Neuropsychology最新文献

Objective: Cognitive flexibility is proposed as being one "building block" of psychological inflexibility/flexibility, yet empirical studies examining these associations are scarce. This study aims to examine the relationship between these constructs in those with a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury who demonstrate impairments in cognitive flexibility.

Method: A total of 66 individuals with a traumatic brain injury were administered a battery of cognitive flexibility measures in conjunction with their standard neuropsychological assessment, general (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II [AAQ-II]) and context-specific (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Acquired Brain Injury [AAQ-ABI]) measures of psychological inflexibility and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21).

Results: Linear regression modeling found the Stroop color-word interference score was the only measure of cognitive flexibility that was significantly associated with AAQ-ABI (β = -.14, p < .001), a finding that remained when controlling for Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient and education. Similarly, the Stroop color-word interference score significantly predicted the AAQ-II (β = -0.13, p = .024). Simple mediation analysis found the AAQ-ABI and AAQ-II fully mediated the relationship between the Stroop color-word interference score and psychological distress.

Conclusions: This research provides support for the theory of cognitive flexibility being an essential component of psychological inflexibility. Inhibitory control may be an important process within cognitive flexibility that contributes to psychological inflexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Using a go/no-go test, we showed that end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients have a slower average reaction time (RT) compared with their respective controls. This study aimed to investigate whether the RT of ESKD patients worsened throughout the test and whether RTs were influenced by target frequencies (TF) or the speed of stimulus presentation.

Method: A total of 110 ESKD patients and 109 age- and sex-matched controls were selected (M_age = 50.2 ± 12.07 years for patients and 47.8 ± 14.21 years for controls). Participants completed a go/no-go test, assessing attentional subdomains through four variables: omission errors (focus), commission errors (inhibition), RT (intrinsic alertness), and variability of RT (sustained attention). The test lasted approximately 15 min and was divided into three consecutive, equally spaced time sets (first, second, third). Each set was subdivided into two blocks: one with a high TF (80%) and the other with a low TF (20%). Each block was subdivided into three different interstimulus time intervals (low, medium, and high speeds). Both groups performed the test simultaneously at dialysis centers, with ESKD patients completing it 68 hr after their last dialysis session.

Results: ESKD patients consistently demonstrated slower RTs than controls throughout the 15-min task. The average difference in RT between the groups did not increase over time and was independent of TF. Notably, RT was significantly slower in ESKD patients only when stimuli were presented at the highest speed.

Conclusions: ESKD patients exhibited specifically impaired alertness when responding to visual stimuli presented at the highest speed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This article's objective was to compare demographic/medical history and multidomain clinical assessment outcomes between older and middle-aged adults following concussion.

Method: Seventy-six patients aged 50-80 years within 12 months of a concussion from a specialty clinic between October 2021 and August 2023 participated in the study. Participants were grouped into older (≥60 years) and middle-aged (50-59 years) adults. At their first clinic visit, participants completed multidomain clinical assessments comprising symptoms, cognitive, vestibular/ocular motor, psychological health, and quality of life domains.

Results: Older adults (n = 35) had less females (40.0% vs. 68.3%, p = .01), anxiety history (17.1% vs. 39.0%, p = .036), and employed individuals (57.1% vs. 82.9%, p = .002) than middle-aged adults (n = 41). Older adults had better Neuro-Quality of Life, F(1, 71) = 6.8, p = .01, η_p² = 0.09; Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status recall, F(1, 71) = 12.6, p < .001, η_p² = 0.15; fluency, F(1, 71) = 5.7, p = .02, η_p² = 0.08; list recall, F(1, 69) = 5.2, p = .03, η_p² = 0.07; and list recognition, F(1, 69) = 5.3, p = .03, η_p² = 0.07, when controlling for sex, anxiety history, and employment status. Older adults also had lower odds of being impaired to borderline on Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing verbal memory (OR = 0.05, 95% CI [0.01, 0.56], p = .01), visual motor speed (OR = 0.08, 95% CI [0.01, 0.73], p = .03), and reaction time (OR = 0.21, 95% CI [0.05, 0.89], p = .03), and lower odds of having moderate to severe impairment on Neuro-Quality of Life (OR = 0.32, 95% CI [0.11, 0.97], p = .04) than middle-aged adults.

Conclusions: Older adults (≥60 years) exhibited fewer subjective cognitive difficulties and objective cognitive impairments compared to middle-aged adults (50-59 years) following concussion. There were no differences between groups in symptoms, vestibular/ocular motor functioning, or psychological health. Clinicians should consider these findings when evaluating and interpreting outcomes from older and middle-aged adults following concussion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Understanding neural mechanisms underlying the experience and enactment of stigma is needed to address the public health challenge posed by both experienced and enacted stigma. In this systematic review, we synthesized the literature on neural correlates of stigma from the perspective of (a) the stigmatizer (enacted stigma) and (b) the stigmatized (experienced stigma).

Method: We searched PsychInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and SCOPUS for articles assessing stigma using neuroimaging.

Results: Thirty-one articles were included covering a variety of stigmatized identities (i.e., mental health, medical conditions, homelessness), with 20 articles on enacted stigma and 11 on experienced stigma. There was a large variety in methodological approaches, including varying experimental paradigms, analytical approaches (e.g., whole-brain vs. region-of-interest analyses), samples, and degree to which stigma is assessed and/or verified (as opposed to assumed to be present in response to exclusion or in response to specific stimuli). Regardless, our review indicates that a widespread network of brain regions is implicated in the enactment of stigma (in the stigmatizer), including frontal, cingulate, parietal, occipital, and subcortical regions, which are characterized by inconsistencies that likely result from methodological differences. In contrast, a blunted medial prefrontal cortex response to experienced stigma is relatively consistently observed (in the stigmatized).

Conclusions: Our review is the first to comprehensively synthesize studies examining neural correlates of stigma, revealing tangible brain patterns reflecting its experience and enactment, enhancing our understanding of stigma and its assessment. Last, we highlight the complexity of this research area and discuss insights and considerations for future work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Mobile cognitive testing, particularly within an ecological momentary assessment paradigm, is increasingly used for cognitive assessments outside laboratory settings. However, the relationship between mobile cognitive tests and standardized lab-based neuropsychological testing among Spanish speakers remains understudied. This study investigated associations between performance on the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery and a suite of NeuroUX mobile tests among adolescents in rural Ecuador.

Method: The Study of Secondary Exposures to Pesticides among Children, Adolescents, and Adults participants completed Spanish versions of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery and NeuroUX tests as a single session in the summer of 2022 (n = 488). NeuroUX tests were repeated across a 10-day burst 2.5-4 months later (n = 323).

Results: The mean age of participants was 20.3 years (SD = 1.8; range = 16-25 years), and 50.1% identified as female. Burst administration scores improved for one working memory test (Memory Matrix) but declined for a response inhibition test (Quick Tap 2). Positive associations were observed between mobile test performance and tablet-based neuropsychological scores across both testing formats, with an association identified between the Toolbox Fluid Cognitive Composite and NeuroUX Composite Score (β = 0.04, 95% confidence interval [0.03, 0.05]). Demographic trends indicated that younger, male, and more educated participants performed better on some tests on both testing platforms.

Conclusions: Mobile cognitive testing shows considerable promise for assessing cognition among Spanish-speaking Latin American adolescents and young adults, revealing significant associations with tablet-based cognitive assessments, and may be generalizable to other Latin American populations. These findings underscore the value of mobile cognitive tests as a viable alternative or complement to lab-based assessments, especially in culturally diverse and rural populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The negative consequences of childhood maltreatment have been documented across multiple domains, including cognitive functioning in midlife. This study examined the impact of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning into late midlife, changes over time, and the extent to which cognitive change over time predicted functional impairment.

Method: We use data from a prospective cohort design study in which individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment (ages 0-11 years) and demographically matched controls without those histories were interviewed over five study waves: 1989-1995 (N = 1,196; M_age = 29.2 years), 2000-2002 (N = 896; M_age = 39.5 years), 2003-2005 (N = 808; M_age = 41.2 years), 2009-2010 (N = 649; M_age = 47.0 years), and 2022-2023 (N = 447; M_age = 59.4). Tasks assessing verbal intelligence, processing speed, and executive functioning were administered at multiple points, permitting examination of changes over time. The eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia assessed self-perceived change in functioning associated with dementing disorders. Linear mixed effects and structural equation models were used.

Results: Childhood maltreatment predicted poorer performance on cognitive tasks in young adulthood and late midlife, except for Stroop, and predicted a steeper decline in performance on the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and Trails B. Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised, Matrix Reasoning, and Trails A and B change scores predicted greater perceived functional decline on the eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia, whereas childhood maltreatment did not.

Conclusions: The effects of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning continue into late midlife, with worse performance on tasks assessing general intelligence, abstract visual reasoning, processing speed, and set-shifting compared with controls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Impaired body temperature regulation can lead to severe medical consequences, including hypothermia and heatstroke. Despite its clinical significance and occurrence in individuals with cognitive impairment, this issue remains underexplored. This study investigates the underlying factors and neural basis of thermoregulatory dysfunction in individuals in the chronic phase of stroke.

Method: We recruited 112 individuals with chronic cerebrovascular disease (M_age = 61.4 years, SD = 13.1; 75.9% male). Thermoregulatory dysfunction was assessed using rating scores provided by caregivers based on observed behaviors, while neuropsychological functioning was evaluated primarily through standardized objective measures. The relationship between thermoregulatory dysfunction and neuropsychological indices was assessed using simple linear regression, followed by multiple linear regression to adjust for potential confounders. To further examine the neuroanatomical basis, voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping was performed using MRIcron.

Results: Multiple linear regression showed that thermoregulatory dysfunction was strongly associated with a hypothalamic lesion (effect size = 0.34), as well as deficits in behavioral control (0.50) and attention (0.22). Among subitems assessing behavioral control, lack of insight exhibited the strongest correlation with thermoregulatory dysfunction severity. Voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping suggested that the right dorsomedial hypothalamic lesion had the greatest impact, followed by lesions in the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal areas; however, these findings did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that thermoregulatory dysfunction in the chronic phase of cerebrovascular disease is associated with both hypothalamic damage and deficits in behavioral control and attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes increasing cognitive and functional impairments, yet if and how cognition impacts functioning remains unclear. Here, we assessed the relationship between cognitive domains and everyday functioning in participants with AD.

Method: In this cross-sectional study, we included participants with biomarker-confirmed AD with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort. Cognition was assessed with a standardized neuropsychological test battery divided into domains using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). These were used as input for structural equation modeling (SEM) to calculate the unique associations with everyday functioning, measured with the well-validated study partner-based Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q). Model fit of the SEM and its associations were described in standardized paths (std.lv).

Results: A total of 613 participants were included, mean age ± SD = 65 ± 8 years, 310(51%) female, with a mean A-IADL-Q of 50.2 ± 9.3. The majority had a diagnosis of dementia (n = 443, 72%), followed by MCI (n = 100, 16%) and SCD (n = 70, 11%). SEM analysis, χ²(137, N = 613) = 1072.17, p < .001, showed that, of the four cognitive domains identified using EFA, "memory" (std.lv = 0.33) and "visual attention, mental flexibility, and visuoconstruction" (std.lv = 0.29) were related to A-IADL-Q, while "working memory, shifting, fluency, and inhibition" and "naming" were not.

Conclusions: Lower performance in memory and visual attention, mental flexibility, and visuoconstruction was related to more difficulties in everyday functioning. A better understanding of how cognition relates to everyday functioning has important implications for personalized care strategies and trial outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Neuropsychological assessment of social cognition has traditionally focused on mentalizing and emotions recognition. Recently developed digital measures allow clinicians to capture direct markers of abnormal social interactions, but they have not yet been used to distinguish neurological from psychiatric populations. This study examined prosodic alterations and explored structural neural correlates in behavioral variant frontotemporal degeneration (bvFTD) versus late-onset or atypical psychiatric disorders (LOAPD) and healthy controls (HCs).

Method: We analyzed audio recordings from 31 patients with bvFTD, 15 patients with LOAPD, and 39 HCs across two speech samples: an anamnestic interview and a narrative task. Fundamental frequency (f₀) metrics were extracted to assess between-group differences and to identify voxel-based morphometry correlates of prosodic alteration.

Results: Compared with HCs, patients with bvFTD showed a reduced f₀ range in both the anamnestic interview (p = .025, η² = .09, 95% CI [-23.83, -1.04]) and the narrative task (p = .002, η² = .14, 95% CI [-36.21, -4.74]). In the anamnestic interview, both bvFTD (p = .010, 95% CI [-36.59, -6.23]) and LOAPD (p = .012, 95% CI [-46.30, -8.81]) groups exhibited lower f₀ variability than HCs; no differences were observed during the narrative task. In bvFTD, reduced prosodic measures correlated with atrophy in the left superior frontal gyrus and the right middle and inferior temporal gyri (p < .05, family-wise error corrected).

Conclusions: Patients with bvFTD demonstrate a narrowed pitch span and reduced intonational variability, linked to disruptions in frontotemporal networks integrating emotional and semantic cues into speech. These findings highlight the relevance of prosodic alterations as a target for further research in bvFTD and assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Initial findings indicate that semantic memory retrieval of different categories, such as fruits and animals, is variably impacted in Parkinson's disease (PD). Importantly, theories of embodied cognition propose that these variances may stem from compromised motor processing in PD patients. Indeed, the conceptual representation of the fruits category may involve aspects of manipulability and graspability, which are less relevant for the animals category. We aimed to assess semantic memory retrieval of fruits versus animals category as assessed by semantic fluency (SF) in PD by using the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative database.

Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 104 healthy controls (HC), 264 patients with sporadic de novo PD (S-PD), and 57 patients with genetic PD (G-PD). Additionally, we carried out explorative analysis concerning possible differences between S-PD and G-PF on SF.

Results: We found lower fruits SF performance in PD (S-PD plus G-PD) compared to HC; however, this score could not classify the two groups. Crucially, no difference for the animals class was found. When analyzing separately S-PD and G-PD, we found that fruits SF in S-PD was lower compared to HC and was negatively associated with S-PD diagnosis. Remarkably, no difference for the animals class was found. We did not find significant SF differences in the G-PD. Moreover, SF scores, regardless of the category, were uncorrelated with dopamine integrity measures and motor symptoms scales.

Conclusions: The findings reveal distinct patterns of category dissociation in S-PD and G-PD, suggesting a potential link between category dissociation and motor embodiment processes in PD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).