Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences最新文献

{"title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis among patients with urinary tract infection at aminu kano teaching hospital","authors":"A. Kumurya, A. Idris, Maryam Ali","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_16_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_16_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has become a serious issue for nosocomial infection control worldwide. The increase in antibiotic resistance among enterococci, specifically to vancomycin, has become a major clinical and epidemiological problem. Aim: The study aimed at the identification, phenotypic characterization of Enterococcus faecalis, and susceptibility pattern of vancomycin on E. faecalis associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) on patients admitted to the female medical ward and postnatal ward of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 114 urine samples were aseptically collected from patients suspected with UTI and cultured on blood agar and cystine–lactose–electrolyte-deficient agar and incubated under anaerobic and aerobic environment, respectively, at 37°C for 24 h. Bacterial growth was subjected to standard methods for the identification of E. faecalis and tested for their antibiotic susceptibility patterns on vancomycin (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (10 μg), streptomycin (10 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), tetracycline (10 μg), and co-trimoxazole (25 μg) (Oxoid, UK) using disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of vancomycin were determined. ATCC E. faecalis 29,212 was used as control organism for every test run. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 8 (7.0%) E. faecalis were isolated from 114 samples studied. The prevalence of 50.0% and 25.0% VRE was obtained by disk diffusion and broth dilution methods, respectively. The result of antibiotics susceptibility pattern revealed that 6 (75.0%) of the E. faecalis isolates show multiple resistance to tetracycline (30 μg), co-trimoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), and streptomycin (10 μg), but more sensitive to ciprofloxacin (5 μg) and chloramphenicol (30 μg). The MIC result revealed that vancomycin has high effect at lower concentration of 4 and 2 μg/ml and loses its effect at increase concentration of 8, 16, 32, and 64 μg/ml, and the result obtained from the MBC of vancomycin revealed that it has only a bacteriostatic effect against E. faecalis. Conclusion: Therefore, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol are the best therapeutic options to treat infection with VRE in Kano, and treatment with the resistant drugs obtained may affect feature treatment and management of infection with these drugs.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"71 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82167697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity as preventive therapy for older adults: A narrative review","authors":"C. Okechukwu, A. Deb, S. Emara, S. Abbas","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_22_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_22_19","url":null,"abstract":"Sedentary behavior is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular mortality; hence there is a need to promote physical activity (PA) among adults aged 60–86 years. The aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the role of PA in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases among older adults. Relevant studies (original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses) that reported on the effects of PA in older adults from 1998 to 2019 were selected. The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Embase, Medline, Sports Discus, Web of Science, and Cochrane database. Physical exercise at different intensities was shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of overweight, functional decline, and mood disorders in older adults. Moderate-to-high intensity endurance exercise can be effective in the prevention of diabetes type 2, hypertension, and cancer in older adults. Resistance training at different intensities was shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity in the elderly. Mobility and balance training were effective in preventing falls in older individuals. Combined exercise training regimen comprising moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic and resistance exercise is beneficial in the prevention of disability, osteoporosis, hypertension, and falls among older adults. Moreover, combined exercise training improves immune function and antioxidant capacity in older adults. Based on the studies reviewed, PA was found to be an effective tool for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases among older adults.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"56 1","pages":"82 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89826686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation and validation of the roland–morris disability questionnaire in hausa-speaking patients with low back pain","authors":"M. Danazumi, S. Ibrahim, R. Ahmad, A. Yakasai","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_24_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_24_19","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Measuring outcomes in the health-care system has been very well understood among health-care specialists for the past few decades and has been widely acknowledged by various authors. Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is one of the most commonly used measures of disability in patients with low back pain (LBP) and has been translated and validated into many different languages around the world. However, Hausa version of the questionnaire is yet to be established. This study developed and assessed the validity of RMDQ in Hausa-speaking patients with LBP. Materials and Methods: Eligible participants (n = 375; age = 37.5; standard deviation = 7.48) with either acute or chronic LBP completed both the original version of the RMDQ (RMDQ-O) and the Hausa version of the RMDQ (RMDQ-H). In addition, other outcome measures including the Oswestry Disability Index and the Berg Balance Scale were also completed by the participants to enable equivalence of data. Pearson's product-moment correlation was used to establish the validity of the RMDQ-H. Results: The result of this study revealed that the concurrent validity of the RMDQ-H produced a significant value of 0.786 (n = 375; P= 0.001). The convergent validity and the divergent validity of the RMDQ-H were 0.692 (n = 375; P= 0.001) and 0.013 (n = 375; P= 0.671), respectively. Conclusion: The developed RMDQ-H is a valid outcome measure of disability among Hausa-speaking patients with LBP.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"37 1","pages":"76 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81440753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of leisure-time physical activity constraints on physical activity participation of working-class individuals: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Mannir Kassim, M. Danazumi, A. Yakasai, Abdulwahab Lawan, U. Zakari","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_29_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_29_19","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Constraints to leisure-time physical activity (PA) have been studied by many researchers all over the world. However, these studies were based on prevalence and were not able to determine the impact of these constraints among working-class individuals. The current study was conducted to determine the impact and influence of leisure-time PA constraints (LTPACs) on PA participation of working-class individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 401 participants was conducted. PA levels were measured using the International PA Questionnaire. LTPACs were measured using the Leisure Constraints Questionnaire. Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the constraint variables on PA. Results: The results indicated that 34.4% of the participants were sufficiently active and 65.6% of the participants were not physically active. The predictor constraints explained 68.1% of the variability in PA (Nagelkerke R2=0.681). The most significant predictors were lack of friends (odds ratio [OR] =8.360, confidence interval [CI] =6.671–10.468), lack of time due to work (OR = 8.313, CI = 6.633–10.419), lack of interest (OR = 2.190, CI = 1.161–4.121), lack of knowledge (OR = 1.360, CI = 1.049–1.764), and inadequate facilities (OR = 1.181, CI = 1.083–1.276). Conclusion: LTPACs were reported to be endemic among working-class individuals. These constraints need to be highly considered when health-care policies are being developed to ensure good health and longevity of workers.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"63 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77100077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of core stability and treadmill walk exercises on the functional status of postlumbar - Surgical patients with low back pain: A pilot study","authors":"F. Sumaila, G. Sokunbi","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_9_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_9_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders for which patients consult medical care. It is also the most important cause of disability and absenteeism with increasing prevalence leading to a major socioeconomic impact on society. These facts highlight the importance of finding effective and validated treatments for this disabling condition. Stabilization Exercises and Treadmill Walk Exercise are widely reported to be effective in the management of LBP. However, their effects on Post -Surgical LBP have not been widely reported. Materials and Methods: The study was a pre test- post test quasi-experimental research design undertaken as a pilot study prior to a large randomized controlled trial. Eleven (11) Participants met the study criteria and therefore participated in the study via consecutive sampling, they received Core stability exercises and Treadmill walk exercises (Bruce protocol) three times in a week for a period of six 6 weeks. Assessment of Pain intensity, Functional Disability, Quality of Life and Fear avoidance belief was carried out. Data obtained was summarized using descriptive statistics and analysed using t-test and Wilcoxon sign rank test. Results: Mean age (years) was 51.91 ± 12.44 and mean body mass index (kg/m2) was 23.56 ± 2.52. A statistically significant decrease in pain and functional disability was found among the participants (P < 0.05) with a large effect size. Significant improvement was found in the quality of life and fear avoidance (P < 0.05) with large effect size. Conclusion: It is concluded that Core stability exercises and Treadmill walk training are effective in the reduction of pain and improvement of functional ability, quality of life and fear avoidance of individuals with Post-surgical LBP.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"1115 1","pages":"23 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76773153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of exercise in the treatment of gambling disorder","authors":"C. Okechukwu","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_11_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_11_19","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling disorder(GD)is a behavioral addiction recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5th version and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases 10th version (ICD-10). GD according to the ICD-10 is characterized by maladaptive and recurrent pattern of gambling behavior that persists despite the negative consequences for the individual and his family. GD is a rising global health issue, and its consequences are family problems, substance abuse, suicide ideation, suicide attempts, suicide, and criminal behaviors such as theft and drug trafficking to raise money for gambling activities. Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, obsessions, and personality disorders are comorbid with GD. Papers were searched using key terms indicating addiction, exercise, physical activity, and GD on PubMed, Science Direct, Psych INFO, Medline, and Google Scholar database. Exercise is effective in the prevention and treatment of depression in addition to psychotherapy and antidepressant drug therapies. Pathological gamblers who are not physically active are expected to have poor cardiovascular and mental health, lack of physical fitness, and low quality of life compared to healthy controls who exercise regularly. There is a need to include a standard exercise program in support of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment of GD because of the benefits of regular exercise in the improvement of cardiovascular and mental health, lifestyle modification, and in the primary and secondary prevention of chronic diseases. Exercise was found to be effective as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of GD and co-occurring psychiatric disorders.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"50 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87959459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with the dietary habits and nutritional status of undergraduate students in a private university in Southern Nigeria","authors":"K. Omage, V. Omuemu","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study was conducted to determine the factors associated with the dietary habits and nutritional status of undergraduate students in Igbinedion University, Okada. Methodology: A total of 800 undergraduate students who participated in the study were selected using a multistage sampling method. The study applied a cross-sectional, descriptive study design, and data were collected using a pretested, structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package (version 22.0), and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 23.5 ± 2.4 years, with the highest proportion of 41.0% within the 19–21 years age group. The proportion of respondents who snacked was significantly higher among those who had an average monthly allowance of ≥₦11,000 (440). A higher proportion of those who had one sibling (30.8%) and three siblings (62.7%) had a medium dietary diversity and high Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), respectively. The difference in DDS observed with increasing average monthly allowance was statistically significant. Over three-quarters of the fathers of the respondents (85.0%) and two-thirds of the respondents' mothers (74.5%) had tertiary level of education. All married respondents (100.0%) ate 3 main meals per day and a significantly higher proportion of single respondents (55.3%) ate <3 main meals per day. The proportion of overweight respondents was higher among those who were ≥28 years old 8 (22.2%) and 100 (83.3%) of those in the 16–18 years age group had a normal body mass index. Conclusion: The factors, which affect the dietary habits and nutritional status of undergraduate students of Igbinedion University, Okada, include age, sex, number of siblings, marital status, monthly allowance, and level of education of parents.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"7 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87287819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic determination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria","authors":"A. Idris, A. Kumurya, Y. Mohammed, Huda Mustapha","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_20_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_20_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Phenotypic detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has been problematic ever since its discovery in the early 1960s. The emergence of low-level resistant MRSA clones acquired in the community has only added to these difficulties. In 2005, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) published zone diameter (10), breakpoint guidelines for cefoxitin. However, a number of technical issues remain regarding the use of cefoxitin as a predictor for methicillin resistance. Materials and Methods: In these studies, 252 nonduplicate samples of staphylococcal isolates were collected from various clinical samples obtained from patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. The isolates were subcultured and identified using standard bacteriological procedure according to CLSI (13). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using a modified form of the Kirby–Bauer method. Methicillin resistance was screened using disk-diffusion method with cefoxitin 30 μg and oxacillin 1 μg. Results: High percentage of the isolates were recovered from patients of age groups of 1–9 years and <1 year with 45.2% and 23.4%, respectively. About 77% isolates were obtained from blood culture followed by wound (11.5%) and ear swab (6.7%). MRSA prevalence of 20.6% and 25.8% was obtained in this study using cefoxitin (30 μg) and oxacillin (1 μg), respectively. High prevalence of MRSA was obtained from people of the old age group which may be due to used and misused of antibiotics. From the 252 isolates obtained in this study, 84.1%, 77.4%, and 77.0% were found to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and clindamycin, respectively. The least susceptible was found 49.2%, 52.0%, and 62.7% in erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, and tetracycline, respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed that routine phenotypic screening of MRSA gives a better result when both oxacillin and cefoxitin were used, especially in resource-limited areas where molecular analysis is not available.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81912427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of core stability exercises in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: A review of randomized controlled trials","authors":"F. Gujba, Nicky Lambon, S. Ganiyu, M. Masta, Muhammad Usman","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_17_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_17_18","url":null,"abstract":"Individual studies have shown that core stability exercise (CSE) program is effective at improving pain and function in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (LBP) and the use of this intervention has become increasingly popular. However, there is still a further need for systematic review to infer the precise efficacy of CSEs for chronic nonspecific LBP (CNLBP). The aim of this study was to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of CSEs in patients with CNLBP. A systematic review of RCTs was done using published articles. Recognized databases such as CINAHL, AMED, MEDLINE, PEDro, and The Cochrane Library were used to search for RCTs published between 2010 and 2015 in which pain and disability were evaluated as outcomes. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Six studies met the criteria for this review. The included studies randomised participants into two different exercise groups. All studies had PEDro scores of >5/10. Five out of the six studies showed benefits of CSEs over other intervention or control for pain and disability while the other study shows both CSEs and traditional trunk exercises to be effective. The result of this review supports the effectiveness of CSEs at improving pain and disability in patients with CNLBP. Further studies with robust methodology are warranted to assess the longterm effects of this intervention in patients with CNLBP.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"55 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78224921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal consumption of sucrose during lactation may program metabolic dysfunction in young offspring","authors":"Nkiru A. Katchy, P. Okeke, E. Iyare","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_2_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_2_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is well established that the consumption of sugars by both young and old, males and females, has tremendously increased over the past decades. This increased consumption is without prejudice to the physiological state of the body. There is evidence to suggest a correlation between the excessive consumption of these sugars and their adverse metabolic effects. Aim: The aim of this study was carried out to investigate the effect of maternal consumption of sucrose during lactation on some metabolic indices in young offspring of the rat. Methods: Fourteen female albino Wistar rats weighing were used for this study and were randomly assigned into two groups (sucrose group and control group) at delivery. Water and 30% (w/v) sucrose solutions from plastic bottles were made with tap water and administered during lactation until weaning. At postnatal day 42, offspring of sucrose-fed rats showed a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight and food intake when compared with control. The female offspring showed a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in liver weight index, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and insulin values (P < 0.05) when compared with control. The male offspring showed a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in the oral glucose tolerance test, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein values and a significant decrease in pancreatic weight, HDL, and insulin concentration when compared with control. Conclusion: This study suggests that maternal consumption of sucrose during lactation may contribute to the onset of metabolic dysfunction in the young adult offspring.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"17 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74640752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}