Nutrition and health最新文献

Background & Aims: The ingested food substances and the substances produced by the action of organisms and gut bacteria on the ingested food can impact health and increase chronic disease risk. Metabolomics is used to elucidate metabolic profiles altered by diet; however, there is no clear consensus regarding the samples and the analytical and dietary survey methods used. This study aimed to assess the effect on metabolic profiling of feces with or without cell disruption and to evaluate the correlation between the annotated metabolites and the gut microbiota and dietary habits. Methods: This study included 50 healthy female university students. Metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed under two conditions: with and without cell disruption. The annotated metabolites were designated as X1 and X2, respectively, and underwent principal component analysis (PCA). Orthogonal partial least squares regression (OPLS) analysis was performed between each metabolite and data on dietary habits and gut microbiota. Results: PCA using X1 and X2 metabolites showed generally consistent profiles of metabolites detected under the two extraction conditions. The OPLS analysis showed that the X1 metabolites were significantly associated with terms of α-diversity indices of the gut microbiota and with some food groups, whereas the X2 metabolites were significantly associated with only the α-diversity indices of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, using variable importance of projection values, several characteristic metabolites were detected in each significant OPLS model. Conclusion: For extraction of primary metabolites in feces, extraction methods without cell disruption may be strongly associated with food intake.

Background: The World Health Organization forecasts that depression will become the world's second most common illness by 2030 and affect people of all ages. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, approximately 1 in 100 people experience depression, with the highest prevalence found in the age group of 15-24 years, at 2%. Adjusting one's diet, as suggested by the Antidepressant Food Score (AFS) list, presents a promising method for managing and addressing depression. Aim: To find out the association between the AFS and depression levels. Methods: This cross-sectional study in Surabaya, Indonesia, included 374 participants aged 15-17 years. Antidepressant food intake was assessed using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, while depression levels were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Additionally, social and psychological factors were considered. The data were analyzed using STATA. Results: A significant difference in daily fruit and vegetable consumption was found between adolescents with mild and moderate depression. Those with mild depression had an average AFS of 86.03%, while those with moderate depression had 66.28%. Although the AFS was associated with depression (p = 0.031), it did not have a statistically significant impact on depression levels after adjusting for factors such as age, sex, social support, stress and problem-solving ability (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.94, 2.50). Conclusion: This study identified a statistically significant association between AFS and depression levels. However, after adjusting for other predictors, this association did not remain statistically significant. Future research should focus on developing a more comprehensive database of antidepressant food lists in Indonesia.

Background: Chlormequat (chlorocholine) is one of the most widely used plant growth regulators. It enhances the strength of cereal crops such as wheat and barley. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved the use of chlormequat; however, in recent times, there has been growing concern about its health impacts, including endocrine and reproductive toxicity. Recent studies have highlighted the growing presence of chlormequat in food and biological samples, raising questions about long-term human exposure. Aim: This article highlights the critical need to review the safety issues associated with chlormequat use in food production by assessing its potential health risks and addressing existing regulatory inadequacies. By identifying gaps in current regulations and emphasizing the importance of consumer education, the article advocates for stronger food safety practices and more sustainable farming methods to reduce exposure to chlormequat. Implementing these solutions will not only mitigate potential health risks but also promote public health and improve overall food safety standards. Methods: Not applicable. Results: Observations have shown a steady and sharp rise in the level of chlormequat detection in both food and human biological samples over these years. Animal studies have confirmed significant disturbance in reproductive and endocrine functions, although studies in humans are scant. Current regulations do not include long-term human safety, though these regulations do set limits on residues. Furthermore, improper agricultural application increases the risks of overexposure. Conclusion: The result shows the implication of heightened regulatory measures, consumer awareness, and further research into the long-term effects of chlormequat on human health. Some concerns with chemical growth regulators like chlormequat could be minimized by promoting sustainable farming and precision agriculture methods.

Background: Adolescent obesity is a menace that demands a multi-factorial approach to its management and prevention. Aim: The purpose of this review was to assess interventions used in the management of adolescent obesity in developing countries. Methods: Electronic search were conducted between January 2000 and December 2022 on six databases: Pubmed, GoogleScholar, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library and Science Direct and three clinical trial registries: Pan African Clinical Trial, World Health Organization and clinicalTrial.gov. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project. Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies were conducted in Africa (N = 7), Asia (N = 6) and South America (N = 5). The sample size ranged from 10 to 4003 at baseline. The studies were carried out in schools (N = 13) and hospitals (N = 5) with four main varied designs: controlled trial (N = 7), quasi-experimental (N = 3), cohort (N = 3) and longitudinal (N = 4). The duration of the interventions ranged from six weeks to three years. The interventions were nutrition education (NE) and physical education (PE) (N = 11), PE only (N = 3), Surgery/NE (N = 1), Surgery/NE/PE (N = 1) and psychotherapy/NE/PE (N = 2). Three studies that used NE and PE and five studies that used same reported significant differences in body mass index for-age z score (zBMI) and waist circumference, respectively. Studies that included surgeries in the interventions reported significant differences in weight, zBMI and waist-to-hip ratio. Conclusions: Few intervention studies have been done on management of adolescent obesity in developing countries and largely effective. All interventions prioritized nutrition and/or PE. The studies were largely school-based.

BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI), particularly Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), has been suggested as a tool for dietary planning in different diseases.AimThe study aimed to compare the energy, macro and micronutrients of the sample menu components presented by ChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-4 for obesity with the Turkish Dietary Guidelines (TDG)-2022, evaluating their accuracy and clarity in medical nutrition management. Due to higher accuracy levels and the most preferred AI, ChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-4 were selected for comparison.MethodsA comparative content analysis was conducted using ChatGPT-4o, and ChatGPT-4 to generate 1800 kcal daily diet plans for a 20-year-old female with obesity. AI models provided recommendations for dietary management, the nutrition care process, and menu planning. Three dietitians evaluated the outputs. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0.ResultsChatGPT-generated menus were inconsistent with dietary recommendations. Both ChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-4 offered 5-day menu samples with low calorie content of "1800 kcal prompt" compared to the TDG-2022 (P < 0.001 for ChatGPT-4o). Additionally, key nutrients, particularly fats (P = 0.003), carbohydrates (%), potassium, and calcium (P < 0.05 for all) were inadequately compared to the TDG-2022. Nutrient analysis revealed that both models underperformed in meeting recommended intakes for critical micronutrients such as calcium, and had an unbalanced distribution of macronutrients.ConclusionChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-4 have limitations when used to provide accurate dietary management. While AI chatbots offer useful insights, they cannot replace expertise of dietitians in clinical planning; as a result, caution is advised when using these tools in this context.

BackgroundMany Americans look to primary care physicians (PCPs) for education on how to lead healthier lives. Understanding the duration of nutrition education necessary for PCPs to produce a behavioral impact may inform physician appointment recommendations.AimTo assess whether the duration of nutrition education given by PCPs correlates with changes in dietary behavior, or secondarily, health status, among patients without complex chronic disease.MethodsPRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed for this scoping review. Inclusion criteria of our review included: PCPs providing nutrition/dietary education, dietary intervention, adult participants, original research, manuscript published in English, study conducted in the U.S., and published 2011-present. Databases searched: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus. Exclusion criteria included: patients experiencing complex chronic health conditions. Data extracted included: study design, description of PCP dietary intervention, length of nutrition education, and general directions of health/behavioral outcomes.ResultsThree reviewed papers studying behavioral interventions that included PCP nutrition education yielded a positive impact on patient outcomes such as dietary behavior and/or weight loss, though only two of the three studies yielded results that achieved statistical significance.ConclusionThere appears to be an important role for nutrition education in the primary care setting. However, our review exposed great need for further research on the specific association between duration of nutrition counseling and resulting changes in dietary and health outcomes.

Background/Aims: Fathers are increasingly recognized as a source of breastfeeding support. This online cross-sectional study examined the relationship between fathers' feeding attitudes and breastfeeding outcomes (initiation, duration, exclusivity) and factors influencing breastfeeding. Methods: Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and infant feeding methods were self-reported. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) assessed the feeding attitudes of 509 fathers in the USA (34.4 ± 5.2 years). Significance was determined using chi-square tests and analysis of variance (p < .05). Results: The IIFAS categorized participants into feeding attitude groups (positive to formula feeding (PFF), n = 142; neutral feeding (NF), n = 270; positive to breastfeeding (PBF), n = 97). The mean IIFAS score (55.7 ± 16.0) suggested fathers have a neutral attitude toward breastfeeding. The PBF group reported a longer duration of breastfeeding (17.1 ± 7.1 months) compared to the PFF (6.1 ± 3.0 months) or NF (12.7 ± 7.3 months) groups (p < .001). The PFF group reported that their child initiated complementary liquids earlier (18.0 ± 5.8 weeks) compared to the NF or PBF groups (NF = 21.5 ± 13.8; PBF = 24.5 ± 9.2 weeks; p < .001). Initiation of complementary solids was statistically different between the PFF group (21.3 ± 5.4 weeks) and the NF and PBF groups (NF = 26.4 ± 12.0; PBF = 26.4 ± 6.1 weeks; p < .001). Breastfeeding initiation was associated with the feeding attitude group (p < .001). Among those that reported their partner initiated breastfeeding, the feeding source (breastmilk, breastmilk + formula) was associated with the feeding attitude group (p < .001). Reasons for not breastfeeding exclusively or breastfeeding cessation were related to concerns about maternal/child health, convenience, and processes associated with breastfeeding. Conclusions: Fathers' feeding attitudes are related to breastfeeding success. Research should explore education and interventions for fathers to improve breastfeeding rates.

Aim: This study explores the relationship between e-healthy diet literacy and food consumption in individuals receiving nutrition counseling. Methods: Data were collected from 750 participants using a questionnaire covering socio-demographics, anthropometric data, food consumption habits, and the e-Healthy Diet Literacy Questionnaire (e-HDLQ). Results: Results showed that individuals receiving nutrition counseling had significantly higher total e-HDLQ scores and sub-factor scores for "Finding e-Healthy Diet Information (e-HDIF)," "Judging e-Healthy Diet Information (e-HDIJ)," and "Applying e-Healthy Diet Information (e-HDIA)" compared to those not receiving counseling (p < 0.01). Additionally, participants who consumed fresh fruits and vegetables had significantly higher "e-HDIJ" scores compared to non-consumers. Similarly, those who consumed sugar had higher "e-HDIJ" scores than those who avoided sugar (p < 0.01). This suggests that consuming fresh produce and sugar may positively impact the ability to evaluate dietary information. Interestingly, individuals who avoided bread and cereals scored significantly higher in the "e-HDIA" sub-factor than those who consumed these foods (p < 0.01). This indicates that abstaining from bread and grains may enhance the ability to apply dietary knowledge. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings highlight the significant impact of nutrition counseling on digital diet literacy and suggest that dietary habits, such as consuming fresh produce, sugar, or avoiding bread and cereals, play an important role in shaping e-healthy diet literacy. These results offer valuable insights into improving dietary education and behavior in diverse populations.

Meat consumption has been a common food selection for humans for millennia. Meat is rich in amino acids, delivers vast amounts of nutrients and assists in short term health and hypertrophy. However, meat consumption can induce the activation of mTOR and IGF-1, accelerated aging, vascular constriction, atherosclerosis, heart disease, increased risk of diabetes, systemic inflammatory effects, cancers (including colorectal and prostate cancers), advanced glycation end products, impaired immune function / increased susceptibility to infection via downstream advanced glycation end product accumulation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ingestion, increased homocysteine levels among many other pathophysiologies. Research papers showing health benefits of meat consumption versus other papers showing the detriment of meat have led to confusion as many cohorts such as bodybuilding, health and wellness groups, carnivore diet practitioners, online social media longevity groups and more are interested in data that exists across the peer reviewed literature, however, few papers offer a super wide view where meat consumption benefits and pitfalls are taken into account.BackgroundThe need for such a systematic review is high as health enthusiasts incorrectly often quote single data points from papers showing a single benefit from consuming meat. This often leads to a higher consumption of meat. However, not all meat consumption is the same, and not all meat delivers the same benefits or detriments. Therefore, a systematic review of current literature has been performed to extrapolate the data into whether those interested in hypertrophy, short term nutrition and energy, and longevity should consume meat. Aim: The aim of this research is to dispel myths about meat consumption, such as that meat has a one size fits all benefit to all those that consume it regardless of genetics, or that consuming meat-based protein is the same across all meats.MethodsA deep analysis of almost one hundred peer reviewed papers and surveys spanning decades of cohorts having a meat-based diet compared to those consuming a plant based diet has been performed. Further analysis on specific side effects and disease has also been performed.ResultsThe results of our systematic review show clearly that meat is great for hypertrophy, short term nutrition, short term energy requirements, but a very poor choice when it comes to healthy aging and longevity.ConclusionAnimal protein is great for building muscle, short term energy, maintaining high levels of nutrients, but a carnivore diet holds too many adverse long term side effects to be considered a staple for a longevity-based diet. The evidence is very strong, that subjects interested in longevity and aging should shift their protein intake away from red and processed meats, and either toward white meats or plant-based sources if longevity is the goal.

Study purposethis study aims to investigate the extent to which ChatGPT enhances medical educators' pedagogical practices, fosters reflective teaching, and contributes to their ongoing learning and growth.Methodsthis cross-sectional survey study assessed ChatGPT's efficacy in contributing to professional development among medical educators. Utilizing purposive and convenience sampling, a questionnaire was administered to 309 medical educators. Statistical analyses, including t-tests and ANOVA, were conducted to evaluate perceptions of ChatGPT's effectiveness, considering demographic factors and impairment types.Resultsresource recommendations received the highest mean score (4.08), while continuing education had the lowest (3.62). T-tests showed no significant gender differences (p > .05), while ANOVA indicated significant variances across job roles (p < .0001) and age groups (p < .0001). Lecturers consistently rated ChatGPT's support highest, followed by assistant professors and associate professors, with professors providing lower ratings.ConclusionChatGPT's efficacy in providing personalized feedback, resource recommendations, pedagogical guidance, and other forms of support. However, addressing challenges such as ethical considerations and ensuring accuracy remains imperative for its effective integration into educational contexts.