Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1037/neu0000930
Shuyuan Shi, Edwina L Picon, Mathilde Rioux, William J Panenka, Noah D Silverberg
Objective: Persistent cognitive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often do not correlate with objective neuropsychological performance. Catastrophizing (i.e., excessively negative interpretations of symptoms) may help explain this discrepancy. We hypothesize that symptom catastrophizing will be associated with greater cognitive symptom reporting relative to neuropsychological test performance in people seeking treatment for mTBI.
Method: Secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. Adults with mTBI (N = 77) were recruited from two outpatient mTBI clinics in British Columbia, Canada. Questionnaires and assessments were administered at baseline (M = 17.7 weeks postinjury). The sample was 64% women with a mean age of 42 years (SD = 11.5). Validated questionnaires were used to assess catastrophizing, cognitive symptoms, and affective distress. Neuropsychological performance was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Discrepancies between cognitive symptoms and cognitive functioning were operationalized using standard residuals from neuropsychological test performance scores regressed on cognitive symptom scores. Generalized linear models were run to measure the association between symptom catastrophizing, cognitive variables, and their discrepancy, with affective distress as a covariate.
Results: Symptom catastrophizing was associated with more severe cognitive symptoms when controlling for neuropsychological performance (β = 0.44, 95% CI [0.23, 0.65]). Symptom catastrophizing was also associated with higher subjective-objective cognition residuals (β = 0.43, 95% CI [0.22, 0.64]). Catastrophizing remained a significant predictor after affective distress was introduced as a covariate.
Conclusions: Catastrophizing is associated with misperceptions of cognitive functioning following mTBI, specifically overreporting cognitive symptoms relative to neuropsychological performance. Symptom catastrophizing may be an important determinant of cognitive symptom reporting months after mTBI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Catastrophizing is associated with excess cognitive symptom reporting after mild traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Shuyuan Shi, Edwina L Picon, Mathilde Rioux, William J Panenka, Noah D Silverberg","doi":"10.1037/neu0000930","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Persistent cognitive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often do not correlate with objective neuropsychological performance. Catastrophizing (i.e., excessively negative interpretations of symptoms) may help explain this discrepancy. We hypothesize that symptom catastrophizing will be associated with greater cognitive symptom reporting relative to neuropsychological test performance in people seeking treatment for mTBI.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. Adults with mTBI (<i>N</i> = 77) were recruited from two outpatient mTBI clinics in British Columbia, Canada. Questionnaires and assessments were administered at baseline (<i>M</i> = 17.7 weeks postinjury). The sample was 64% women with a mean age of 42 years (<i>SD</i> = 11.5). Validated questionnaires were used to assess catastrophizing, cognitive symptoms, and affective distress. Neuropsychological performance was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Discrepancies between cognitive symptoms and cognitive functioning were operationalized using standard residuals from neuropsychological test performance scores regressed on cognitive symptom scores. Generalized linear models were run to measure the association between symptom catastrophizing, cognitive variables, and their discrepancy, with affective distress as a covariate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Symptom catastrophizing was associated with more severe cognitive symptoms when controlling for neuropsychological performance (β = 0.44, 95% CI [0.23, 0.65]). Symptom catastrophizing was also associated with higher subjective-objective cognition residuals (β = 0.43, 95% CI [0.22, 0.64]). Catastrophizing remained a significant predictor after affective distress was introduced as a covariate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Catastrophizing is associated with misperceptions of cognitive functioning following mTBI, specifically overreporting cognitive symptoms relative to neuropsychological performance. Symptom catastrophizing may be an important determinant of cognitive symptom reporting months after mTBI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"126-133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1037/neu0000933
Emma L Weizenbaum, Daniel Soberanes, Stephanie Hsieh, Cassidy P Molinare, Rachel F Buckley, Rebecca A Betensky, Michael J Properzi, Gad A Marshall, Dorene M Rentz, Keith A Johnson, Reisa A Sperling, Rebecca E Amariglio, Kathryn V Papp
Objective: Unsupervised remote digital cognitive assessment makes frequent testing feasible and allows for measurement of learning over repeated evaluations on participants' own devices. This provides the opportunity to derive individual multiday learning curve scores over short intervals. Here, we report feasibility, reliability, and validity, of a 7-day cognitive battery from the Boston Remote Assessment for Neurocognitive Health (Multiday BRANCH), an unsupervised web-based assessment.
Method: Multiday BRANCH was administered remotely to 181 cognitively unimpaired older adults using their own electronic devices. For 7 consecutive days, participants completed three tests with associative memory components (Face-Name, Groceries-Prices, Digit Signs), using the same stimuli, to capture multiday learning curves for each test. We assessed the feasibility of capturing learning curves across the 7 days. Additionally, we examined the reliability and associations of learning curves with demographics, and traditional cognitive and subjective report measures.
Results: Multiday BRANCH was feasible with 96% of participants completing all study assessments; there were no differences dependent on type of device used (t = 0.71, p = .48) or time of day completed (t = -0.08, p = .94). Psychometric properties of the learning curves were sound including good test-retest reliability of individuals' curves (intraclass correlation = 0.94). Learning curves were positively correlated with in-person cognitive tests and subjective report of cognitive complaints.
Conclusions: Multiday BRANCH is a feasible, reliable, and valid cognitive measure that may be useful for identifying subtle changes in learning and memory processes in older adults. In the future, we will determine whether Multiday BRANCH is predictive of the presence of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
目的:无监督远程数字认知评估使频繁测试成为可能,并允许在参与者自己的设备上重复评估学习的测量。这提供了在短时间间隔内获得个人多日学习曲线分数的机会。在这里,我们报告了来自波士顿神经认知健康远程评估(Multiday BRANCH)的7天认知电池的可行性、可靠性和有效性,这是一种无监督的基于网络的评估。方法:使用自己的电子设备对181名认知功能正常的老年人进行多天远程BRANCH治疗。在连续7天的时间里,参与者使用相同的刺激物完成了包含联想记忆成分(面孔-名字、杂货店-价格、数字符号)的三个测试,以捕捉每个测试的多日学习曲线。我们评估了在7天内捕捉学习曲线的可行性。此外,我们还检验了学习曲线与人口统计学、传统认知和主观报告测量的可靠性和相关性。结果:多日BRANCH是可行的,96%的参与者完成了所有的研究评估;使用的器械类型(t = 0.71, p = 0.48)或完成一天的时间(t = -0.08, p = 0.94)没有差异。学习曲线的心理测量特性良好,个体曲线的重测信度良好(类内相关= 0.94)。学习曲线与面对面的认知测试和主观的认知抱怨报告呈正相关。结论:Multiday BRANCH是一种可行、可靠和有效的认知测量方法,可用于识别老年人学习和记忆过程的细微变化。在未来,我们将确定Multiday BRANCH是否可以预测临床前阿尔茨海默病的存在。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Capturing learning curves with the multiday Boston Remote Assessment of Neurocognitive Health (BRANCH): Feasibility, reliability, and validity.","authors":"Emma L Weizenbaum, Daniel Soberanes, Stephanie Hsieh, Cassidy P Molinare, Rachel F Buckley, Rebecca A Betensky, Michael J Properzi, Gad A Marshall, Dorene M Rentz, Keith A Johnson, Reisa A Sperling, Rebecca E Amariglio, Kathryn V Papp","doi":"10.1037/neu0000933","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Unsupervised remote digital cognitive assessment makes frequent testing feasible and allows for measurement of learning over repeated evaluations on participants' own devices. This provides the opportunity to derive individual multiday learning curve scores over short intervals. Here, we report feasibility, reliability, and validity, of a 7-day cognitive battery from the Boston Remote Assessment for Neurocognitive Health (Multiday BRANCH), an unsupervised web-based assessment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Multiday BRANCH was administered remotely to 181 cognitively unimpaired older adults using their own electronic devices. For 7 consecutive days, participants completed three tests with associative memory components (Face-Name, Groceries-Prices, Digit Signs), using the same stimuli, to capture multiday learning curves for each test. We assessed the feasibility of capturing learning curves across the 7 days. Additionally, we examined the reliability and associations of learning curves with demographics, and traditional cognitive and subjective report measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multiday BRANCH was feasible with 96% of participants completing all study assessments; there were no differences dependent on type of device used (<i>t</i> = 0.71, <i>p</i> = .48) or time of day completed (<i>t</i> = -0.08, <i>p</i> = .94). Psychometric properties of the learning curves were sound including good test-retest reliability of individuals' curves (intraclass correlation = 0.94). Learning curves were positively correlated with in-person cognitive tests and subjective report of cognitive complaints.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Multiday BRANCH is a feasible, reliable, and valid cognitive measure that may be useful for identifying subtle changes in learning and memory processes in older adults. In the future, we will determine whether Multiday BRANCH is predictive of the presence of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"198-210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10841660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136398485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01Epub Date: 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1037/neu0000922
Natália Martins Dias, Isabela Espezin Helsdingen, Eduarda Kammers Rita Momm de Lins, Camila Erlinda Etcheverria, Vanessa de Araújo Dechen, Luana Steffen, Caroline de Oliveira Cardoso, Fernanda Machado Lopes
Objective: Executive functions (EFs) are a multifaceted construct, important for several outcomes throughout life. The most commonly addressed executive components are inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. To map how other executive components are addressed conceptually and methodologically in the literature, a scoping review was carried out.
Method: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline was used. The database search (2017-2022) was carried out on the APA PsycInfo, Medline, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO databases. A total of 3,473 articles were identified; 1,302 remained after screening. Given the large number of articles, a sample calculation was performed (95% CI and 5% error), with 297 articles randomly selected for full-text reading and 242 studies included for analysis.
Results: There was a predominance of health application studies in adults and older adults and in developed countries. There is relative conceptual consensus that EF are a multidimensional construct; however, there is no explicit identification of the theoretical model used in the studies. A diversity of EF was evidenced, which broadens the understanding of the construct, its assessment, and intervention targets. Furthermore, there was a variety of instruments used to assess these skills, with a predominance of performance tests, often with construct-instrument ambivalence between studies.
Conclusions: The mapping showed a diversity of skills referred to as EF in addition to the core components and identified the instruments used in their assessment. Greater conceptual and structural clarity and greater methodological care are fundamental to support the assessment of EF and their intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
目的:执行功能(EFs)是一个多层面的概念,对人的一生有重要影响。最常涉及的执行成分是抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性。为了从概念和方法上了解文献中是如何论述其他执行成分的,我们进行了一次范围界定综述:采用了《系统综述和元分析首选报告项目扩展范围综述指南》。在 APA PsycInfo、Medline、Scopus、LILACS 和 SciELO 数据库中进行了数据库检索(2017-2022 年)。共检索到 3473 篇文章,经筛选后剩余 1302 篇。鉴于文章数量众多,我们进行了样本计算(95% CI 和 5%误差),随机抽取了 297 篇文章进行全文阅读,并纳入了 242 项研究进行分析:以成人和老年人以及发达国家的健康应用研究为主。在概念上,EF 是一个多维度的建构,这一点已达成相对一致的共识;然而,研究中使用的理论模型却没有明确的标识。研究证明了情绪情感因素的多样性,这拓宽了对该因素、其评估和干预目标的理解。此外,用于评估这些技能的工具也多种多样,其中以表现测试为主,不同研究之间往往存在建构与工具之间的矛盾:研究结果表明,除核心成分外,被称为 EF 的技能多种多样,并确定了用于评估这些技能的工具。更清晰的概念和结构以及更谨慎的方法是支持评价 EF 及其干预的基础。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Executive functions beyond the \"Holy Trinity\": A scoping review.","authors":"Natália Martins Dias, Isabela Espezin Helsdingen, Eduarda Kammers Rita Momm de Lins, Camila Erlinda Etcheverria, Vanessa de Araújo Dechen, Luana Steffen, Caroline de Oliveira Cardoso, Fernanda Machado Lopes","doi":"10.1037/neu0000922","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Executive functions (EFs) are a multifaceted construct, important for several outcomes throughout life. The most commonly addressed executive components are inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. To map how other executive components are addressed conceptually and methodologically in the literature, a scoping review was carried out.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline was used. The database search (2017-2022) was carried out on the APA PsycInfo, Medline, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO databases. A total of 3,473 articles were identified; 1,302 remained after screening. Given the large number of articles, a sample calculation was performed (95% CI and 5% error), with 297 articles randomly selected for full-text reading and 242 studies included for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a predominance of health application studies in adults and older adults and in developed countries. There is relative conceptual consensus that EF are a multidimensional construct; however, there is no explicit identification of the theoretical model used in the studies. A diversity of EF was evidenced, which broadens the understanding of the construct, its assessment, and intervention targets. Furthermore, there was a variety of instruments used to assess these skills, with a predominance of performance tests, often with construct-instrument ambivalence between studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The mapping showed a diversity of skills referred to as EF in addition to the core components and identified the instruments used in their assessment. Greater conceptual and structural clarity and greater methodological care are fundamental to support the assessment of EF and their intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"107-125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9859275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1037/neu0000910
R T Adrogue, N Herz, D J Halpern, J Tracy, M J Kahana
Objective: Much of our knowledge concerning the neural basis of human memory derives from lab-based verbal recall tasks. Outside of the lab, clinicians use validated and normed neuropsychological tests to assess patients' memory function and to evaluate clinical interventions. Here we sought to establish the clinical validity of examining memory through multitrial free recall of semantically organized and unrelated word lists.
Method: We compare memory performance in multitrial free recall tasks with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the California Verbal Learning Test, two common neuropsychological tests aimed at evaluating memory function in clinical settings. We compare predictive validity between the tasks by evaluating deficits in a patient sample and examining age-related declines in memory. We additionally compare test-retest reliability, establish convergent validity, and show the emergence of common recall dynamics between the tasks.
Results: We demonstrate that both laboratory free recall tasks have better predictive validity and test-retest reliability than the established neuropsychological tests. We further show that all tasks have good convergent validity and reveal core memory processes, including temporal and semantic organization. However, we also demonstrate the benefits of repeated trials for evaluating the dynamics of memory search and their neuropsychological sequelae.
Conclusions: These results provide evidence for the clinical validity of lab-based multitrial free recall tasks and highlight their psychometric benefits over neuropsychological measures. Based on these results, we discuss the need to bridge the gap between clinical understanding of putative mechanisms underlying memory disorders and neuroscientific findings obtained using lab-based free recall tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Multitrial free recall for evaluating memory.","authors":"R T Adrogue, N Herz, D J Halpern, J Tracy, M J Kahana","doi":"10.1037/neu0000910","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Much of our knowledge concerning the neural basis of human memory derives from lab-based verbal recall tasks. Outside of the lab, clinicians use validated and normed neuropsychological tests to assess patients' memory function and to evaluate clinical interventions. Here we sought to establish the clinical validity of examining memory through multitrial free recall of semantically organized and unrelated word lists.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We compare memory performance in multitrial free recall tasks with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the California Verbal Learning Test, two common neuropsychological tests aimed at evaluating memory function in clinical settings. We compare predictive validity between the tasks by evaluating deficits in a patient sample and examining age-related declines in memory. We additionally compare test-retest reliability, establish convergent validity, and show the emergence of common recall dynamics between the tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrate that both laboratory free recall tasks have better predictive validity and test-retest reliability than the established neuropsychological tests. We further show that all tasks have good convergent validity and reveal core memory processes, including temporal and semantic organization. However, we also demonstrate the benefits of repeated trials for evaluating the dynamics of memory search and their neuropsychological sequelae.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results provide evidence for the clinical validity of lab-based multitrial free recall tasks and highlight their psychometric benefits over neuropsychological measures. Based on these results, we discuss the need to bridge the gap between clinical understanding of putative mechanisms underlying memory disorders and neuroscientific findings obtained using lab-based free recall tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"58-68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49691669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-08-03DOI: 10.1037/neu0000924
Amy L Lebkuecher, Abigail L Cosgrove, Lauren B Strober, Nancy D Chiaravalloti, Michele T Diaz
Objective: Although language is often considered to be largely intact in multiple sclerosis (MS), word-finding difficulties are a common complaint. Recent work suggests that declines in language are not solely the result of motoric and cognitive slowing that is most strongly associated with MS. Network science approaches have been effectively used to examine network structure as it relates to clinical conditions, aging, and language. The present study utilizes a network science approach to investigate whether individuals with MS exhibit less interconnected and resilient semantic networks compared to age-matched neurotypical peers.
Method: We used semantic fluency data from 89 participants with MS and 88 neurotypical participants to estimate and analyze the semantic network structure for each participant group. Additionally, we conducted a percolation analysis to examine the resilience of each network.
Results: Network measures showed that individuals with MS had lower local and global clustering coefficients, longer average shortest path lengths, and higher modularity values compared to neurotypical peers. Small-worldness, network portrait divergence measures, and community detection analyses were consistent with these results and indicated that macroscopic properties of the two networks differed and that the semantic network for individuals with MS was more fractured than the neurotypical peer network. Moreover, a spreading activation simulation and percolation analysis suggested that the semantic networks of individuals with MS are less flexible and activation degrades faster than those of age-matched neurotypical participants.
Conclusions: These differing semantic network structures suggest that language retrieval difficulties in MS partially result from decline in language-specific factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
目的:尽管人们通常认为多发性硬化症(MS)患者的语言功能基本完好,但找词困难却是患者的常见症状。最近的研究表明,语言能力的下降并不仅仅是与多发性硬化症密切相关的运动和认知能力减退的结果。网络科学方法已被有效地用于研究与临床症状、衰老和语言有关的网络结构。本研究利用网络科学方法来研究多发性硬化症患者与年龄匹配的神经畸形同龄人相比,是否表现出更少的语义网络相互连接和弹性:我们利用 89 名多发性硬化症患者和 88 名神经畸形患者的语义流畅性数据,估算并分析了各组患者的语义网络结构。此外,我们还进行了渗流分析,以检查每个网络的弹性:网络测量结果显示,与神经畸形患者相比,多发性硬化症患者的局部和全局聚类系数较低,平均最短路径长度较长,模块化值较高。小世界度、网络肖像发散测量和群落检测分析与这些结果一致,并表明两种网络的宏观属性不同,多发性硬化症患者的语义网络比神经畸形同龄人的网络更加支离破碎。此外,扩散激活模拟和渗流分析表明,多发性硬化症患者的语义网络比年龄匹配的神经畸形参与者的语义网络更不灵活,激活退化更快:这些不同的语义网络结构表明,多发性硬化症患者的语言检索困难部分源于语言特异性因素的衰退。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"Multiple sclerosis is associated with differences in semantic memory structure.","authors":"Amy L Lebkuecher, Abigail L Cosgrove, Lauren B Strober, Nancy D Chiaravalloti, Michele T Diaz","doi":"10.1037/neu0000924","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although language is often considered to be largely intact in multiple sclerosis (MS), word-finding difficulties are a common complaint. Recent work suggests that declines in language are not solely the result of motoric and cognitive slowing that is most strongly associated with MS. Network science approaches have been effectively used to examine network structure as it relates to clinical conditions, aging, and language. The present study utilizes a network science approach to investigate whether individuals with MS exhibit less interconnected and resilient semantic networks compared to age-matched neurotypical peers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We used semantic fluency data from 89 participants with MS and 88 neurotypical participants to estimate and analyze the semantic network structure for each participant group. Additionally, we conducted a percolation analysis to examine the resilience of each network.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Network measures showed that individuals with MS had lower local and global clustering coefficients, longer average shortest path lengths, and higher modularity values compared to neurotypical peers. Small-worldness, network portrait divergence measures, and community detection analyses were consistent with these results and indicated that macroscopic properties of the two networks differed and that the semantic network for individuals with MS was more fractured than the neurotypical peer network. Moreover, a spreading activation simulation and percolation analysis suggested that the semantic networks of individuals with MS are less flexible and activation degrades faster than those of age-matched neurotypical participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These differing semantic network structures suggest that language retrieval difficulties in MS partially result from decline in language-specific factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"42-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10837332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9934305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-06-29DOI: 10.1037/neu0000919
Chris A Schumann, Nathan J Evans, Gail A Robinson
Objective: Diffusion decision modeling (DDM) is a validated cognitive modeling method that has been used to provide insights into why older adults are slower than younger adults on a wide variety of cognitive tasks. DDM results have shown that increased processing time, caution, and sensorimotor factors have explained most of this slowing. Enhanced attentional processing of irrelevant information by older adults has also been reported in DDM studies but not explicitly studied. This enhanced processing of interference has been attributed to a motivational goal-directed decision to minimize errors by increasing accumulation of information (i.e., caution) rather than neurocognitive changes associated with aging. No DDM study has explicitly investigated interference and aging by comparing single task and dual performance within the framework of attentional control to explore more fully what and how attentional processes are involved. Our study attempts to fill these gaps.
Method: We used a choice response time (RT) task of attentional switching with and without interference and applied the EZ-diffusion model on the data of 117 healthy younger and older adults aged 18-87.
Results: Repeated mixed-measures analyses of variance of DDM parameters found that longer nondecision time was the main driver for longer RTs for older adults on both attentional switch tasks, but more prominently on the attentional switch trials of the dual task.
Conclusions: Processing interference before the decision to switch attention was the main driver of increased RTs for older adults. Rather than motivational goal-directed factors for error minimization (i.e., caution), findings supported neurocognitive and inhibition deficit explanations. Future DDM studies into cognition and aging could consider how difficulties inhibiting interference impacts on the cognitive processes under investigation and whether the concept of caution is applicable. Findings raise functional considerations for older adults on visually oriented tasks that require attentional switching (e.g., work vs. driving). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Interference and attentional switching in aging.","authors":"Chris A Schumann, Nathan J Evans, Gail A Robinson","doi":"10.1037/neu0000919","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Diffusion decision modeling (DDM) is a validated cognitive modeling method that has been used to provide insights into why older adults are slower than younger adults on a wide variety of cognitive tasks. DDM results have shown that increased processing time, caution, and sensorimotor factors have explained most of this slowing. Enhanced attentional processing of irrelevant information by older adults has also been reported in DDM studies but not explicitly studied. This enhanced processing of interference has been attributed to a motivational goal-directed decision to minimize errors by increasing accumulation of information (i.e., caution) rather than neurocognitive changes associated with aging. No DDM study has explicitly investigated interference and aging by comparing single task and dual performance within the framework of attentional control to explore more fully <i>what</i> and <i>how</i> attentional processes are involved. Our study attempts to fill these gaps.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We used a choice response time (RT) task of attentional switching with and without interference and applied the EZ-diffusion model on the data of 117 healthy younger and older adults aged 18-87.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Repeated mixed-measures analyses of variance of DDM parameters found that longer nondecision time was the main driver for longer RTs for older adults on both attentional switch tasks, but more prominently on the attentional switch trials of the dual task.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Processing interference before the decision to switch attention was the main driver of increased RTs for older adults. Rather than motivational goal-directed factors for error minimization (i.e., caution), findings supported neurocognitive and inhibition deficit explanations. Future DDM studies into cognition and aging could consider how difficulties inhibiting interference impacts on the cognitive processes under investigation and whether the concept of caution is applicable. Findings raise functional considerations for older adults on visually oriented tasks that require attentional switching (e.g., work vs. driving). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"81-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The present research aimed to determine whether self-reports of early adversity predicted individual differences in self-reported and laboratory-measured executive functioning in college-aged samples.
Method: Two studies with young adult samples (n = 231 and n = 61) measured endorsement of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), self-reported executive functioning difficulties on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and self-report measures of depression and emotion regulation. The second sample also completed laboratory performance tasks of working memory, inhibitory control, and selective attention while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded.
Results: In both samples, greater self-reported ACEs predicted greater reports of executive functioning difficulties on the BRIEF (rs = 0.378 and 0.322), relationships of medium effect size that remained significant when controlling for depression and emotion regulation variables. In the second sample, despite robust EEG/event-related potential (ERP) task findings in the group as a whole, neither lab task performance nor EEG/ERP measures were reliably correlated with individual differences in ACEs.
Conclusions: We consider multiple alternative explanations for why early adversity predicted self-reported executive functioning difficulties but not lab task performance or neural measures in the same sample. These findings may reflect a propensity for negative self-evaluation among those with early adverse experiences, leading to inflated estimates of their own executive function problems. Alternatively, the findings may indicate that the lab tasks are insufficient in tapping aspects of executive functions that are relevant outside the lab context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Does early adversity predict executive functioning difficulties among undergraduates? Dissociations among self-report, performance, and EEG measures.","authors":"Rebecca J Compton, Eric Kopczynski, Keishla Sanchez, Katrina Severtson, Joanna Gengo, Olivia Ahart, Lauren Handler","doi":"10.1037/neu0000921","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present research aimed to determine whether self-reports of early adversity predicted individual differences in self-reported and laboratory-measured executive functioning in college-aged samples.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two studies with young adult samples (<i>n</i> = 231 and <i>n</i> = 61) measured endorsement of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), self-reported executive functioning difficulties on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and self-report measures of depression and emotion regulation. The second sample also completed laboratory performance tasks of working memory, inhibitory control, and selective attention while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In both samples, greater self-reported ACEs predicted greater reports of executive functioning difficulties on the BRIEF (<i>r</i>s = 0.378 and 0.322), relationships of medium effect size that remained significant when controlling for depression and emotion regulation variables. In the second sample, despite robust EEG/event-related potential (ERP) task findings in the group as a whole, neither lab task performance nor EEG/ERP measures were reliably correlated with individual differences in ACEs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We consider multiple alternative explanations for why early adversity predicted self-reported executive functioning difficulties but not lab task performance or neural measures in the same sample. These findings may reflect a propensity for negative self-evaluation among those with early adverse experiences, leading to inflated estimates of their own executive function problems. Alternatively, the findings may indicate that the lab tasks are insufficient in tapping aspects of executive functions that are relevant outside the lab context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"27-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136398486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1037/neu0000905
Andrew J Aschenbrenner, Jason Hassenstab, John C Morris, Carlos Cruchaga, Joshua J Jackson
Objective: Observational studies on aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) typically focus on mean-level changes in cognitive performance over relatively long periods of time (years or decades). Additionally, some studies have examined how trial-level fluctuations in speeded reaction time are related to both age and AD. The aim of the current project was to describe patterns of variability across repeated days of testing as a function of AD risk in cognitively normal older adults.
Method: The current project examined the performance of the Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone application, a high-frequency remote cognitive assessment paradigm, that administers brief tests of episodic memory, spatial working memory, and processing speed. Bayesian mixed-effects location scale models were used to explore differences in mean cognitive performance and intraindividual variability across 28 repeated sessions over a 1-week assessment interval as function of age and genetic risk of AD, specifically the presence of at least one apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele.
Results: Mean performance on processing speed and working memory was negatively related to age and APOE status. More importantly, e4 carriers exhibited increased session-level variability on a test of processing speed compared to noncarriers. Age and education did not consistently relate to cognitive variability, contrary to expectations.
Conclusion: Preclinical AD risk, defined as possessing at least one APOE ε4 allele, is not only associated with mean-level performance differences, but also with increases in variability across repeated testing occasions particularly on a test of processing speed. Thus, cognitive variability may serve as an additional and important indicator of AD risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Relationships between hourly cognitive variability and risk of Alzheimer's disease revealed with mixed-effects location scale models.","authors":"Andrew J Aschenbrenner, Jason Hassenstab, John C Morris, Carlos Cruchaga, Joshua J Jackson","doi":"10.1037/neu0000905","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Observational studies on aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) typically focus on mean-level changes in cognitive performance over relatively long periods of time (years or decades). Additionally, some studies have examined how trial-level fluctuations in speeded reaction time are related to both age and AD. The aim of the current project was to describe patterns of variability across repeated days of testing as a function of AD risk in cognitively normal older adults.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The current project examined the performance of the Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone application, a high-frequency remote cognitive assessment paradigm, that administers brief tests of episodic memory, spatial working memory, and processing speed. Bayesian mixed-effects location scale models were used to explore differences in mean cognitive performance and intraindividual variability across 28 repeated sessions over a 1-week assessment interval as function of age and genetic risk of AD, specifically the presence of at least one apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean performance on processing speed and working memory was negatively related to age and APOE status. More importantly, e4 carriers exhibited increased session-level variability on a test of processing speed compared to noncarriers. Age and education did not consistently relate to cognitive variability, contrary to expectations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preclinical AD risk, defined as possessing at least one APOE ε4 allele, is not only associated with mean-level performance differences, but also with increases in variability across repeated testing occasions particularly on a test of processing speed. Thus, cognitive variability may serve as an additional and important indicator of AD risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"69-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10587364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10392418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Impulsivity is influenced by genetic, neural, and environmental factors, but no study has examined how these factors work together to generate individual differences in impulsivity. The present study aimed to define the functional network that subserves impulsivity and test its relations with the gene-environment interactions found in the gene-environment-wide interaction study.
Method: This study used a sample of healthy Chinese college students (N = 1,145) to identify gene-environment interactive effects on impulsivity, then defined the functional brain network related to impulsivity in an independent sample (N = 483), and explored the gene-brain associations using polygenic risk score.
Results: The present study found that 14 genes showed significant interactive effects with parental warmth (a protective environmental factor) and that six genes showed significant interactive effects with stressful life events (a risk environmental factor). The polygenic risk score for parental warmth was significantly correlated with functional connectivity especially the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG)-left inferior occipital and left MFG-left superior frontal gyrus functional connectivity, while the polygenic risk score for more stressful life events was significantly correlated with functional connectivity of left dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) to other regions. These associations were stronger in more adverse environments (i.e., low parental warmth or high stressful life events).
Conclusions: This was the first gene-environment-wide interaction study of impulsivity. Future studies should replicate our results and explore the underlying mechanisms of these interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Parental warmth, stressful life events, and impulsivity: A gene-environment-wide interaction study.","authors":"Xinrui Wang, Hejun Liu, Qinghua He, Chuansheng Chen, Gui Xue, Qi Dong, Chunhui Chen","doi":"10.1037/neu0000927","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Impulsivity is influenced by genetic, neural, and environmental factors, but no study has examined how these factors work together to generate individual differences in impulsivity. The present study aimed to define the functional network that subserves impulsivity and test its relations with the gene-environment interactions found in the gene-environment-wide interaction study.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study used a sample of healthy Chinese college students (<i>N</i> = 1,145) to identify gene-environment interactive effects on impulsivity, then defined the functional brain network related to impulsivity in an independent sample (<i>N</i> = 483), and explored the gene-brain associations using polygenic risk score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study found that 14 genes showed significant interactive effects with parental warmth (a protective environmental factor) and that six genes showed significant interactive effects with stressful life events (a risk environmental factor). The polygenic risk score for parental warmth was significantly correlated with functional connectivity especially the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG)-left inferior occipital and left MFG-left superior frontal gyrus functional connectivity, while the polygenic risk score for more stressful life events was significantly correlated with functional connectivity of left dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) to other regions. These associations were stronger in more adverse environments (i.e., low parental warmth or high stressful life events).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This was the first gene-environment-wide interaction study of impulsivity. Future studies should replicate our results and explore the underlying mechanisms of these interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1037/neu0000914
Mark A Dubbelman, Merel C Postema, Roos J Jutten, John E Harrison, Craig W Ritchie, André Aleman, Frank Jan de Jong, Benjamin D Schalet, Caroline B Terwee, Wiesje M van der Flier, Philip Scheltens, Sietske A M Sikkes
Objective: We aimed to investigate whether item response theory (IRT)-based scoring allows for a more accurate, responsive, and less biased assessment of everyday functioning than traditional classical test theory (CTT)-based scoring, as measured with the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire.
Method: In this longitudinal multicenter study including cognitively normal and impaired individuals, we examined IRT-based and CTT-based score distributions and differences between diagnostic groups using linear regressions, and investigated scale attenuation. We compared change over time between scoring methods using linear mixed models with random intercepts and slopes for time.
Results: Two thousand two hundred ninety-four participants were included (66.6 ± 7.7 years, 54% female): n = 2,032 (89%) with normal cognition, n = 93 (4%) with subjective cognitive decline, n = 79 (3%) with mild cognitive impairment, and n = 91 (4%) with dementia. At baseline, IRT-based and CTT-based scores were highly correlated (r = -0.92). IRT-based scores showed less scale attenuation than CTT-based scores. In a subsample of n = 1,145 (62%) who were followed for a mean of 1.3 (SD = 0.6) years, IRT-based scores declined significantly among cognitively normal individuals (unstandardized coefficient [B] = -0.15, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.03], effect size = -0.02), whereas CTT-based scores did not (B = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41], effect size = 0.02). In the other diagnostic groups, effect sizes of change over time were similar.
Conclusions: IRT-based scores were less affected by scale attenuation than CTT-based scores. With regard to responsiveness, IRT-based scores showed more signal than CTT-based scores in early disease stages, highlighting the IRT-based scores' superior suitability for use in preclinical populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"What's in a score: A longitudinal investigation of scores based on item response theory and classical test theory for the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire in cognitively normal and impaired older adults.","authors":"Mark A Dubbelman, Merel C Postema, Roos J Jutten, John E Harrison, Craig W Ritchie, André Aleman, Frank Jan de Jong, Benjamin D Schalet, Caroline B Terwee, Wiesje M van der Flier, Philip Scheltens, Sietske A M Sikkes","doi":"10.1037/neu0000914","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to investigate whether item response theory (IRT)-based scoring allows for a more accurate, responsive, and less biased assessment of everyday functioning than traditional classical test theory (CTT)-based scoring, as measured with the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this longitudinal multicenter study including cognitively normal and impaired individuals, we examined IRT-based and CTT-based score distributions and differences between diagnostic groups using linear regressions, and investigated scale attenuation. We compared change over time between scoring methods using linear mixed models with random intercepts and slopes for time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two thousand two hundred ninety-four participants were included (66.6 ± 7.7 years, 54% female): <i>n</i> = 2,032 (89%) with normal cognition, <i>n</i> = 93 (4%) with subjective cognitive decline, <i>n</i> = 79 (3%) with mild cognitive impairment, and <i>n</i> = 91 (4%) with dementia. At baseline, IRT-based and CTT-based scores were highly correlated (<i>r</i> = -0.92). IRT-based scores showed less scale attenuation than CTT-based scores. In a subsample of <i>n</i> = 1,145 (62%) who were followed for a mean of 1.3 (<i>SD</i> = 0.6) years, IRT-based scores declined significantly among cognitively normal individuals (unstandardized coefficient [<i>B</i>] = -0.15, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.03], effect size = -0.02), whereas CTT-based scores did not (<i>B</i> = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.41], effect size = 0.02). In the other diagnostic groups, effect sizes of change over time were similar.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IRT-based scores were less affected by scale attenuation than CTT-based scores. With regard to responsiveness, IRT-based scores showed more signal than CTT-based scores in early disease stages, highlighting the IRT-based scores' superior suitability for use in preclinical populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10524537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}