Nutrition Journal最新文献

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) and low-fat diets (LFD) on sarcopenia, as well as the source and quality of nutrients, to provide strong support for the development of a more scientifically based dietary guidance scheme.

Methods: The data of this study came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). LCD and LFD scores were calculated based on macronutrient energy proportions. Logistic regression, isoenergetic substitution models were used to evaluate associations with sarcopenia, defined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Results: A total of 1,745 participants were included in this study, with a mean age of 38.71 ± 0.46 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.87 ± 0.26 kg/m². After adjusting for covariates, the highest tertiles of overall LCD and healthful LCD scores were associated with a significantly lower risk of sarcopenia, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.24-0.96) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.32-0.81), respectively, compared with the lowest tertiles. In comparison, the highest tertile of the total LFD was associated with a 78% higher risk of sarcopenia (OR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.03-3.11). Furthermore, replacing 5% of energy from carbohydrates with protein or fat, and with plant protein or unsaturated fat, was associated with reduced sarcopenia risk, with OR of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.99) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65-0.99), respectively.

Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, higher overall and healthful LCD scores are associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia, whereas higher overall and unhealthful LFD scores are associated with an increased risk. These findings suggest that the relationships between LCD, LFD, and sarcopenia may depend not only on the quantity of macronutrients but also on their dietary sources.

Background: Low muscle mass exhibits a high prevalence in population, with its incidence increasing with age. Body mass index (BMI) has been identified as an independent predictor of poor muscle quality, and people with higher BMI have higher risk of low muscle mass. Nutrition interventions have been demonstrated efficacy in mitigating its effects. The Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020) assesses overall diet quality but lacks studies on its association with low muscle mass. This study aims to investigate the association between the HEI-2020 and low muscle mass and to explore the mediating role of BMI among middle-aged individuals.

Methods: Participants aged 40-59 were recruited from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018. Muscle mass was quantified using the ratio of appendicular lean mass (ALM) to BMI, with low muscle mass criteria defined at 0.789 kg/kg/m² for men and 0.512 kg/kg/m² for women. The HEI-2020 score was constructed based on two days of 24-hour dietary recalls and consists of 13 components. Logistic regression models analyzed the associations between HEI-2020, its components, and low muscle mass. Mediation analysis assessed the role of BMI in the association between HEI-2020 and low muscle mass.

Results: The sample comprised 4,355 individuals with a median age of 50 (45, 55) years, of whom 9.7% had low muscle mass. The HEI-2020 scores ranged from 22.85 to 91.33, with an average score of 52.10 ± 11.78. Participants in the highest HEI-2020 score quartile had a 65% lower risk of low muscle mass compared to those in the lowest quartile. Adequate intake of vegetables, fruits, beans, proteins and fatty acids, along with restricted intake of added sugars, was associated with lower risk of low muscle mass. BMI was identified as a mediator, accounting for 33.1% of the association between HEI-2020 and low muscle mass.

Conclusions: HEI-2020 was inversely associated with low muscle mass among middle-aged individuals. The impact of a healthy diet on muscle mass is partially mediated by BMI. Adhering to the healthy eating patterns and keeping a healthy weight is conducive to the maintenance of muscle mass and the prevention of low muscle mass.

Background: The association between relative fat mass (RFM), a sex-specific adiposity index derived from waist circumference and height, and incident cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains underexplored in Chinese populations. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of RFM for CVD risk in Chinese adults, addressing a gap in evidence for Asian cohorts with unique adiposity patterns.

Methods: We analyzed 7,027 adults aged≥45 years without baseline CVD from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011-2020). RFM was calculated using validated sex-specific equations. Cox regression models assessed RFM-CVD associations, with comprehensive subgroup analyses conducted to evaluate effect modification. The incremental predictive value of RFM beyond conventional Framingham risk factors was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).

Results: Over a median 9-year follow-up, 24.6% participants developed CVDs. Each 1-unit RFM increase conferred a 3% higher CVD risk (adjusted HR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.02-1.05). Participants in the highest RFM quartile had 46% greater CVD risk versus the lowest quartile (adjusted HR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.05-2.03; P-trend=0.004). Sex-stratified analyses revealed consistent associations in both genders, though stronger effects were observed in males. Subgroup analyses confirmed robust associations across age groups and those without comorbidities. RFM significantly improved CVD prediction when added to Framingham risk factors (AUC 0.640 vs. 0.634; NRI=0.140, IDI=0.004; P<0.001).

Conclusions: Higher RFM independently predicts incident CVDs in Chinese adults and enhances conventional risk stratification. RFM represents a practical anthropometric index for CVD prevention in clinical and public health settings, particularly valuable for resource-limited environments.

Background: Sarcopenia, a prevalent complication of cirrhosis, is strongly linked to adverse clinical outcomes including hepatic encephalopathy and increased mortality which underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study investigates the effects of a diet based on vegetable and dairy protein on sarcopenia-related parameters in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods: This randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out on 42 patients with cirrhosis aged 30 to 60 years. Patients were randomly assigned to either the diet based on vegetable and dairy protein (n = 21) or the standard omnivorous isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet (n = 21). Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength, five times sit to stand (5STS) test, four meters gate speed (4MGS) as well as dietary intake and physical activity data were collected for all patients at the baseline and after 12 weeks of the intervention.

Results: Following 12 weeks of intervention, functional indicators of sarcopenia including handgrip strength, 4MGS, and the 5STS improved in vegetable and dairy protein-based diet group; however, no significant differences were found between the intervention and control groups (P > 0.05). Blood ammonia and myostatin levels remained stable in the vegetable and dairy protein-based diet group, whereas these biomarkers significantly increased in the standard diet group (P = 0.03). Moreover, a significant between-group difference was observed in blood ammonia levels (P = 0.02). Anthropometric indices including weight, BMI, mid-arm circumference (MAC), triceps skinfold (TSF), and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) did not show significant differences between two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: In conclusion, a vegetable and dairy protein-based diet effectively inhibited significant elevations in ammonia levels compared to the standard diet in persons with liver cirrhosis; however, anthropometric parameters and muscle function did not differ between two groups.

Background: The consumption of a healthy diet may play an important role in the prevention of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Although associations between nutrient patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors or NCDs have been examined, the associations between nutrient patterns and mortality remain unknown. The present study examined the relationships between nutrient patterns and all-cause and cause-specific mortalities in a large Japanese population.

Methods: A prospective cohort analysis was performed on the data of 72,939 participants aged 35-69 years with a mean follow-up of 11.7 years in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. A factor analysis was applied to the energy-adjusted intakes of 21 nutrients, and 4 nutrient patterns were extracted: Factor 1 (folate, carotene, fiber, vitamin C, potassium, iron, and retinol patterns); Factor 2 (unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin E patterns); Factor 3 (saturated fatty acid, calcium, vitamin B2 and low carbohydrate patterns); and Factor 4 (sodium, protein and vitamin D patterns). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortalities according to the quartiles of nutrient patterns adjusted for potential confounders including age, sex, research site, drinking and smoking habits.

Results: During the follow-up period, 3,488 deaths were identified. A higher Factor 1 (folate, carotene, fiber, vitamin C, potassium, iron, and retinol) score was associated with lower all-cause (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.90), CVD (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49-0.85) and cerebrovascular disease (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.38-0.96) mortalities. The second lowest quartile group of the Factor 2 (unsaturated fatty acid and vitamin E) score was associated with lower all-cause (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79-0.94) and cancer (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.95) mortalities. On the other hand, a higher Factor 2 score was associated with greater cerebrovascular disease mortality (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03-2.40).

Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that increased adherence to nutrient patterns rich in folate, carotene, fiber, vitamin C, potassium, iron, and retinol or moderate adherence to unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E are associated with a decreased risk of mortality in Japanese adults.

Background: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, defined by the coexistence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease, and metabolic disorders, significantly increases mortality risk. This study examines the relationship between dietary patterns and all-cause and CVD mortality in individuals with CKM syndrome.

Methods: A cohort study was conducted using data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which included 16,589 subjects aged 30 years and above during the period from 2005 to 2018. Four dietary quality scores were used: the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (AMED), the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Healthy Eating Index 2020 (HEI-2020). The mean follow-up was 8.2 years, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for multivariable adjustment.

Results: During the follow-up, 2,811 all-cause and 882 CVD-related deaths were recorded. After multivariable adjustment, higher dietary quality scores were inversely associated with mortality risk. For participants in the highest quintile (Q5) of dietary scores, the hazard ratios (HR, 95% CI) for all-cause mortality were: AMED 0.63 (0.55, 0.71), AHEI 0.62 (0.54, 0.71), DASH 0.63 (0.55, 0.72), and HEI-2020 0.70 (0.62, 0.80). In the analysis of CVD mortality risk, the HRs for Q5 versus Q1 were AMED 0.66 (0.53, 0.82), AHEI 0.62 (0.49, 0.79), DASH 0.73 (0.58, 0.93), and HEI-2020 0.79 (0.64, 0.99). Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent protective effects of dietary patterns across different socioeconomic characteristics.

Conclusions: High-quality dietary patterns are associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among individuals with CKM syndrome. These findings underscore the potential importance of dietary patterns in mortality outcomes and provide evidence for future intervention research in CKM syndrome management.

Background: The rise of mukbang and cookbang (eating and cooking broadcasts) has generated concerns about their potential influence on eating and drinking behaviors. This study investigated the association between alcohol consumption and watching mukbang and cookbang among adolescents.

Methods: Data of 50,111 adolescents from the 2022 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) were analyzed. Alcohol consumption and watching mukbang and cookbang were measured based on the frequency of use during the past 30 days and 12 months, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses stratified by sex were performed to examine the associations between mukbang and cookbang content viewership and alcohol consumption, adjusting for all covariates. Odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each association.

Results: Over the past 30 days, 14.6% of males and 10.6% of females reported consuming alcohol. Furthermore, watching mukbang and cookbang significantly increased alcohol use among both males (OR: 1.29; 95% CI]: 1.20-1.38) and females (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.26-1.59) compared to the non-watching group. Among males, watching mukbang or cookbang was associated with higher odds of alcohol consumption in the low (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33) and middle (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.27-1.60) economic status groups, but not in the high group (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.46-1.39). Among females, significant associations were observed in the low (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.16-1.70) and middle (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.22-1.67) economic status groups, but not in the high group (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.53-2.44). The amount of time spent watching such media was incrementally associated with alcohol use in males and females.

Conclusion: A significant association was found between watching mukbang and cookbang and alcohol use among adolescents. The association varied according to economic status, with stronger associations observed in the low and middle economic status groups. These findings suggest that mukbang and cookbang media content may have substantial effects on adolescents' health-related behaviors.

Background: Hyperglycemic individuals, who are prone to microvascular complications of diabetes (MCDs) like diabetic patients, may benefit from timely carbohydrate intake intervention. But there remain inconsistent results and lack of focus on carbohydrate subtypes, which may have distinct effects. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary carbohydrate subtypes and the MCDs incidence in hyperglycemic individuals.

Methods: Participants with hyperglycemia (defined as having either fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.56 mmol/L or diabetes mellitus) were included from the UK Biobank cohort. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models and multi-state modelling were employed to estimate the associations of total carbohydrate, free sugars, starch, and fiber intake with incident MCDs (diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy) and all-cause mortality. Restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the potential nonlinear relationship.

Results: A total of 32,720 participants were followed up for a median time of 13.19 years, and the intake of total carbohydrates was positively associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.07 per 5% increase in energy intake; P = 0.005) and all-cause mortality (1.03; 1.01-1.05; P = 0.020). Intake of free sugars was positively associated with DKD (1.11; 95% CI 1.07-1.15; P < 0.001), total MCDs (1.08; 1.04-1.11; P < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (1.06; 1.03-1.10; P < 0.001). Conversely, fiber intake was inversely associated with the risk of DKD (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.96 per 5 g/d increase; P < 0.001) and total MCDs (0.95; 0.92-0.98; P = 0.008). Starch intake was not associated with any outcomes. Free sugar displayed a J-shaped association with all-cause mortality (10.4%, P-nonlinear = 0.042) and fiber presented an L-shaped relationship with MCD (17.4 g/d, P-nonlinear = 0.033). Multi-state analysis found similar results in the trajectory from MCD-free to first MCD and death.

Conclusion: Reducing free sugar intake and increasing fiber intake may help mitigate MCD risk and mortality in hyperglycemic individuals.