Nutrition Journal最新文献

Objective: Obesity is linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis, and diet is a key determinant influencing the gut microbiome. This study examined the association between a newly proposed Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota (DI-GM) and obesity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2020.

Methods: A total of 41,159 adults aged ≥ 20 years were included, with 15,327 individuals classified as obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and 25,832 as living without obesity. DI-GM comprises 13 components deemed either beneficial or unfavorable to the gut microbiome, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 13. Weighted logistic regression assessed the relationship between DI-GM (continuous and categorical) and obesity, adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors plus comorbidities. Restricted cubic spline, stratified analyses, multiple imputation, and propensity score matching were also performed.

Results: Participants with obesity had a significantly lower mean DI-GM score than those without obesity (4.32 vs. 4.65, P < 0.001). Each 1-point increase in DI-GM was associated with 13% lower obesity odds (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.85-0.88) in the crude model, remaining robust (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87-0.90, P < 0.001) after full adjustment. Higher DI-GM scores were linearly linked to lower odds of obesity, supported by multiple imputation and propensity score matching (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: In this nationally representative U.S. population, a more microbiota-oriented diet, as proxied by higher DI-GM scores, was independently associated with lower odds of obesity. Prospective and randomized trials are warranted to verify causality and investigate underlying mechanisms.

Background: Although nutritional supplementation and exercise have shown independent efficacy in managing sarcopenia, data supporting their combined implementation in real-world clinical settings remain limited.

Methods: This 12-week multicenter randomized controlled trial enrolled 110 older adults (≥ 65 years) with sarcopenia or possible sarcopenia. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) to either the intervention group (n = 55) or control group (n = 55). In addition to their habitual diets, the intervention group received daily muscle-targeted oral nutritional supplementation (MT-ONS, 2 × 10 g sachets/day: containing 8.4 g protein, 0.5 g calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, 200 IU D3 per sachet) alongside a structured exercise programs featuring twice-weekly resistance training (20 min/session), alternate-day chair-based exercises (10 min/session), and home-based activity recommendations. Control group participants maintained their habitual dietary and physical activity patterns without intervention. All outcome measures were assessed at baseline and post-intervention.

Results: The intervention group showed modest increases in BIA-derived appendicular lean tissue (mean change + 0.60 kg, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.88), skeletal muscle index (+ 0.20 kg/m², 95% CI 0.11 to 0.29), and handgrip strength (+ 2.22 kg, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.09) compared with the control group. Improvements were also observed in walking speed, chair-stand performance, Short Physical Performance Battery scores, serum vitamin D, and EQ-5D measures of quality of life.

Conclusion: A 12-week combined intervention of multi-ingredient nutritional supplementation and exercise led to modest improvements in proxy measures of muscle mass, strength, function, and quality of life in older adults. As muscle mass was not directly measured and the study did not employ a factorial design, the relative contributions of exercise and supplementation cannot be determined. These findings suggest that combined interventions may help attenuate, rather than reverse, sarcopenia-related decline.

Trial registration: This clinical trial was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300077187) on 1 November 2023.

Background: Supplementation of the diet with phosphatidylserine (PS) is associated with cognitive and neuropsychological benefits in healthy and neuro-compromised adults. It has also been shown to mitigate symptoms of inattention in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, there is little data on the effects of PS in healthy children.

Objective: The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to examine the effects of sunflower-derived PS on cognitive performance in healthy, neurotypical children aged 8-12 years.

Methods: Participants received 100 mg of sunflower-derived PS daily in gummy form or a matching placebo for 12 weeks and completed an assessment battery at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks to monitor changes in cognitive performance, mood, and sleep. Retrospectively registered at Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT05177978 RESULTS: There were no differences in the primary or secondary outcomes in the total cohort. However, in a pre-defined subgroup analysis of children who were selected based on their constant below median performance across the cognitive tasks at baseline, PS-supplementation showed benefit on a visuospatial memory task. The supplementation with 100 mg of Sharp PS green was shown to be safe and well tolerated.

Conclusion: Although there were no differences in the primary and secondary outcomes, the findings suggest that future research should focus on children with below median performance, who are more prone to benefit from PS supplementation.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and is closely linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic disorders. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and related indices are potential markers for all-cause and CVD mortality. This study aimed to evaluate their predictive value in patients with COPD.

Methods: Data from the UK Biobank, a large-scale biomedical database including genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and disease outcome information, were used for this analysis. Four indicators were constructed, including TyG, TyG combined with BMI (TyG-BMI), waist circumference (TyG-WC), and waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR). Both the continuous values and tertile categories of these indicators were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier curves, restricted cubic splines, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine their associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among patients with COPD.

Results: A total of 40,414 COPD patients (mean age, 58 years) were included. Over a median follow-up period of 13 years, 35,558 participants were alive, while 4,856 died, including 524 from CVD. Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of TyG, TyG-WC and TyG-WHtR were significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, with fully adjusted HRs of 1.149 (95% CI: 1.048-1.259), 1.143 (95% CI: 1.045-1.252) and 1.313 (95% CI: 1.205-1.430), respectively. In contrast, TyG-BMI showed no significant association with all-cause mortality (HR: 0.979, 95% CI: 0.903-1.061). Additionally, TyG-WHtR was significantly associated with a higher risk of CVD mortality (HR: 1.539, 95% CI: 1.178-2.011). Nonlinear relationships were observed between TyG-WC and TyG-WHtR with all-cause mortality, while a linear association was noted with CVD mortality. A U-shaped relationship was found between TyG-BMI and both all-cause and CVD mortality. TyG-related indices performed well in predicting all-cause and CVD mortality, especially TyG-WHtR. Sensitivity analyses excluding early deaths, missing covariates, or stratified by age, sex, and smoking confirmed the main findings.

Conclusion: TyG-related indices showed significant associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among patients with COPD, highlighting their potential in predicting long-term COPD prognosis, with TyG-WHtR demonstrating the strongest and most consistent predictive value.

Background: Concerning rare evidence on the relationship of dietary nitrate (NO₃)/nitrite (NO₂) from plant or animal food groups with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents, this study investigates the longitudinal association of total, plant- or animal-sourced dietary NO₂/NO₃ intake in children and adolescents with the incidence of MetS and its risk factors.

Methods: In this secondary analysis, 1144 children and adolescents (46.2% male) aged 6-19 years were selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study participants. Dietary data were gathered by a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A validated national database was used to estimate dietary NO₂/NO₃ intakes. MetS was defined according to Cook's criteria and the Iranian-modified National Cholesterol Education Program.

Results: The mean ± SD ages of males and females at baseline were 13.1 ± 3.76 and 14.0 ± 3.77, respectively. The risk of MetS increased with consuming total nitrite and total nitrate exceeding acceptable dietary intake (ADI); however, this association disappears after adjusting for dietary variables. There were positive significant associations between total NO₂ intake and the incidence of high fasting blood glucose (FBG) in follow-ups [HR (CI) Q4: 1.42(1.13-1.77), P-trend = 0.001]. Also, the HR of high FBG increased across quartiles of animal-based dietary NO₃ and plant-sourced dietary NO₂. The risk of high blood pressure (BP) increased about 5% with consuming every 100 mg of total nitrate exceeding ADI. Exposure to nitrate from animal and plant food groups were positively associated with high BP incidence, while higher intake of plant originated nitrite increased the risk of high BP incidence. Participants with the highest animal-sourced nitrate intake had a 19% higher risk of high triglyceride (TG), compared to the lowest intake.

Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that dietary NO₂/NO₃ intake in children and adolescents whether from the plant or animal food sources were not associated with MetS incidence. High dietary intake of total NO₂ increased the incidence of some MetS risk factors; while high intake of NO₃ in spite of their sources increased the incidence of high BP. Exposure to animal-sourced nitrate intake had increased the risk of high TG.

Background: Circadian Syndrome (CircS) expands on metabolic syndrome (MetS) by including circadian rhythm disturbances and depression. It has been shown to be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than MetS. While magnesium has been linked to circadian rhythm disturbances, its association with CircS remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary magnesium intake and CircS using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods: Data from 10,486 adults aged 20 years and above who attended the 2005-2016 NHANES were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Magnesium intake was assessed using two 24-h dietary recalls. CircS was defined based on components of MetS plus short sleep and depression, with a cut-off of ≥ 4 components. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between magnesium intake and CircS.

Results: The mean participant age was 50.3 (SD 17.6) years. The prevalence of CircS was 41.3%, decreasing from 47.3% in the lowest quartile of magnesium intake to 35.2% in the highest. After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, energy intake, education, and lifestyle factors, higher magnesium intake was linked to lower CircS prevalence. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) across magnesium intake quartiles were: 1.00, 0.80 (0.68-0.95), 0.75 (0.64-0.87), and 0.61 (0.49-0.76) (p for trend < 0.001). The association remained significant after additional adjustment for healthy eating index. No significant interaction was found between magnesium intake and race, gender, smoking, alcohol use, or physical activity.

Conclusions: Higher magnesium intake was associated with lower CircS prevalence in U.S. adults, suggesting a potential role for magnesium in circadian health.

Background: Serving as the predominant energy substrate, dietary carbohydrate consumption patterns significantly influence human health. However, the association between carbohydrate intake and asthma risk remains unclear. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze existing evidence on associations between various carbohydrate types (including free sugars [FS], non-free sugars [NFS], refined grains [RG], whole grains [WG], and dietary fiber [DF]) and risk of asthma.

Methods: From inception to May 2025, we systematically searched major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) for epidemiological research on the associations between varied dietary carbohydrate types and risk of asthma or wheeze. Random-effect models were employed to calculate pooled odds ratios (pORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The I-squared (I²) statistic was used to assess heterogeneity.

Results: Ninety-four investigations met inclusion criteria (26 cohort, 8 case-control, 60 cross-sectional). Intake of DF (asthma: pOR = 0.879, 95% CI: 0.781-0.989; wheeze: pOR = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.737-0.967), NFS (asthma: pOR = 0.922, 95% CI: 0.870-0.976; wheeze: pOR = 0.813, 95% CI: 0.745-0.887) and WG-rich foods (asthma: pOR = 0.851, 95% CI: 0.749-0.966) was associated with lower risks of asthma and wheeze. In contrast, consumption of FS-rich foods was associated with increased asthma risk (pOR = 1.176, 95% CI: 1.093-1.265). Despite significant heterogeneity (I² = 53.1%-82.5%, all P < 0.05), sensitivity analyses (using trim-and-fill and leave-one-out methods) validated the stability of the findings.

Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of promoting high-quality carbohydrate intake (characterized by low FS and high NFS, DF, and WG), to support asthma prevention at the population level.