Neuropsychology最新文献

Objective: Using a cross-sectional design, our aim was to examine whether objective and subjective cognition differentially relate to everyday functioning and quality of life in homeless and precariously housed adults. As an exploratory aim, we examined whether associations between cognition and outcomes differ by age and gender.

Method: Participants were 88 community-dwelling adults experiencing homelessness or precarious housing in Toronto, Canada. Participants completed measures of objective cognition, subjective cognition, quality of life, and perceived everyday functioning. Linear regressions explored associations between facets of cognition and domains of quality of life and perceived everyday functioning while accounting for covariates. Exploratory models examined interactions between cognition, gender, and age.

Results: Objective cognition was not associated with the outcomes (all p > .05). Subjective cognition was positively associated with all domains of quality of life, physical health (B = 0.03, p < .001), psychological (B = 0.04, p < .001, social relationships, B = 0.02, p = .004), environment (B = 0.03, p = .004), and perceived everyday functioning (B = 0.02, p = .012). Gender moderated the association between objective cognition and social relationships, such that greater objective cognition was associated with greater quality of life in social relationships for men (B = 0.02, p = .047), but not women (B = -0.02, p = .091).

Conclusions: Subjective cognitive measures should be included alongside objective measures to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the needs of homeless populations. Studies should include performance-based functional assessments to clarify the relationship between objective cognition, subjective cognition, and outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: The Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) is a neuropsychological assessment for dementia that is used to derive national dementia prevalence estimates through a substudy of the Health and Retirement Study. We aimed to evaluate the degree of measurement invariance of the HCAP across Hispanic/Latino-a-e-x (H/L) and non-H/L white (NHW) older adults in the United Study.

Method: We combined HCAP data from two large cohort studies. We used multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate measurement invariance across H/L adults assessed in English (n = 259), H/L adults assessed in Spanish (n = 236), and NHW adults assessed in English (n = 2,462).

Results: We observed measurement differences in the HCAP across H/L and NHW older adults for the memory, language, executive functioning, and orientation, but not visuospatial, domains. Effect sizes for measurement differences in HCAP items ranged from small to large. Not accounting for measurement differences led to meaningful underestimation of cognitive function ranging from 5% (language domain) to 82% (executive functioning domain) of H/L individuals assessed in English and 11% (memory domain) to 96% (executive functioning domain) of H/L individuals assessed in Spanish.

Conclusions: The interpretation of ethnic differences in cognitive function with the HCAP may be confounded with measurement differences. Measurement equivalence in cognitive assessment instruments across H/L and NHW populations cannot be assumed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: Reward motivation refers to the willingness to expend effort in pursuit of reward, which is believed to be affected by reward magnitude, effort level, and subjective value, but its neural basis remains unclear. The present study aims to identify brain regions associated with reward magnitude, effort level, and subjective value in healthy people.

Method: We performed an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Moreover, we conducted meta-analytic connectivity modeling to examine the coactivation patterns associated with these regions.

Results: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and eligibility criteria, we included 33 task-based functional imaging studies with effort-based reward tasks. The activation likelihood estimation and meta-analytic connectivity modeling meta-analyses found that increased reward magnitude primarily elicited activation in the caudate head and putamen, with coactivation observed in the claustrum, insula, dorsal thalamus, and midbrain red nucleus. Moreover, elevated effort level predominantly engaged the medial frontal gyrus, showing coactivation with the insula and inferior frontal gyrus. Enhanced subjective value was chiefly associated with caudate head activation, coactivated with the thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, and insula.

Conclusion: Our findings provided a framework delineating the integrated insula-frontostriatal-thalamus network for the reward valuation system in healthy people. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Residential segregation has been linked to better everyday functioning levels, but faster rates of decline. There is a need to understand whether individual psychosocial factors may explain these mixed effects. Locus of control (LOC) is a psychosocial factor reflecting perceptions of control over life's outcomes that has been linked to health outcomes and may shape how individuals respond to their environments. Therefore, we examined whether LOC moderated the effects of segregation on everyday functioning.

Method: Participants were 672 Black older adults from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study. Baseline addresses characterized tract segregation with dissimilarity and interaction indices. Baseline levels of internal and external LOC were measured with the Personality in Intellectual Aging Contexts Inventory. Everyday functioning was assessed with the Observed Tasks of Daily Living at baseline and across a 10-year follow period.

Results: Latent growth curve models revealed that internal (B = .607, p = .033) and external LOC (B = -.448, p = .002) significantly moderated segregation effects. Higher internal LOC strengthened the positive association between segregation and average everyday functioning levels while there were no significant effects among those with lower internal LOC. Higher external LOC nullified segregation effects, but those with lower external LOC exhibited a positive association between segregation and everyday functioning levels. LOC did not moderate segregation effects on linear or quadratic declines in everyday functioning.

Conclusions: Psychosocial factors influence the effects of residential segregation on everyday functioning and may be an important point of intervention as we continue to address inequitable environmental conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The present study examined aging and testing-language effects on verbal list learning in young adult and older deaf bilinguals of American Sign Language (ASL) and written English. It is not known which language maximizes free recall, and no list learning task has been widely adopted for testing this population.

Method: Thirty-two younger (aged 20-45) and 32 older (aged 64-84) deaf ASL-English bilinguals completed list memory tests in each language. Participants were shown videos of 10 ASL signs and 10 written English words one at a time for immediate recall across three learning trials and a delayed recall trial, with language of testing counterbalanced.

Results: Younger participants showed no effect of language on recall, recalled more items than older participants in both languages, and had higher primacy scores on Trial 1. Older participants showed better learning when tested in English but higher rates of forgetting compared to when they were tested in ASL (a robust interaction between language and group with a medium-to-large effect size, η_p² = 0.11). Both young and older participants forgot more items in whichever language was tested second. Though most deaf participants reported being more proficient in ASL, an equal number of deaf participants recalled more English than ASL list items as vice versa (i.e., more ASL items than English items).

Conclusions: Use of both ASL and English lists maximizes different aspects of memory performance in older deaf participants, with English benefitting learning and ASL minimizing forgetting. However, a complete characterization of memory requires testing in both languages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Despite endometriosis impacting at least 10% of women globally, with most self-reporting chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and cognitive difficulties, research reporting on objective cognitive disruptions remains extremely limited, although recent research has identified brain alterations in women with endometriosis that could cause cognitive difficulties. To address this gap, the current research profiled objective cognitive and neuroelectrophysiological distinctions in women with endometriosis, with consideration of CPP status.

Method: We measured cognitive performance via a diverse battery and electroencephalography (P300) in three groups of women: endometriosis with CPP (n = 22), endometriosis without CPP (n = 13), and healthy controls (n = 42). Pain ratings and psychological measures were analyzed as potential moderators of group differences.

Results: Relative to controls, women with endometriosis-associated CPP exhibited significant moderate-to-large difficulties across multiple cognitive domains. In contrast, women with endometriosis without CPP exhibited fairly large significant difficulties only for verbal short-term memory. Pain factors and affective symptomatology emerged as moderators of cognitive performance differences. Regarding electroencephalography, we identified in the parietal planes of women with endometriosis-associated CPP moderately smaller P300 amplitudes, particularly P3b component amplitudes, aligning with previous reports, and pain and affective factors emerged as moderators of group differences.

Conclusions: The behavioral results provide seminal evidence of objective cognitive difficulties in women with endometriosis, particularly those experiencing CPP, who also exhibited reduced P300 amplitudes. The data implicated pain and affective factors as drivers of these differences. These findings warrant consideration in clinical contexts and future research focused on developing targeted interventions for cognitive rehabilitation in endometriosis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The negative consequences of childhood maltreatment have been documented across multiple domains, including cognitive functioning in midlife. This study examined the impact of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning into late midlife, changes over time, and the extent to which cognitive change over time predicted functional impairment.

Method: We use data from a prospective cohort design study in which individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment (ages 0-11 years) and demographically matched controls without those histories were interviewed over five study waves: 1989-1995 (N = 1,196; M_age = 29.2 years), 2000-2002 (N = 896; M_age = 39.5 years), 2003-2005 (N = 808; M_age = 41.2 years), 2009-2010 (N = 649; M_age = 47.0 years), and 2022-2023 (N = 447; M_age = 59.4). Tasks assessing verbal intelligence, processing speed, and executive functioning were administered at multiple points, permitting examination of changes over time. The eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia assessed self-perceived change in functioning associated with dementing disorders. Linear mixed effects and structural equation models were used.

Results: Childhood maltreatment predicted poorer performance on cognitive tasks in young adulthood and late midlife, except for Stroop, and predicted a steeper decline in performance on the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and Trails B. Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised, Matrix Reasoning, and Trails A and B change scores predicted greater perceived functional decline on the eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia, whereas childhood maltreatment did not.

Conclusions: The effects of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning continue into late midlife, with worse performance on tasks assessing general intelligence, abstract visual reasoning, processing speed, and set-shifting compared with controls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Females typically perform slightly better than males on memory tests, but this may be partially explained by gender-related biases in remembering the test content. Sex/gender-related differences are underexplored on tests designed to detect subtle Alzheimer's disease-related memory impairment. We studied sex differences on memory tests among older adults, particularly focusing on the Face-Name test (FNAME-12). Specifically, we investigated whether participants were biased toward remembering stimuli that matched their own sex.

Method: Cognitively normal participants (n = 452) completed cognitive tests including FNAME-12 at baseline (aged ∼70 years) and follow-up (aged ∼73). FNAME-12 stimuli comprise male and female faces, with names and occupations. Recall and recognition were tested with delays of up to 7 days. We investigated how FNAME-12 outcomes were affected by stimulus gender and participant sex. We examined correlations between "gender bias scores" at baseline and follow-up.

Results: Women outperformed men on memory tests including FNAME-12. Men and women recalled more male than female stimuli, with this discrepancy being two to three times greater among men (baseline: men d = 0.52, women d = 0.15; follow-up: men d = 0.58, women d = 0.25). Seven-day retention rates for male stimuli were higher (recall d = 0.32; recognition d = 0.41). Baseline and follow-up "gender bias scores" were weakly to moderately correlated.

Conclusions: We observed a gender bias on FNAME-12-particularly among male participants-where male stimuli were better remembered than female stimuli. This bias showed some consistency over ∼2.5 years. Sex differences on memory tests require careful interpretation, as they may be partially explained by gender-related bias in the learning and recall of test content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of positive psychological intervention based on the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment model for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Method: A total of 60 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups (a study group and a control group), receiving comprehensive intervention and routine nursing, respectively. Before and after the intervention, the motor function, quality of life, mental state, emotional fluctuation, and nursing satisfaction of the two groups were compared. The effect size of the comparison between the two groups was 0.35.

Results: There were no significant differences in the scores of the two groups before the intervention (p > .05). After the intervention, the scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Mini-Mental State Examination in the study group were better than those in the control group (p < .001). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule assessment showed that the positive emotion score of the study group had significantly improved, and the negative emotion score had been significantly reduced (p < .001). Nursing satisfaction analysis showed that the overall satisfaction in the study group was 93.33%, which was higher than the 73.33% in the control group (p < .05).

Conclusions: Positive psychological intervention can significantly improve the motor function, quality of life, and mental health of patients with Parkinson's disease and improve nursing satisfaction, which has good clinical application prospects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Impaired body temperature regulation can lead to severe medical consequences, including hypothermia and heatstroke. Despite its clinical significance and occurrence in individuals with cognitive impairment, this issue remains underexplored. This study investigates the underlying factors and neural basis of thermoregulatory dysfunction in individuals in the chronic phase of stroke.

Method: We recruited 112 individuals with chronic cerebrovascular disease (M_age = 61.4 years, SD = 13.1; 75.9% male). Thermoregulatory dysfunction was assessed using rating scores provided by caregivers based on observed behaviors, while neuropsychological functioning was evaluated primarily through standardized objective measures. The relationship between thermoregulatory dysfunction and neuropsychological indices was assessed using simple linear regression, followed by multiple linear regression to adjust for potential confounders. To further examine the neuroanatomical basis, voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping was performed using MRIcron.

Results: Multiple linear regression showed that thermoregulatory dysfunction was strongly associated with a hypothalamic lesion (effect size = 0.34), as well as deficits in behavioral control (0.50) and attention (0.22). Among subitems assessing behavioral control, lack of insight exhibited the strongest correlation with thermoregulatory dysfunction severity. Voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping suggested that the right dorsomedial hypothalamic lesion had the greatest impact, followed by lesions in the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal areas; however, these findings did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that thermoregulatory dysfunction in the chronic phase of cerebrovascular disease is associated with both hypothalamic damage and deficits in behavioral control and attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).