Nutrition Journal最新文献

Background: The occurrence and progression of asthma can be influenced by the components in food. Our study aims to determine whether dietary antioxidant and inflammatory potential are associated with the risk of mortality in asthma patients.

Methods: Participants from the 2001-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) aged 20 years and older with a diagnosis of asthma were included. Mortality status was obtained according to death certificate records from the National Death Index. The antioxidant and inflammatory potential of the diet was assessed using two widely used and dependable indices, Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was used to analyze the non-linear relationship between the two indexes and mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional risk models were used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals for mortality. Finally, the relationship between CDAI and DII was analyzed.

Results: A total of 4698 NHANES participants represented 23.2 million non-institutionalized residents of the US were enrolled in our study. Patients with higher CDAI or lower DII exhibited longer survival times. RCS regression showed a linear relationship of CDAI or DII with mortality. In the Cox regression, both crude and adjusted models demonstrated that higher CDAI or lower DII was linked to a reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Similar associations were found in subgroup analysis. Finally, a negative relationship was found between CDAI and DII.

Conclusion: Reducing pro-inflammatory or increasing antioxidant diets could reduce all-cause mortality among adult asthma patients.

Background: Skipping breakfast is associated with negative health-related and school-related outcomes. Breakfast is the most frequently skipped meal among adolescents. Thus, there is a need to explore the reasons for breakfast skipping across population subgroups to better inform policy makers. The purpose of this study was to present the prevalence of adolescents skipping breakfast on schooldays, analyse the reasons for skipping breakfast and assess associations between the prevalence of skipping breakfast and the reasons for skipping breakfast according to sociodemographic variables.

Methods: The data of a random sample of 10 000 upper secondary school students (aged 16-18 years) from Viken County, Norway, were collected. Students completed a questionnaire measuring breakfast skipping, reasons for skipping breakfast, and sociodemographic variables. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between the independent groups (family affluence scale (FAS), parental education, and gender) and skipping breakfast and reasons for skipping breakfast.

Results: 22% of adolescents reported that they usually skipped breakfast on all schooldays. Skipping breakfast was more prevalent among females, older students, students with lower socioeconomic status and students in vocational education programmes. The difference in breakfast skipping between students with low and high FAS scores was 31% versus 16%, respectively. The most common self-reported reasons for skipping breakfast were time (59%) and not wanting to eat breakfast (48%). Furthermore, 9% reported health issues, and 3% reported economic constraints as a reason for skipping breakfast. Not wanting to eat breakfast was related to a higher FAS score, health issues were more common among girls, and economic constraints were more common among those with low socioeconomic status.

Conclusions: Skipping breakfast was common among Norwegian upper secondary school students. Lack of time and not wanting breakfast were clearly the most cited reasons for skipping breakfast. Health issues and economic constraints were also cited but were less common. The results showed diverging associations between different demographic characteristics and reasons for skipping breakfast. These results are important for developing effective programs to improve diet among adolescents.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality globally. Taurine, an amino acid, holds promise for cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as calcium regulation, blood pressure reduction, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these potential benefits, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims to evaluate the existing evidence on the quantitative effects of taurine on hemodynamic parameters and cardiac function grading, which are indicative of overall cardiovascular health and performance.

Methods: We conducted an electronic search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception to January 2, 2024. Our analysis focused on key cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification. Meta-regression was applied to explore dose-dependent relationships based on the total taurine dose administered during the treatment period. A subgroup analysis, stratified according to the baseline disease status of patients, was also conducted.

Results: The analysis included a pooled sample of 808 participants from 20 randomized controlled trials. Taurine demonstrated a significant reduction in HR (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.579 bpm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.044 to -1.114, p = 0.004), SBP (WMD = -3.999 mm Hg, 95% CI = -7.293 to -0.706, p = 0.017), DBP (WMD: -1.435 mm Hg, 95% CI: -2.484 to -0.386, p = 0.007), NYHA (WMD: -0.403, 95% CI: -0.522 to -0.283, p < 0.001), and a significant increase in LVEF (WMD: 4.981%, 95% CI: 1.556 to 8.407, p = 0.004). Meta-regression indicated a dose-dependent reduction in HR (coefficient = -0.0150 per g, p = 0.333), SBP (coefficient = -0.0239 per g, p = 0.113), DBP (coefficient = -0.0089 per g, p = 0.110), and NYHA (coefficient = -0.0016 per g, p = 0.111), and a positive correlation with LVEF (coefficient = 0.0285 per g, p = 0.308). No significant adverse effects were observed compared to controls. In subgroup analysis, taurine significantly improved HR in heart failure patients and healthy individuals. Taurine significantly reduced SBP in healthy individuals, heart failure patients, and those with other diseases, while significantly lowered DBP in hypertensive patients It notably increased LVEF in heart failure patients and improved NYHA functional class in both heart failure patients and those with other diseases.

Conclusions: Taurine showed noteworthy effects in preventing hypertension and enhancing cardiac function. Individuals prone to CVDs may find it advantageous to include taurine in their daily regimen.

Background: Vitamin D supplementation may prevent acute respiratory infections (ARIs). This study aimed to identify the optimal methods of vitamin D supplementation.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry were searched from database inception through July 13, 2023. Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Data were pooled using random-effects model. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with one or more ARIs.

Results: The analysis included 43 RCTs with 49320 participants. Forty RCTs were considered to be at low risk for bias. The main pairwise meta-analysis indicated there were no significant preventive effects of vitamin D supplementation against ARIs (risk ratio [RR]: 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97 to 1.01, I² = 49.6%). The subgroup dose-response meta-analysis indicated that the optimal vitamin D supplementation doses ranged between 400-1200 IU/day for both summer-sparing and winter-dominant subgroups. The subgroup pairwise meta-analysis also revealed significant preventive effects of vitamin D supplementation in subgroups of daily dosing (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.99, I² = 55.7%, number needed to treat [NNT]: 36), trials duration < 4 months (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.97, I² = 48.8%, NNT: 16), summer-sparing seasons (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.98, I² = 55.8%, NNT: 26), and winter-dominant seasons (RR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.89, I² = 9.7%, NNT: 10).

Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation may slightly prevent ARIs when taken daily at doses between 400 and 1200 IU/d during spring, autumn, or winter, which should be further examined in future clinical trials.

Background: Dietary diversity has been suggested as a potential preventive measure against frailty in older adults, but the effect of changes in dietary diversity on frailty is unclear. This study was conducted to examine the association between the dietary diversity score (DDS) and frailty among older Chinese adults.

Methods: A total of 12,457 adults aged 65 years or older were enrolled from three consecutive and nonoverlapping cohorts from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (the 2002 cohort, the 2005 cohort, and the 2008 cohort). DDS was calculated based on nine predefined food groups, and DDS changes were assessed by comparing scores at baseline and the first follow-up survey. We used 39 self-reported health items to assess frailty. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to examine the association between DDS change patterns and frailty.

Results: Participants with low-to-low DDS had the highest frailty incidence (111.1/1000 person-years), while high-to-high DDS had the lowest (41.1/1000 person-years). Compared to the high-to-high group of overall DDS pattern, participants in other DDS change patterns had a higher risk of frailty (HRs ranged from 1.25 to 2.15). Similar associations were observed for plant-based and animal-based DDS. Compared to stable DDS changes, participants with an extreme decline in DDS had an increased risk of frailty, with HRs of 1.38 (1.24, 1.53), 1.31 (1.19, 1.44), and 1.29 (1.16, 1.43) for overall, plant-based, and animal-based DDS, respectively.

Conclusions: Maintaining a lower DDS or having a large reduction in DDS was associated with a higher risk of frailty among Chinese older adults. These findings highlight the importance of improving a diverse diet across old age for preventing frailty in later life.

Background: Individuals with metabolic syndrome face elevated cardiovascular and mortality risks, and there is ongoing debate regarding the cardiovascular effects of niacin and its impact on the prognosis of metabolic syndrome.

Exposure: Levels of dietary niacin intake based on 24-hour dietary recall.

Methods: Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare survival status among quartiles of dietary niacin intake. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality associated with the exposure.

Results: This cohort study included 8,744 participants, and during a median follow-up period of 106 months, 1,552 (17.7%) deaths were recorded, with 511 attributed to cardiovascular disease. Kaplan-Meier curves comparing quartiles of dietary niacin intake showed significant differences in both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates (log-rank p < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, the highest quartile of dietary niacin intake was associated with HRs of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.87, P = 0.002) for all-cause mortality and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.78, P < 0.001) for cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusion: The results of this cohort study suggest that higher dietary niacin intake is associated with reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risks in the metabolic syndrome population. Furthermore, there appears to be a dose-response relationship between dietary niacin intake and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Background: We aimed to probe the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among patients with gout and hyperuricemia (HUA).

Methods: The study included 1169 gout patients and 7029 HUA patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018 and 2001-2018, respectively. The association between serum 25(OH)D and mortality was evaluated by Cox proportional hazard and restricted cubic spline models.

Results: Among participants with gout and HUA, the weighted mean concentrations of serum 25(OH)D were 71.49 ± 30.09 nmol/L and 64.81 ± 26.92 nmol/L, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency occurred in 29.68% of gout patients and 37.83% of HUA patients. During 6783 person-years of follow-up among gout patients, 248 all-cause deaths occurred, among which 76 died from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 49 died from cancer. 1375 HUA patients were recorded for all-cause mortality during 59,859 person-years of follow-up, including 427 CVD deaths and 232 cancer deaths. After multifactorial adjustment, per one-unit increment in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D was associated with lower risk of 55% all-cause mortality and 61% CVD mortality among gout patients, and a 45% reduced risk of cancer mortality among HUA patients. Restricted cubic splines showed a U-shaped relationship with all-cause and CVD mortality among HUA patients, with inflection points of 72.7 nmol/L and 38.0 nmol/L, respectively. The results were robust in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D was negatively linearly correlated with mortality among gout patients, whereas U-shaped correlated with mortality in HUA patients. These results indicate that adequate vitamin D status could prevent premature death.

Background: Collection of detailed dietary data is labor intensive and expensive, harmonization of existing data sets has been proposed as an effective tool for research questions in which individual studies are underpowered.

Methods: In this paper, we describe the methodology used to retrospectively harmonize nutritional data from multiple sources, based on the individual participant data of all available studies, which collected nutritional data in Israel between 1963 and 2014. This collaboration was established in order to study the association of red and processed meat with colorectal cancer. Two types of nutritional questionnaires, the Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) and the 24-h dietary recall (24HR recall), and different food composition tables, were used by the participating studies. The main exposure of interest included type of meat (total meat, red meat, and poultry) and level of processing.

Results: A total of 29,560 Israeli men and women were enrolled. In studies using FFQ,the weighted mean intakes of total, red, processed meat, and poultry were 95, 27, 37 and 58 gr/day and 92, 25, 10, and 66 gr/day in studies using 24HR recall, respectively.. Despite several methodological challenges, we successfully harmonized nutritional data from the different studies.

Conclusions: This paper emphasizes the significance and feasibility of harmonization of previously collected nutritional data, offering an opportunity to examine associations between a range of dietary exposures and the outcome of interest, while minimizing costs and time in epidemiological studies.

Background: Artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) are consumed globally, but their impact on overall health remains uncertain. We summarized published associations between ASB intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases until August 2023. Random effect meta-analysis was conducted to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for highest versus lowest categories of ASB consumption in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were also performed.

Results: Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 11 prospective cohort studies. During a median/mean follow-up period of 7.0 to 28.9 years, 235,609 deaths occurred among 2,196,503 participants. Intake of ASB was associated with higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality with pooled RRs (95%CIs) of highest vs. lowest intake categories of 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) (I² = 66.3%) for all-cause mortality and 1.26 (1.10, 1.44) (I² = 52.0%) for CVD mortality. Dose-response analysis revealed a non-linear association of ASB with all-cause mortality (p_{non-linearity} = 0.01), but a linear positive association with CVD mortality (p_{non-linearity} = 0.54). No significant association was observed for ASB intake and cancer mortality. Moreover, a secondary meta-analysis demonstrated that replacing 1 serving/day of sugary sweetened beverages (SSB) with ASB was associated with 4-6% lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Per NutriGrade, the evidence quality for associations between ASB intake with all-cause and CVD mortality was moderate.

Conclusions: Higher intake of ASB was associated with higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, albeit a lower risk than for SSB.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022365701.

Background: No study has investigated the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity and sarcopenia so far.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (d-TAC) and sarcopenia in elderly adults.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 300 elderly people (150 men and 150 women) aged ≥ 55 years using cluster random sampling method. Sarcopenia was defined based on European Working Group on Sarcopenia (EWGSOP) definition. A DXA scanner, a squeeze bulb dynamometer and a 4-Meter walk gait speed test was used to measure Appendicular Skeletal Muscle (ASM), muscle strength and muscle performance respectively. We also used a Block-format 117-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary intakes of participants. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the association between d-TAC and sarcopenia.

Results: Mean ± SD age of study participants and their BMI was 66.8 ± 7.72 year and 27.3 ± 4.2 kg/m², respectively. People in the highest tertile of d-TAC had the greatest hand grip strength (11.9 ± 3.63 vs. 10.4 ± 3.55 psi, p = 0.009) and had lower odds of sarcopenia compared with those in the lowest tertile, either before (OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.88) or after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.95). No other significant association was seen between d-TAC and components of sarcopenia.

Conclusion: We found an inverse association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and odds of sarcopenia. No significant association was seen between d-TAC and individual components of sarcopenia. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.