Nutrition Journal最新文献

Background: Current dietary patterns contribute to health issues and pose high demands on the food production system, leading to environmental degradation. This paper aims to analyze the cost and affordability of current diets in Argentina, compared to one diet based on National Dietary Guidelines and 3 variants of diets based on EAT-Lancet Recommendations.

Methods: The methodology proposed by INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support) was used to design six model diets for a reference household, considering the most consumed food products by the Argentinean population and similar healthier and/or more environmentally sustainable options. Nutritional information and prices of food products were obtained from official sources. Monte Carlo Simulations were performed to estimate the average cost of the diets (and variability). Affordability was measured as the percentage of average monthly household income each model diet represents.

Results: On average the diet based on National Dietary Guidelines was the most expensive (274.95 USD; 95% CI: 274.85-275.05), followed by the current diet (261.84 USD; 95% CI: 261.62-262.06), the flexitarian diet that includes higher amount of animal protein sources (design to be more similar to the current consumption pattern in Argentina) (259.43 USD; 95% CI: 259.30-259.55), and then the vegan diet (256.96 USD; 95% CI: 256.90-257.03). The lowest costs were found for the current isocaloric diet (248.29 USD; 95% CI: 248.06-248.52) and the flexitarian diet with less animal proteins (248.37 USD; 95% CI: 248.26-248.48). Between 53% and 59% of the average income is needed to cover the cost of diets.

Conclusions: Diets based on National Dietary Guidelines are on average the most expensive (least affordable), while the least expensive (most affordable) are the current isocaloric diet and the flexitarian diet with fewer animal protein sources, suggesting that there are dietary options that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide health benefits without increasing food expenses.

Background: Concerns about the association between breakfast consumption, lifestyle factors and childhood obesity are increasing. Evidence suggests that regular breakfast intake may play a crucial role in weight management. The present study investigated the association between breakfast frequency, screen time, sleep duration, physical activity, and weight status in schoolchildren.

Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted, involving a total sample of 7763 Polish schoolchildren (50.8% girls) aged 10-12 years. Dietary data were collected using the Food Frequency Consumption and Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire (SF-FFQ4PolishChildren^®). Trained investigators collected the anthropometric measurements, which were compared to age- and sex-adjusted reference values. Sociodemographic and lifestyle-related data were also collected. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between regular breakfast consumption and weight status, and the mediating effects of lifestyle-related factors confirmed path effects.

Results: Approximately two-thirds of the children were daily breakfast consumers (7 d/wk), 24% were breakfast skippers (0-to-3 d/wk), and 14% had irregular breakfast consumption (4-to-6 d/wk). Younger children were more likely to consume breakfast daily than older children (OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.74-0.95; p = 0.006). Additionally, children who ate breakfast daily were more physically active than those insufficiently active (OR = 1.16, 95%CI:1.05-1.36; p = 0.039) and had lower odds of being overweight or obese compared to those not eating breakfast daily (OR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.64-0.83; p < 0.001). Female children were less likely to be daily breakfast eaters compared to males (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0,67-0.82; p < 0.001). Children with adequate sleep duration were more likely to eat breakfast daily than those with insufficient sleep (OR = 2.20, 95%CI: 1.85-2.63; p < 0.001). Moreover, children with prolonged screen time (> 4 h/day) had lower odds of regular breakfast intake compared to those with screen time of up to 2 h/day (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.63-0.82; p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Daily frequency of breakfast consumption was associated with more favourable anthropometric outcomes and lower odds of excessive body weight. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle - incorporating physical activity, optimal sleep duration, limited screen time, and shared meals at school and with family - plays an important role in supporting overall health and weight management in school-aged children. Educational and intervention programmes aimed at preventing or treating obesity in schoolchildren should prioritise regular breakfast consumption alongside other lifestyle-related factors.

Background: Low vitamin D (vitD) levels are consistently associated with an increased risk of depression. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this relationship and potential shared genetic overlap remain elusive.

Methods: We investigated the genetic overlap and causal relationships between depression (N = 589,356) and vitD levels (N = 417,580) using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. We performed genome-wide and local genetic correlation analyses, followed by quantification of polygenic overlap variants. Shared genetic loci were identified and mapped to genes, which were further analyzed through gene expression and lifespan brain expression trajectory analyses. Bidirectional causal relationships were examined using multiple Mendelian randomization approaches.

Results: We observed significant negative genetic correlations (r_g = -0.079) and identified genetic overlap (N = 410 variants). Genes mapped to the 13 shared loci showed opposing expression patterns. Tissue- and cell-specific functional enrichment analyses revealed significant signals related to brain development, with distinct patterns emerging between fetal development and adulthood. Shared genes (TRMT61A, ITIH4, RASGRP1, CTNND1, HERC1, IP6K1, FURIN ESR1, ZMYND and GRM5) exhibited notable expression variation in the brian throughout the lifespan, aligning with functional enrichment findings.

Conclusions: Our findings elucidate the shared biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between vitD and depression, suggesting that vitD play an important role in the development of depression through altered early neurodevelopmental processes.

Background: The novel Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota (DI-GM) quantifies dietary patterns influencing microbiota health, yet its association with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) risk remains unexplored. We aim to investigate prospective association of DI-GM with incident IBS in a long-term cohort.

Methods: Participants free of IBS at baseline with at least one record of 24-hour dietary recall from UK Biobank were included (N = 175,103). DI-GM was composed of 14 food/nutrient components known to influence gut microbial health. Each component was scored 0 or 1 based on sex-specific median intakes, and total scores were summed. The primary outcome was incident IBS. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate associated risk.

Results: Over a 12.56-years of follow-up, 2,980 incident IBS cases were identified. Compared to participants with the lowest DI-GM quartile, those with the highest quartile had a 13% lower IBS risk (HR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79-0.97; P-value = 0.009), with significant trend (P-trend = 0.012). Moreover, per 1 score increase in DI-GM was associated with a 3% reduced IBS risk (HR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95-0.99; P-value = 0.009). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses consistently supported this inverse association.

Conclusions: Higher baseline DI-GM scores, reflecting dietary patterns supportive of gut microbiota, are associated with lower risk of developing IBS. These findings suggest that the DI-GM score may serve as a useful predictive tool for assessing IBS risk and facilitating the implementation of targeted dietary interventions. Future studies should examine changes in DI-GM scores over time help establish a potential causal link with IBS.

Background: Disruption in gut microbiota has been identified as a contributor to obesity-related inflammation and metabolic disorders. This study investigates the effects of preoperative probiotic supplementation on inflammation, endotoxemia, adipokines, and gastrointestinal peptides after bariatric surgery.

Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial included patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). Participants were randomized to receive a 12-week supplementation of either a probiotic mixture, Sanprobi Barrier, which contained nine strains of bacteria (Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W51 and W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Levilactobacillus brevis W63, Lacticaseibacillus casei W56, Ligilactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19, and Lactococcus lactis W58), or a placebo before surgery. The key outcomes measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively included serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines (interleukin-6 - IL-6, interleukin-2 receptor-IL-2R, and C-reactive-CRP protein), adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin), and gastrointestinal peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1 - GLP-1, ghrelin, and trefoil factor 2). Relative mRNA expression of ghrelin and trefoil family factor 2 in gastric tissues was also analyzed at baseline and on the day of the surgery.

Results: Out of the initial 110 participants, serum samples of 18 individuals in the probiotic group and 24 in the placebo group were analyzed. Both groups showed significant reductions in serum LPS levels six months after surgery; however, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Adiponectin levels increased significantly in the placebo group (4.2 ± 2.3 vs. 2.2 ± 1.1 pg/mL; p < 0.001), while leptin levels decreased significantly in both groups without intergroup differences. IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group at 6 months (2.2 ± 1.1 vs 4.2 ± 2.3 pg/mL; p = 0.004). No significant differences were observed in the remaining cytokine levels between the groups. Gastrointestinal peptides showed no significant differences between the groups, although GLP-1 levels improved within both groups. No changes were observed in ghrelin and trefoil factor 2 expression at the mRNA level.

Conclusions: Preoperative probiotic therapy was associated with significantly lower IL-6 levels compared to placebo six months after surgery, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect. However, since the between-group difference in IL-6 changes from baseline was not statistically significant, the observed effect should be interpreted with caution. Other measured markers were not significantly affected, though low statistical power may have limited detection of subtle effects. These findings suggest that while probiotics may reduce

Purpose: This study aimed to examine temporal protein patterns (i.e., protein intake timing across the day) in American adults and their associations with diabetes, BMI and glycaemic measures.

Methods: Total protein intake at eating occasions was estimated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020 one-day dietary recall data (≥ 20 y; n = 7625). Latent variable mixture models were used to identify temporal patterns based on hourly protein intake (g). Adults with fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), diabetic medications, or previous diabetes diagnosis were classified as having diabetes. Regression models were used to examine associations for temporal protein patterns with diabetes prevalence, BMI and glycaemic measures (fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance), adjusted for multiple confounders.

Results: Three latent classes for men's and women's temporal protein patterns were identified. Class 1 had higher conditional probabilities of eating protein at 18:00 h, while Class 2 tended to eat protein 1-h later than Class 1 and had higher overall protein intake (p < 0.001). Class 3 was characterised by variable protein intake timing and had lower overall protein intake than other classes (p < 0.001). Men's Class 1 had lower probabilities for poor glycaemic control (5.9%), but associations were attenuated after adjusting for BMI. There were no associations between temporal protein patterns with diabetes, BMI and other glycaemic measures.

Conclusions: Temporal protein patterns were not associated with diabetes and glycaemic measures. Future prospective studies may better examine the effects of temporal protein patterns on diabetes by considering variations in protein sources.