study (N = 105) that includes a transdiagnostic obsessive–compulsive spectrum encompassing OCD and generalized anxiety patients. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we trace ΔES signals to a late neural signal peaking at ~920 ms. Critically, highly obsessive–compulsive participants, across diagnoses, show an attenuated neural ΔES signal in mediofrontal areas, while other decision-relevant processes remain intact. Our findings establish biased information weighting as a driver of information gathering, where attenuated ΔES is linked to indecisiveness across an obsessive–compulsive spectrum.
{"title":"Indecision and recency-weighted evidence integration in non-clinical and clinical settings","authors":"Magdalena del Río, Nadescha Trudel, Gita Prabhu, Laurence T. Hunt, Michael Moutoussis, Raymond J. Dolan, Tobias U. Hauser","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02385-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02385-1","url":null,"abstract":"Biases in information gathering are common in the general population and reach pathological extremes in paralysing indecisiveness, as in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we adopt a new perspective on information gathering and demonstrate an information integration bias whereby there is over-weighting of most recent information via evidence strength updates (ΔES). In a crowd-sourced sample (N = 5,237), we find that a reduced ΔES weighting drives indecisiveness along an obsessive–compulsive spectrum. We replicate this attenuated ΔES weighting in a second lab-based study (N = 105) that includes a transdiagnostic obsessive–compulsive spectrum encompassing OCD and generalized anxiety patients. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we trace ΔES signals to a late neural signal peaking at ~920 ms. Critically, highly obsessive–compulsive participants, across diagnoses, show an attenuated neural ΔES signal in mediofrontal areas, while other decision-relevant processes remain intact. Our findings establish biased information weighting as a driver of information gathering, where attenuated ΔES is linked to indecisiveness across an obsessive–compulsive spectrum.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02387-z
Yngwie A. Nielsen, Morten H. Christiansen
A long-standing assumption in the language sciences is that the mental representation of language is based on constituents—that is, hierarchical structures rooted in grammar. We provide evidence from English for a more basic kind of linguistic representation involving smaller, linear chunks of structure akin to sequences of parts-of-speech elements—such as VERB PREPOSITION DETERMINER shared between the strings added to a and defined by the. Across four preregistered phrasal decision experiments (total N = 497), we show that it is possible to prime such linear structures, even in the absence of constituents. In two additional corpus analyses of eye-tracked reading (N = 68) and conversation (N = 358), we establish the external validity of the effect. These results provide evidence of multiword language structures that are not explainable in terms of constituents as traditionally construed. This poses a challenge for accounts of linguistic representation, including generative and constructionist approaches.
{"title":"Evidence for the representation of non-hierarchical structures in language","authors":"Yngwie A. Nielsen, Morten H. Christiansen","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02387-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02387-z","url":null,"abstract":"A long-standing assumption in the language sciences is that the mental representation of language is based on constituents—that is, hierarchical structures rooted in grammar. We provide evidence from English for a more basic kind of linguistic representation involving smaller, linear chunks of structure akin to sequences of parts-of-speech elements—such as VERB PREPOSITION DETERMINER shared between the strings added to a and defined by the. Across four preregistered phrasal decision experiments (total N = 497), we show that it is possible to prime such linear structures, even in the absence of constituents. In two additional corpus analyses of eye-tracked reading (N = 68) and conversation (N = 358), we establish the external validity of the effect. These results provide evidence of multiword language structures that are not explainable in terms of constituents as traditionally construed. This poses a challenge for accounts of linguistic representation, including generative and constructionist approaches.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growing evidence suggests that peripheral diseases serve as risk factors for dementia, but the population-level burden of dementia associated with various peripheral diseases has remained unknown. Here, by conducting a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analyses to estimate the relative risks of 26 peripheral diseases across 9 systems with dementia, including 202 articles searched from the PubMed until 6 September 2024, we identified 16 peripheral diseases as associated with increased risk of dementia. With the relative risks estimated from meta-analyses, prevalences extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study, and communalities among these 16 peripheral diseases derived from the UK Biobank, we analysed the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of these 16 peripheral diseases for dementia, stratified by sex, age, sociodemographic index level, world region and country, and trends from 1990 to 2021. Globally, these peripheral diseases collectively were related to a combined PAF of 33.18% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.80-48.43) of dementia burden, corresponding to 18.8 million prevalent cases. The leading ten PAF contributors were periodontal diseases (6.10%, 95% CI 0.95-10.28), cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (5.51%, 95% CI 1.77-8.86), age-related and other hearing loss (4.70%, 95% CI 3.51-6.06), blindness and vision loss (4.30%, 95% CI 3.43-5.05), type 2 diabetes mellitus (3.80%, 95% CI 3.06-4.53), chronic kidney disease (2.74%, 95% CI 1.53-4.02), osteoarthritis (2.26%, 95% CI 0.41-4.12), stroke (1.01%, 95% CI 0.86-1.17), ischaemic heart disease (0.97%, 95% CI 0.69-1.29) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.92%, 95% CI 0.34-1.54). This study revealed that a series of peripheral diseases were associated with increased risk of dementia and collectively were related to about one-third of the global dementia burden, highlighting the need for targeted public health strategies.
越来越多的证据表明外周疾病是痴呆症的危险因素，但与各种外周疾病相关的痴呆症的人口水平负担仍然未知。在这里，通过进行系统回顾和贝叶斯荟萃分析来估计9个痴呆系统中26种外周疾病的相对风险，包括从PubMed检索到的202篇文章，截至2024年9月6日，我们确定了16种外周疾病与痴呆风险增加相关。通过meta分析估计的相对风险、全球疾病负担研究中提取的患病率以及来自英国生物银行的这16种外周疾病的社区，我们分析了这16种外周疾病对痴呆的人口归因分数（paf），按性别、年龄、社会人口指数水平、世界地区和国家分层，以及1990年至2021年的趋势。在全球范围内，这些外周疾病总共与33.18%（95%置信区间（CI） 16.80-48.43）的痴呆负担相关，相当于1880万例流行病例。导致PAF的前十大原因是牙周病（6.10%,95% CI 0.95-10.28）、肝硬化和其他慢性肝病（5.51%,95% CI 1.77-8.86）、年龄相关和其他听力损失（4.70%,95% CI 3.51-6.06）、失明和视力丧失（4.30%,95% CI 3.43-5.05）、2型糖尿病（3.80%,95% CI 3.06-4.53）、慢性肾病（2.74%,95% CI 1.53-4.02）、骨关节炎（2.26%,95% CI 0.41-4.12）、中风（1.01%,95% CI 0.86-1.17）、缺血性心脏病(0.97%，95% CI 0.69-1.29)和慢性阻塞性肺疾病（0.92%,95% CI 0.34-1.54）。这项研究表明，一系列外周疾病与痴呆症风险增加有关，并与全球痴呆症负担的约三分之一有关，这突出了制定有针对性的公共卫生战略的必要性。
{"title":"Population attributable fractions of a wide range of peripheral diseases for the burden of dementia.","authors":"Zhenhong Deng,Yuxin Yang,Queran Lin,Songhua Xiao,You Zuo,Jinyuan Wang,Yongteng Xu,Honghong Li,Dongshu Xie,Qingyuan Dai,Junfeng Luo,Dame Louise Robinson,Naaheed Mukadam,Yamei Tang","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02392-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02392-2","url":null,"abstract":"Growing evidence suggests that peripheral diseases serve as risk factors for dementia, but the population-level burden of dementia associated with various peripheral diseases has remained unknown. Here, by conducting a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analyses to estimate the relative risks of 26 peripheral diseases across 9 systems with dementia, including 202 articles searched from the PubMed until 6 September 2024, we identified 16 peripheral diseases as associated with increased risk of dementia. With the relative risks estimated from meta-analyses, prevalences extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study, and communalities among these 16 peripheral diseases derived from the UK Biobank, we analysed the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of these 16 peripheral diseases for dementia, stratified by sex, age, sociodemographic index level, world region and country, and trends from 1990 to 2021. Globally, these peripheral diseases collectively were related to a combined PAF of 33.18% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.80-48.43) of dementia burden, corresponding to 18.8 million prevalent cases. The leading ten PAF contributors were periodontal diseases (6.10%, 95% CI 0.95-10.28), cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (5.51%, 95% CI 1.77-8.86), age-related and other hearing loss (4.70%, 95% CI 3.51-6.06), blindness and vision loss (4.30%, 95% CI 3.43-5.05), type 2 diabetes mellitus (3.80%, 95% CI 3.06-4.53), chronic kidney disease (2.74%, 95% CI 1.53-4.02), osteoarthritis (2.26%, 95% CI 0.41-4.12), stroke (1.01%, 95% CI 0.86-1.17), ischaemic heart disease (0.97%, 95% CI 0.69-1.29) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.92%, 95% CI 0.34-1.54). This study revealed that a series of peripheral diseases were associated with increased risk of dementia and collectively were related to about one-third of the global dementia burden, highlighting the need for targeted public health strategies.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02364-6
{"title":"Ancient DNA and isotope data reflect social diversity in an Eastern Zhou cemetery.","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02364-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02364-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145937685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02393-1
Michael Wolfowicz, Gian Maria Campedelli, Amber Seaward, Paul Gill
{"title":"Retraction Note: Arrests and convictions but not sentence length deter terrorism in 28 European Union member states.","authors":"Michael Wolfowicz, Gian Maria Campedelli, Amber Seaward, Paul Gill","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02393-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02393-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145934538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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