Nutrition Journal最新文献

Background: Emerging evidence suggests gut microbiota modulation may influence neurocognitive function through the gut-brain axis. Although preliminary studies indicate probiotics' potential benefits for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), well-designed randomized controlled trials remain limited. This protocol paper describes a rigorously designed, registered clinical trial investigating the effects of targeted probiotic supplementation on cognitive and physiological outcomes in MCI participants.

Methods: A total of 110 middle-aged and older participants aged 55-80 years with MCI were scheduled to be included in the study, and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either a probiotic group receiving supplementation consisting of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ST-III, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KF7, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BD5115, or a placebo group with maltodextrin for 12 months. All the participants, researchers, and analysts will remain blinded to the information regarding group allocation in the study. The primary outcome will be the effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, measured by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (the Chinese Beijing Version). The secondary outcomes will include the impact of probiotic supplementation on digestive health, sleep health, facial aging, fundus conditions, olfactory and auditory function, body composition, bone density, and muscle function. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and wearable device including continuous glucose monitor and smart band will also be employed.

Discussion: This study will provide some new insights on how probiotic supplementation could impact cognitive function and other aging-related physiological functions in MCI adults and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. The findings may inform the development of strategies to delay cognitive decline by modulating the gut-brain axis in this high-risk population.

Trial registration: ChiCTR2400084594.

Background: Human milk palmitic acid (PA) is mainly esterified at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols, while infant formula contains palmitate predominantly in the sn-1/3 positions. Current evidence on long-term health effects of increasing sn-2 palmitate in formula remains insufficient. This study investigated the effects of high sn-2 PA formula (> 40%) on fecal saponified fatty acid, calcium, magnesium and stool characteristics in healthy full-term infants.

Methods: In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, healthy infants < 14 d were assigned to breastfeeding (BF group, n = 66), high sn-2 palmitate formula (sn-2 group, n = 66, 46.3% sn-2 PA) or low sn-2 palmitate formula (control group, n = 67, 10.3% sn-2 PA). Infant demographics, feeding status, stool characteristics, physical exams, and stool samples were collected at 6, 16, and 24 weeks. Per-protocol analysis was used.

Results: The sn-2 group exhibited a significant time-dependent decline in fecal saponified PA and calcium over time (P_{h for Trend} < 0.001). The BF group declined faster than the sn-2 group (P_{adjusted for Group*Time} < 0.001). Fecal saponified PA proportion in sn-2 group was significantly lower than controls at all timepoints. At week 24, fecal calcium was lower in the sn-2 group vs. control (0.9 vs. 1.3 mg/g, P = 0.010). No significant difference was found in stool frequency, consistency or size between sn-2 and control groups at any point.

Conclusion: Infant formula enriched with > 40% sn-2 palmitate reduces fecal fatty acid and calcium excretion, supports efficient lipid and calcium absorption, shows a fecal magnesium pattern similar to breastfed infants, but does not alter stool characteristics relative to the control formula.

Trial registration: The trial is registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR1800014479; 30/Jan./2018.

Background: Population aging is becoming increasingly prominent. Although various dietary factors have been associated with aging in older people, no dietary score specifically related to phenotypic aging has yet been developed.

Methods: We used data from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Interpretable machine learning framework including adaptive elastic-net (AENET), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Random Survival Forests (RSF) analysis combined with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) were used to construct and validate a dietary index related to aging. Accelerated age is defined as the residual from a linear regression of phenotypic age on chronological age, with values greater than 0 indicating the presence of accelerating age.

Findings: In GBCS, of 9512 participants, the mean phenotypic age was 58.8 (standard deviation = 9.2) years. A dietary aging risk index (DARI) was constructed using nutrients and phenotypic age, with median (interquartile range) being 0.03 (0.01, 0.06). During an average follow-up of 16.1 years, after adjusting for twelve potential confounders, higher DARI were associated with older phenotypic age (β = 0.08 years, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06-0.10), higher risks of accelerating age (odds ratio = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.38-1.93) and all-cause mortality (hazards ratio (HR) = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04-1.17). The association with all-cause mortality was more pronounced in current smoker (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.12-1.50). In NHANES, higher DARI were associated with lower α-Klotho levels (β=-0.020 pg/ml, 95% CI=-0.036 to -0.004).

Conclusions: This study developed and validated a DARI using machine learning methods, offering a comprehensive measure of the impact of multiple nutrients on phenotypic aging. An online tool was created to facilitate its application in population studies.

Background: The global burden of early-onset chronic diseases, especially early-onset type 2 diabetes, is increasing, particularly in China. Diet is a key factor and emerging evidence highlights substantial inter-individual variability in metabolic responses to diets, highlighting the need for precision nutrition.

Methods: The China Precision Nutrition Biobank (CPNB) is a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study designed to investigate diet-phenotype/genotype interactions and develop precision dietary strategies for early prevention and intervention of chronic diseases, with a particular focus on early-onset diseases. CPNB consists of three phases: the alpha (pilot cohort), beta (transition cohort), and gamma (main cohort) phases. Approximately 200, 1450, and 20,000 adults aged 18-40 years from urban and rural areas in China including Beijing, one city each in Heilongjiang, Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangxi, and Hainan provinces, and one or more villages each in Henan, Gansu, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Hunan provinces will be recruited during the alpha, beta, and gamma phases, respectively, between 2025 and 2035. Sociodemographic information, medical records, read-time weighed food records and corresponding continuous glucose monitor (CGM) readings, objective physical activity, food challenges, genes, gut and oral microbiota, metabolites from blood, stool, urine, saliva, and hair, and questionnaires will be collected at baseline survey. The follow-up survey will be conducted every five years to repeat these assessments until participants' death (the follow-up period may extend up to 80 years). Outcomes of interest are common early- and late-onset chronic diseases and their preclinical stages.

Discussion: The CPNB data can be used to develop prediction models for personalized metabolic responses and risks of early-onset chronic diseases among Chinese people. It will also provide new evidence on interactions of diet with human phenotypes/genotypes during preclinical stage, onset, and progression of early-onset diseases. CPNB aims to inform the development of precision nutrition strategies aligned with the principles of predictive, personalized, preventive, and participatory medicine in the Chinese population.

Trial registration: CPNB was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/ ) on June 3rd, 2025, under the registration number ChiCTR2500103621.

Background: Although Western studies have suggested that dietary carotenoids and flavonoids may reduce the risk of ageing-related physical frailty, evidence from prospective Asian studies is limited. We examined the association between midlife intake of these phytochemicals and risk of physical frailty among Chinese adults in Singapore.

Methods: This study included 10,738 participants from the population-based prospective cohort of the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Dietary information was collected using a validated 165-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at recruitment from 1993 to 1998 (mean age 51 years, range 45-60 years). During follow-up 3 interviews from 2014 to 2017, physical frailty was assessed using a modified version of the Cardiovascular Health Study phenotype (mean age 72 years, range 63-84 years). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between nutrient intake and physical frailty.

Results: Among the 10,738 participants in the current study, 58.3% were female. Over a mean (SD) follow-up period of 20 (1.9) years, 1,220 participants (11.4%) were identified as being physically frail. Higher baseline consumption of carotenoids and flavonoids were associated with lower odds of physical frailty at follow-up 3. Compared to those in the lowest quintiles, the ORs (95% CIs) for the association with physical frailty for those in the highest quintiles were 0.69 (0.55-0.85) for total carotenoids (p-trend = 0.001) and 0.80 (0.64-0.99) for total flavonoids (p-trend = 0.019). Specifically, total carotenoid intake showed significant inverse association with weakness defined by weak handgrip; the OR (95% CI) comparing extreme quintiles was 0.60 (0.49-0.72) (p-trend = 0.001). Conversely, flavonoid intake was inversely associated with slow timed-up-and-go test, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.83 (0.67-1.03) for the extreme quintiles (p-trend = 0.021). For individual nutrients, significant inverse associations between consumption and odds of physical frailty were found for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lutein among carotenoids, and for flavan-3-ols, flavonese and flavonols among flavonoids.

Conclusion: Higher dietary intake of carotenoids and flavonoids during midlife may be beneficial in reducing physical frailty in later life.

Background: Processed meat (PM) consumption is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been hypothesized that nitrosyl-heme, formed by the addition of nitrites during meat processing, may enhance the carcinogenic effects of PMs. This study aims to investigate the association between nitrosyl-heme intake and CRC risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition(EPIC) study.

Methods: This prospective study included 367,463 participants(70.3% women) from seven countries from the EPIC-study. Dietary data were collected via baseline questionnaires, and nitrosyl-heme exposure was estimated using biochemical data from 52 Spanish PMs, extrapolated to country-specific items. Sex-specific multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios(HRs) and 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: Over a 15-year median follow-up, 5,115 incident CRC cases were identified. Comparing the highest vs. the lowest sex-specific tertile of nitrosyl-heme intake we found no significant association with CRC risk (HR_T3vsT1:1.01;95%CI:0.93-1.09). Subgroup analyses by tumor subtype and interactions with lifestyle factors also showed no associations.

Conclusions: This study offers insights into nitrosyl-heme exposure in European populations but found no link to CRC risk. Further research is needed to understand nitrosyl-heme's role in CRC.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the association between the weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM.

Methods: Using Cox proportional hazards regression models to determine the impact of WWI on cardiovascular event. Nonlinear associations were explored through restricted cubic splines (RCS) and smooth curve fitting (SCF), and the integrity of these findings was supported by subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Results: An elevation in WWI was linked to a significant rise in the likelihood of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), composite cardiovascular outcomes MSD, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and any death, congestive heart failure (CHF), and total mortality (TM). An increase of per 1 standard deviations (SD) in WWI corresponded to a 7% heightened risk of MACEs (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13), a 9% greater risk of MSD (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13), a 20% greater risk of CHF (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.30), and a 11% increase in TM (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.17). RCS and SCF analysis revealed a nonlinear correlation between WWI and the risks of CHF and TM. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that WWI more accurately predicted CHF risk in patients whose duration of diabetes was under 10 years. Sensitivity analyses reinforced the reliability of these results.The integration of WWI into conventional predictive models improved the accuracy of these outcomes.

Conclusions: WWI is closely associated with future cardiovascular outcomes and TM in patients with T2DM.WWI serves as an autonomous predictor of both future cardiovascular events and TM among patients with T2DM, outperforming traditional obesity indices in predictive ability. CLINICAL TRIAL URLS: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000620.