Nutrition and health最新文献

Background: Although the global prevalence of food allergies has been reported as increasing, its study is still largely confined to children and young adults. Nevertheless, several age-related factors (e.g., gastrointestinal changes, inflammation, and immunosenescence), responsible for the so-called 'anorexia of aging', may potentially mask, mediate, and/or enhance food allergies symptoms in older people. Although still neglected, the topic is critical for older persons who might be exposed to the risk of nutritional deficiencies and undernutrition if the primary and safest strategy for the food allergies management (i.e., allergen avoidance) is inappropriately conducted. Aim: To describe the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating the prevalence of food allergies in older people. Methods: The literature search will consider multiple databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Search dates will be from the inception. Studies reporting the prevalence of food allergies in individuals aged 60 years and older will be considered. Only English-language studies will be included. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists for Prevalence and Cohort Studies will be used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines will be followed in the reporting. This protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023445399). Given the expected clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the primary studies, meta-analyses will be performed using a random-effect model. Results: Not applicable. Conclusions: The present article describes the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of food allergies in older people.

Background: Evidence increasingly supports the association of gout with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Studies have indicated that the prevalence of MetS among patients with gout ranges from 17 to over 70 percent. Aim: The purpose of this study was to establish the global prevalence of MetS in patients diagnosed with gout. Methods: To obtain studies related to the title, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Science-Direct, and Google Scholar search engine to find all relevant articles that were published until the end of November 2023. Obtain and carry out the necessary evaluations. The I² index was used to examine the heterogeneity of studies and the Random Effects model was used to analyze the data. Results: Following evaluation, we discovered 19 studies (23 findings), revealing an overall prevalence of MetS in gout patients as 46.8% (95% CI: 38.6-55.2%). On a regional level, subgroup analysis indicated the highest prevalence of MetS was in the American continent, with a rate of 60.6% (95% CI: 44.8-74.5%). In terms of the tool used for MetS measurement, the subgroup analysis showed the maximum prevalence rate of 54.6% was associated with the International Diabetes Federation criteria tool. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that MetS is common among gout patients; therefore, policymakers should reduce the consequences and costs of this condition by focusing on these patients and performing appropriate and timely treatment and training.

Background: The increasing levels of overweight and obesity are negatively impacting the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities. Whilst individual factors are important, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is partly caused by several social and environmental factors that can potentially be modified. A limited number of studies apply a broader theoretical lens to expand the focus beyond individual factors targeted for change. Furthermore, many interventions take a one-size-fits-all approach, which overlooks the differences between subgroups of the population, such as gender, which has a significant impact on eating habits. Aim: This study aims to identify avenues to increase healthy eating by accommodating a wider theory-based socio-ecological viewpoint for change. Additionally, the theory-based socio-ecological lens was applied to identify if segments can be revealed, enabling tailored strategies to be developed to better meet the needs of segments. Methods: A male-dominated sample of n = 3044 Australians was sourced through CINT an online consumer panel provider. Participation was anonymous and voluntary, and consent to participate was indicated by the completion of the survey. Results: Three segments were identified with Socio-Economic Index For Individuals, being the most influential variable differentiating the segments. The most socio-economically advantaged segment (M = 3.7, SD = 0.7) had the highest diet quality score (79.7) while the least advantaged (M = 0.3, SD = 1.4) scored the lowest (67.1). Conclusion: This study confirms the suitability and usefulness of theory-driven segmentation in the development of eating behaviour programs for Australian adults. More effective interventions are required given overweight and obesity levels among this population are increasing.

Background: Few studies have explored the relationship between constipation and not eating enough to feel satiety. Aim: The study aims to examine the association between constipation and not eating enough to feel satiety. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 189 children 3 to 6 years of age. Constipation was defined as two or fewer defecations per week. To assess the satiety of children, mothers were asked, "Does your child eat until he/she is full every day?" The response options were as follows: "eats every day," "eats occasionally," "neither eats every day nor eats occasionally," "does not eat much," or "does not eat at all." "Eats every day" was defined as eating enough to feel satiety. The other four responses were defined as not eating enough to feel satiety. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a logistic regression analysis. Results: Thirty-nine (20.6%) children had constipation and 112 (59.3%) children did not eat enough to feel satiety. The association between constipation and not eating enough to feel satiety was significant. The crude OR of constipation for children who did not eat enough to feel satiety was 2.25 (95% CI 1.02-4.96). After adjusting for sex and age, the OR was 2.15 (95% CI 1.01-4.98). After further adjustment for underweight and overweight, the OR was 2.11 (95% CI 0.94-4.76). Conclusion: Not eating enough to feel satiety was associated with constipation independent of sex and age.

Background: Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, is a growing concern globally. In Saudi Arabia, lifestyle factors such as physical activity and dietary patterns play a significant role in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Study purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity levels, dietary patterns, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using purposive and convenience sampling techniques. A total of 468 participants completed questionnaires assessing their physical activity levels and dietary patterns. Metabolic syndrome was determined based on clinical measurements of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipid levels.

Results: The analysis revealed a significant association between lower physical activity levels and poor dietary patterns with higher prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome. The analysis revealed that participants with low physical activity levels had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01). Similarly, those with unhealthy dietary patterns (high in saturated fats and sugars) showed a metabolic syndrome risk (p < 0.01), compared to those with healthy dietary patterns.

Conclusion: The findings underscore the critical role of physical activity and dietary patterns in the development of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Public health interventions targeting lifestyle modifications could be essential in mitigating metabolic syndrome and improving overall health.

Background: Postural tachycardia has been observed as a sign of malnutrition in eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa. However, there is limited information regarding other contributors to postural tachycardia in this population. Aim: This study aimed to determine the following among patients admitted to the Eating Disorders Unit (EDU) at a metropolitan tertiary hospital in Victoria, Australia: (a) the prevalence of postural tachycardia among eating disorder inpatients, and (b) the associated demographic and clinical features. Methods: Retrospective review of patient files was undertaken for inpatients aged 18-65 years with an eating disorder who resided within the Body Image & Eating Disorders Treatment & Recovery Service catchment area and were admitted to EDU between January 01, 2021 and October 30, 2023. Logistics regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: Among 177 admissions, 48 patients had postural tachycardia and this was at least partially attributed to malnutrition in 42 patients. Antipsychotics were significantly positively associated, and for every increase in one antipsychotic medication, there was an 89% increase in postural tachycardia diagnosis likelihood (B = 0.637) (Exp('B')) = 1.890). Higher admission body mass index/weight, emergency medical reviews, ≥ 10 prior psychiatric admissions, and 1-3 prior medical admissions showed significant positive associations. Conclusions: Postural tachycardia is a multifactorial issue which contributes to medical instability and is associated with antipsychotic medications and a history of multiple medical and psychiatric admissions.

Background: Obesity is a risk factor for leading causes of death. Aim: This study investigated the associations of obesity with demographic and lifestyle factors among adults aged 18-64 in Hong Kong. Methods: The study uses data (n = 24,855) from the government online database. It uses T-tests to compare mean values for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and weight-to-height ratio obese; analysis of variance for not-obese, BMI-obese-only, central-obese, and BMI + central-obese; Pearson chi-square tests for categorical variables; and multinomial logistic regression to obtain the odd ratios. It uses IBM SPSS version 26 to conduct all analyses, and at a 95% confidence level. Results: The analyses show that the risks of central-obese, and BMI + central-obese increase by 4%, and 4%/year of age, respectively. Females have 60%, 38%, and 60% lower risks of BMI-obese-only, central-obese, and BMI + central-obese, respectively, and people with tertiary education have 28%, 20%, and 20% lower risks, respectively. Employed people have a 40% higher risk of BMI-obese-only when compared with the unemployed; students have a 46% lower risk of BMI + central-obese and home-makers have a 38% higher risk. The risk of central-obese decreases by 14%/10 min/day of moderate physical activity, but could be different among females, and vigorous physical activity yielded mixed results. The risk of BMI + central-obese decreases by 9%/day/week of vegetable intake. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with multiple demographic and lifestyle factors. Keep doing vigorous and moderate physical activity but state alert to obesity risk factors, and frequent vegetable intake are recommended. Lifelong learning and continuing education could be an effective strategy to combat obesity.

Background: Although caffeine is the most studied ergogenic aid, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of caffeine supplementation among women in different phases of the menstrual cycle (MC).

Aim: To verify the effect of caffeine supplementation and the MC phase on the performance of a 5 km cycling time trial of female exercise practitioners (FEP).

Methods: This was a parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a sample of women aged 18-35 years, all with regular MC. The caffeine (CAFG) and placebo (PLAG) groups performed the exercise test during the late follicular phase and mid-luteal phase. These time points were individually assessed according to each woman's MC. On the test day, they were instructed to intake a standardized meal. Subsequently, 30 min following the meal, volunteers consumed caffeine (6 mg·kg^-1) or placebo. One hour following caffeine intake, the exercise protocol started. The participants were instructed to perform an all-out 5-km cycling time trial.

Results: Twenty-one women with a mean age of 26.6 years (PLAG, n = 10; 26.7 y; CAFG, n = 11; 26.5 y) were evaluated. The mean test duration was approximately 10-min, with no effect of the MC phase (F = 0.410; p = 0.532), caffeine supplementation (F = 2.23; p = 0.156), or interaction (F = 0.298; p = 0.593). Likewise, we did not verify the effect of the MC phase (F = 0.249; p = 0.625), caffeine supplementation (F = 2.35; p = 0.146), or interaction (F = 0.585; p = 0.456) on the mean power.

Conclusion: Neither caffeine supplementation nor the different MC phases had an impact on the 5-km cycling TT performance of FEP.

Background: Body composition is a determinant of physical fitness and sports performance. Aim: To describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition, somatotype, and asymmetries of the 2023 world champion in the C1-1000 canoeing event. Methods: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and anthropometry were used to describe the athlete's body composition. Results: The results showed a fat tissue distribution of 16.3% by DXA, 15.9% by BIA, and 19.0% by anthropometry. Muscle tissue was reported at 32.0 kg (47.5%) by BIA and 34.1 kg (50.6%) by anthropometry. Conclusions: The athlete exhibits low levels of fat mass with high lean mass, factors that enable optimal development in world-class sports.

Background: A nutritious diet is crucial for good health and cognitive function, including working memory (WM). Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins found in whole foods have been linked to improved WM. Examining the impact of dietary habits on WM in women, who face hormonal and health-related challenges, is important. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of nutrition on WM in women with good and poor dietary habits. Methods: A total of 60 female participants in the age range of 20-30 years were included in the study. Participants were divided according to dietary habits into two groups of 30 each: group 1 with good and group 2 with poor food habits. This categorization was based on their scores on Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC). Auditory WM was evaluated across multiple tasks-forward digit span, backward digit span, ascending and descending digit span, 3n running span, and 3n-back digit to all participants. Results: Results of Mann-Whitney U test showed that women with good food habits had significantly better backward digit span (/Z/ = 0.009, p < 0.05, Re = 0.011) and descending scores (/Z/ = 0.032, p < 0.05, Re = 0.004) compared to those with poor food habits. No correlation was found between the AFHC scores and the scores on all WM tests (p > 0.05), except the backward span (p = 0.002). These results suggest that better nutritional intake might enhance performance in these memory-related tasks. Conclusion: Nutritional intake differentially affects WM in women, with those having good dietary habits performing better in tasks requiring sustained memory as inferred from their superior performance on backward and descending span tasks. This highlights the potential role of nutrition in shaping cognitive abilities. However, the WM does not correlate with the AFHC scores, except on backward memory span.