Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njecp.njecp_12_19
C. Okechukwu
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which results to cognitive dysfunction and memory decline. Maternal undernutrition during fetal development alters epigenomic programming, and this might result to SCZ in offspring later in life because of the disruption of fetal brain development and synaptogenesis. Maternal stress, exposure to teratogens and neurotoxic agent, hypoxia, and viral infection alters fetal neurodevelopmental mechanisms because of an increase in inflammatory proteins. Interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor released due to stress and infection increase the risk of offspring developing SCZ later in life. Having infections linked to Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydia, and some pathogens seropositivity during pregnancy or the period preceding childbirth are high-risk factors for offspring to develop SCZ later in life. This review was conducted by extracting papers using key terms indicating Schizophrenia, fetal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders, maternal undernutrition, maternal immune activation, and genome-wide studies through PubMed, Science Direct, PsychINFO, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Maternal Stress was found to induce hypermethylation resulting to poor expression of reelin, which causes a reduction in GABAergic neurons in animal models. In vivo animal experimentation indicated that poor maternal care, unfavorable environmental factors, and conditions produce aberrant deoxyribonucleic acid methylation patterns at various gene loci in the medial prefrontal cortex of the brain, thus altering and modifying the network of genes involved in mental activities. However, the epigenomic mechanisms behind the fetal programming of SCZ have not been fully understood; more facts could be unraveled in the future.
精神分裂症(SCZ)是一种神经发育障碍，导致认知功能障碍和记忆力下降。胎儿发育期间的母亲营养不良会改变表观基因组编程，这可能会导致后代在以后的生活中患上SCZ，因为胎儿大脑发育和突触发生受到破坏。由于炎症蛋白的增加，产妇压力、暴露于致畸物和神经毒性物质、缺氧和病毒感染改变了胎儿的神经发育机制。由于压力和感染而释放的白细胞介素8和肿瘤坏死因子增加了后代在以后的生活中患SCZ的风险。怀孕期间或分娩前感染弓形虫、衣原体和一些病原体的血清阳性是后代在以后的生活中患SCZ的高危因素。本综述通过PubMed、Science Direct、PsychINFO、Medline、Web of Science和谷歌Scholar等网站，提取了涉及精神分裂症、胎儿神经发育障碍、母体营养不良、母体免疫激活和全基因组研究的关键术语的论文。研究发现，在动物模型中，母体应激可诱导高甲基化，导致reelin表达不良，从而导致gaba能神经元减少。体内动物实验表明，不良的母性护理、不利的环境因素和条件会导致大脑内侧前额叶皮层多个基因位点的脱氧核糖核酸甲基化模式发生异常，从而改变和修饰参与心理活动的基因网络。然而，SCZ胎儿编程背后的表观基因组机制尚未完全了解;未来可能会揭露更多的事实。
{"title":"Prenatal exposure and fetal programming of schizophrenia","authors":"C. Okechukwu","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_12_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_12_19","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which results to cognitive dysfunction and memory decline. Maternal undernutrition during fetal development alters epigenomic programming, and this might result to SCZ in offspring later in life because of the disruption of fetal brain development and synaptogenesis. Maternal stress, exposure to teratogens and neurotoxic agent, hypoxia, and viral infection alters fetal neurodevelopmental mechanisms because of an increase in inflammatory proteins. Interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor released due to stress and infection increase the risk of offspring developing SCZ later in life. Having infections linked to Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydia, and some pathogens seropositivity during pregnancy or the period preceding childbirth are high-risk factors for offspring to develop SCZ later in life. This review was conducted by extracting papers using key terms indicating Schizophrenia, fetal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders, maternal undernutrition, maternal immune activation, and genome-wide studies through PubMed, Science Direct, PsychINFO, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Maternal Stress was found to induce hypermethylation resulting to poor expression of reelin, which causes a reduction in GABAergic neurons in animal models. In vivo animal experimentation indicated that poor maternal care, unfavorable environmental factors, and conditions produce aberrant deoxyribonucleic acid methylation patterns at various gene loci in the medial prefrontal cortex of the brain, thus altering and modifying the network of genes involved in mental activities. However, the epigenomic mechanisms behind the fetal programming of SCZ have not been fully understood; more facts could be unraveled in the future.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"41 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79026207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njecp.njecp_21_19
Dayo Omotoso, G. Eze
Background: Hepatic tissue is susceptible to toxicity induced by hepatotoxins, leading to lesions, necrosis, fibrosis, tumor, or carcinoma. However, it is self-regenerating which can actively proliferate to recover lost segments. During tissue proliferation, molecular markers such as Ki-67 and p53 proteins usually play opposing roles. In this study, we aimed at assessing the antiproliferative potential of methanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides Linn using the expression of these markers of proliferation in hepatic tissues of adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty animals used for this study were divided equally into four groups (1–4) as follows: Group 1 represented control, whereas Groups 2–4 were, respectively, treated with extracts at dosage of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg (body weight) orally for 28 days. Afterward, the animals were sacrificed; their hepatic tissues were harvested, were processed into tissue sections, were histologically stained using hematoxylin and eosin technique, and were immunostained for Ki-67 and p53 proteins using horseradish peroxidase-3, 3-Diaminobenzidine technique (with monoclonal anti-Ki67 and anti-p53 antibodies). Stained sections were examined and quantified using Image-J software. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS (version 20) and compared using t- test. Results: The tissue histology showed densely packed hepatocytes in treated groups. The immunostaining revealed statistically significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of the Ki-67 expression only among the treated Group 4 animals, whereas the p53 protein expression was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in all the treated groups. Conclusions: The findings of this study implied that only higher dose of extracts could trigger increase in the rate of hepatic cell proliferation even the inhibitory signal of proliferation becomes activated. Hence, the exposure of methanolic leaf extracts of A. conyzoides L. may cause dose-dependent antiproliferative activity.
{"title":"Antiproliferative potential of methanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides linnaeus via downregulation of ki-67 and upregulation of p53 protein expression in hepatic tissue of rats","authors":"Dayo Omotoso, G. Eze","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_21_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_21_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatic tissue is susceptible to toxicity induced by hepatotoxins, leading to lesions, necrosis, fibrosis, tumor, or carcinoma. However, it is self-regenerating which can actively proliferate to recover lost segments. During tissue proliferation, molecular markers such as Ki-67 and p53 proteins usually play opposing roles. In this study, we aimed at assessing the antiproliferative potential of methanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides Linn using the expression of these markers of proliferation in hepatic tissues of adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty animals used for this study were divided equally into four groups (1–4) as follows: Group 1 represented control, whereas Groups 2–4 were, respectively, treated with extracts at dosage of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg (body weight) orally for 28 days. Afterward, the animals were sacrificed; their hepatic tissues were harvested, were processed into tissue sections, were histologically stained using hematoxylin and eosin technique, and were immunostained for Ki-67 and p53 proteins using horseradish peroxidase-3, 3-Diaminobenzidine technique (with monoclonal anti-Ki67 and anti-p53 antibodies). Stained sections were examined and quantified using Image-J software. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS (version 20) and compared using t- test. Results: The tissue histology showed densely packed hepatocytes in treated groups. The immunostaining revealed statistically significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of the Ki-67 expression only among the treated Group 4 animals, whereas the p53 protein expression was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in all the treated groups. Conclusions: The findings of this study implied that only higher dose of extracts could trigger increase in the rate of hepatic cell proliferation even the inhibitory signal of proliferation becomes activated. Hence, the exposure of methanolic leaf extracts of A. conyzoides L. may cause dose-dependent antiproliferative activity.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"00 1","pages":"35 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78982733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njecp.njecp_20_19
O. Yama, Ibukun Adeyemo, T. Kusemiju, O. Dosumu, S. Gbotolorun, O. Avidime, T. Danboyi
Background: The unending attempt targeted at having a particular sex has led to unplanned increase in family sizes, especially in the developing world. Most published studies on sex selection did not consider the effects of maternal variables. Objective: The main objective of the study is to investigate the effects of maternal variables: age, date of the last menstrual period (LMP), blood group, and genotype on the sex of a baby. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-seven case files of women who attended the Antenatal and Postnatal Clinics at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, between 2013 and 2015 were randomly selected. They comprised women between the ages of 18 and 40 years. Data extracted were maternal age, LMP, blood groups, and genotypes of mothers and sexes of their babies. Results: The percentages of boy (38.4%) to girl (9%) child born to mothers with LMP occurring in 1st week (day 1–7) of the month were significant (P < 0.05) compared to 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week, with male-to-female percentages of 12.3%–25.9%, 15.1%–24.1%, and 34.3%–33.3% (P > 0.05), respectively. There was no association between genotype and blood groups of the mothers and the sex of the baby (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed correlations between the sex of the infants and the week of the month of LMP supporting maternal involvement in sex determination.
{"title":"Preconception sex determination: Maternal demographic variables as a predictive “tool”","authors":"O. Yama, Ibukun Adeyemo, T. Kusemiju, O. Dosumu, S. Gbotolorun, O. Avidime, T. Danboyi","doi":"10.4103/njecp.njecp_20_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_20_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The unending attempt targeted at having a particular sex has led to unplanned increase in family sizes, especially in the developing world. Most published studies on sex selection did not consider the effects of maternal variables. Objective: The main objective of the study is to investigate the effects of maternal variables: age, date of the last menstrual period (LMP), blood group, and genotype on the sex of a baby. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-seven case files of women who attended the Antenatal and Postnatal Clinics at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, between 2013 and 2015 were randomly selected. They comprised women between the ages of 18 and 40 years. Data extracted were maternal age, LMP, blood groups, and genotypes of mothers and sexes of their babies. Results: The percentages of boy (38.4%) to girl (9%) child born to mothers with LMP occurring in 1st week (day 1–7) of the month were significant (P < 0.05) compared to 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week, with male-to-female percentages of 12.3%–25.9%, 15.1%–24.1%, and 34.3%–33.3% (P > 0.05), respectively. There was no association between genotype and blood groups of the mothers and the sex of the baby (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed correlations between the sex of the infants and the week of the month of LMP supporting maternal involvement in sex determination.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"30 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91337969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_19_18
F. Iyare, C. Uneke
Background: Adolescent primigravidae have increased risk of pregnancy associated complications and this is compounded by placental malaria in endemic areas. Placental weight is an acceptable marker of placental functional capacity and it correlates closely with birth weight which is recognized as an indicator of intrauterine growth. Methods: The study was done on primigravidae with uncomplicated singleton term pregnancy who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Malaria parasites were tested for by microscopy of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films on the matched pairs of mother and placental blood samples. Results: The total number of participants was 106 with mean age of 26 ± 0.553 years. Heavy weight placenta defined as placenta weight >750 g, accounted for 6.6% of which 42.8% had malaria. The mean placental weight, birth weight, and placenta weight ratio were 580.5 g, 2.87 kg and 0.207 respectively. Placental malaria accounted for 25% of the low birth weight. Conclusion: The maternal age at first pregnancy and delivery has significant impact on the placental weight ratio even more so among the adolescent primigravidae. Malaria induces placental hypertrophy with high placental ratio and reduced availability of nutrients to the growing foetus.
{"title":"Effect of placental malaria on placental and neonatal birthweight of primigravidae in Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"F. Iyare, C. Uneke","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_19_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_19_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adolescent primigravidae have increased risk of pregnancy associated complications and this is compounded by placental malaria in endemic areas. Placental weight is an acceptable marker of placental functional capacity and it correlates closely with birth weight which is recognized as an indicator of intrauterine growth. Methods: The study was done on primigravidae with uncomplicated singleton term pregnancy who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Malaria parasites were tested for by microscopy of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films on the matched pairs of mother and placental blood samples. Results: The total number of participants was 106 with mean age of 26 ± 0.553 years. Heavy weight placenta defined as placenta weight >750 g, accounted for 6.6% of which 42.8% had malaria. The mean placental weight, birth weight, and placenta weight ratio were 580.5 g, 2.87 kg and 0.207 respectively. Placental malaria accounted for 25% of the low birth weight. Conclusion: The maternal age at first pregnancy and delivery has significant impact on the placental weight ratio even more so among the adolescent primigravidae. Malaria induces placental hypertrophy with high placental ratio and reduced availability of nutrients to the growing foetus.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"119 1","pages":"59 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88440332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_18_18
C. Okechukwu
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mobile phone radiation and exercise on testicular function in male Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats weighing 150–198 g were used for this experiment. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 5). The first group was the control group, the second group was exposed to mobile phone radiation for 6 h daily, the third group was subjected to swimming >three times a week and >30 min each session or >90 min a week, and the fourth group containing five rats was exposed to mobile phone radiation for 6 h daily and was subjected to swimming for >three times a week and >30 min each session or >90 min a week. This experiment lasted for 30 days. A Nokia 1280 cell phone was used to emit electromagnetic waves, and the cages of Groups 2 and 4 were surrounded by aluminum foils to focus and limit the waves to the interior of the cages, with the phone being placed 0.5 cm under the cage. A radiofrequency radiometer was kept close to the cages to detect the cell phone radiation. Results: Short-term exposure of male Wistar rats to mobile phone radiation (6 h/day × 30 days at 1.6 W/kg specific absorption rate) led to a statistically insignificant (P > 0.05) decrease in the serum testosterone levels and testicular weight, whereas exercise (> three times a week and >30 min each session or > 90 min a week) in male Wistar rats led to statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increase in the testosterone levels and testicular weight. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that short-term exposure of mobile phone radiation leads to a statistically nonsignificant decrease in serum testosterone levels and testicular weight, whereas regular exercise leads to a statistically nonsignificant increase in the testosterone levels and testicular weight.
{"title":"Effects of mobile phone radiation and exercise on testicular function in male Wistar rats","authors":"C. Okechukwu","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_18_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_18_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mobile phone radiation and exercise on testicular function in male Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats weighing 150–198 g were used for this experiment. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 5). The first group was the control group, the second group was exposed to mobile phone radiation for 6 h daily, the third group was subjected to swimming >three times a week and >30 min each session or >90 min a week, and the fourth group containing five rats was exposed to mobile phone radiation for 6 h daily and was subjected to swimming for >three times a week and >30 min each session or >90 min a week. This experiment lasted for 30 days. A Nokia 1280 cell phone was used to emit electromagnetic waves, and the cages of Groups 2 and 4 were surrounded by aluminum foils to focus and limit the waves to the interior of the cages, with the phone being placed 0.5 cm under the cage. A radiofrequency radiometer was kept close to the cages to detect the cell phone radiation. Results: Short-term exposure of male Wistar rats to mobile phone radiation (6 h/day × 30 days at 1.6 W/kg specific absorption rate) led to a statistically insignificant (P > 0.05) decrease in the serum testosterone levels and testicular weight, whereas exercise (> three times a week and >30 min each session or > 90 min a week) in male Wistar rats led to statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increase in the testosterone levels and testicular weight. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that short-term exposure of mobile phone radiation leads to a statistically nonsignificant decrease in serum testosterone levels and testicular weight, whereas regular exercise leads to a statistically nonsignificant increase in the testosterone levels and testicular weight.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"51 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86544808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_15_18
Iyare O. Cordilia, ObimmaN Jacinta, AmeduO Juliet, Iyare E. Eghosa, U. Inegbenebor
Background: Maternal obesity has been found to be associated with increased risk of macrosomia and other birth defects in new born. The aim of the study was to determine the role of body mass index on birth weight. Methods: Antenatal and labour records of 200 women were randomly selected and reviewed. Data including maternal height and weight, last menstrual period, gestational age at booking, parity, highest and lowest maternal blood pressure, sex and weight of their babies were collected. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and other variables collected were compared with the corresponding birth weight of the offspring. Data was analysed by cross tabulation and percentages. Result: The result showed that irrespective of BMI, 90% of the women had normal birth weight babies (2.5-3.5 kg). Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that maternal BMI alone is not an effective marker for the evaluation of birth weight of offspring.
{"title":"Maternal body mass index and its implication on birth weight: A retrospective study","authors":"Iyare O. Cordilia, ObimmaN Jacinta, AmeduO Juliet, Iyare E. Eghosa, U. Inegbenebor","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_15_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_15_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Maternal obesity has been found to be associated with increased risk of macrosomia and other birth defects in new born. The aim of the study was to determine the role of body mass index on birth weight. Methods: Antenatal and labour records of 200 women were randomly selected and reviewed. Data including maternal height and weight, last menstrual period, gestational age at booking, parity, highest and lowest maternal blood pressure, sex and weight of their babies were collected. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and other variables collected were compared with the corresponding birth weight of the offspring. Data was analysed by cross tabulation and percentages. Result: The result showed that irrespective of BMI, 90% of the women had normal birth weight babies (2.5-3.5 kg). Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that maternal BMI alone is not an effective marker for the evaluation of birth weight of offspring.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"37 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79720242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_16_18
G. Sokunbi, F. Gujba, B. Bello, M. Abdullahi, O. Olowe
Background: Despite being identified as a serious health concern, effective means of managing chronic LBP with SIJ disorders based on sound evidence still remains controversial. Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of combined treatment (acupuncture, manipulative therapy, AMG) with manipulative therapy (MTG) and standard physiotherapy (STG) alone based on Flyn et al.'s clinical prediction rule (CPR). Methods: Eighty-one participants with disorders of lower back pain and Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) were randomised into the 3 treatment groups. Outcome measures of pain intensity, functional disability and quality of life were carried out at baseline, after 6 weeks of treatment and at 3-month follow up. Participants were treated according to the treatment in the group to which they are randomised. Results: Participants in the AMG showed grater improvement than the others after six weeks of treatment. Paired t – test showed significant difference (t = 3.142, P = 0.004) in the mean percentage improvement between those who met the CPR (64.39 (13.0)) and those who did not (49.44 (7.89)). In the AMG, 21 (77.8%) participants recorded treatment success while 6 (22.2%) recorded treatment failure. One of the hip having more than 350 of internal rotation showed significant predictive value in association with treatment success (Wald test score = 37.887, P = 0.035 with an odd ratio value of 0.857). Conclusion: A combined treatment consisting of acupuncture, manipulative therapy and exercises will offer greater benefits to patients with lower back pain and SIJ disorders. The presence of at least 35 degrees of internal rotation in one of the hip joint is predictive factor of treatment success with manipulative therapy and acupuncture in patient with lower back and SIJ disorders.
背景:尽管已被确定为严重的健康问题，但基于可靠证据的治疗慢性腰痛伴SIJ疾病的有效方法仍然存在争议。目的:本研究的目的是基于Flyn等人的临床预测规则(CPR)，比较针刺、手法治疗、AMG联合治疗与单独手法治疗(MTG)和标准物理治疗(STG)的疗效。方法:81例腰痛伴骶髂关节紊乱患者随机分为3个治疗组。在基线、治疗6周后和随访3个月后进行疼痛强度、功能残疾和生活质量的结局测量。参与者按照随机分组的治疗方法进行治疗。结果:经过六周的治疗，AMG组的患者表现出比其他组更大的改善。配对t检验显示，满足CPR的患者(64.39(13.0))与未满足CPR的患者(49.44(7.89))的平均改善百分比差异有统计学意义(t = 3.142, P = 0.004)。在AMG中，21名(77.8%)参与者记录治疗成功，6名(22.2%)参与者记录治疗失败。其中一个髋关节内旋大于350圈与治疗成功有显著的预测价值(Wald检验评分= 37.887,P = 0.035，奇比值为0.857)。结论:针灸、手法疗法和运动相结合的治疗方法对下背部疼痛和SIJ疾病患者有更大的疗效。对于患有下背部和SIJ疾病的患者，其中一个髋关节存在至少35度的内旋是手法治疗和针灸治疗成功的预测因素。
{"title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture and manipulation in the management of individuals with sacroiliac joint disorders based on clinical prediction rules","authors":"G. Sokunbi, F. Gujba, B. Bello, M. Abdullahi, O. Olowe","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_16_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_16_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite being identified as a serious health concern, effective means of managing chronic LBP with SIJ disorders based on sound evidence still remains controversial. Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of combined treatment (acupuncture, manipulative therapy, AMG) with manipulative therapy (MTG) and standard physiotherapy (STG) alone based on Flyn et al.'s clinical prediction rule (CPR). Methods: Eighty-one participants with disorders of lower back pain and Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) were randomised into the 3 treatment groups. Outcome measures of pain intensity, functional disability and quality of life were carried out at baseline, after 6 weeks of treatment and at 3-month follow up. Participants were treated according to the treatment in the group to which they are randomised. Results: Participants in the AMG showed grater improvement than the others after six weeks of treatment. Paired t – test showed significant difference (t = 3.142, P = 0.004) in the mean percentage improvement between those who met the CPR (64.39 (13.0)) and those who did not (49.44 (7.89)). In the AMG, 21 (77.8%) participants recorded treatment success while 6 (22.2%) recorded treatment failure. One of the hip having more than 350 of internal rotation showed significant predictive value in association with treatment success (Wald test score = 37.887, P = 0.035 with an odd ratio value of 0.857). Conclusion: A combined treatment consisting of acupuncture, manipulative therapy and exercises will offer greater benefits to patients with lower back pain and SIJ disorders. The presence of at least 35 degrees of internal rotation in one of the hip joint is predictive factor of treatment success with manipulative therapy and acupuncture in patient with lower back and SIJ disorders.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"178 1","pages":"42 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85040221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_14_18
P. Nwankpa, C. Ekweogu, F. Emengaha, Patrick Ugwuezumba, O. Chukwuemeka, C. C. Etteh, J. Egwurugwu, S. Ezekwe, D. Izunwanne
Background: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of freeze–thaw and storage time on stability of some specific human hormones. Materials and Methods: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone were carried out immediately after sample collection, after undergoing freeze–thaw at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C, at day 0 and after 7-day storage at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C. A total of 100 healthy participants (50 males and 50 females) were used for the study, and blood serum was used for the analysis. Results: From our results, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between FSH, LH, prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels obtained after freeze–thaw at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C at day 0 when compared with the control for both males and females. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels obtained after freeze–thaw at 7-day storage at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C in both males and females when compared with the control. Conclusion: The results showed that the specific hormones studied were most stable when stored at −70°C for 7 days assuming sample analysis is not carried out shortly after sample collection.
{"title":"Influence of freeze –thaw and storage time on some specific human hormones","authors":"P. Nwankpa, C. Ekweogu, F. Emengaha, Patrick Ugwuezumba, O. Chukwuemeka, C. C. Etteh, J. Egwurugwu, S. Ezekwe, D. Izunwanne","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_14_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_14_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of freeze–thaw and storage time on stability of some specific human hormones. Materials and Methods: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone were carried out immediately after sample collection, after undergoing freeze–thaw at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C, at day 0 and after 7-day storage at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C. A total of 100 healthy participants (50 males and 50 females) were used for the study, and blood serum was used for the analysis. Results: From our results, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between FSH, LH, prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels obtained after freeze–thaw at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C at day 0 when compared with the control for both males and females. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels obtained after freeze–thaw at 7-day storage at −4°C, −20°C, and −70°C in both males and females when compared with the control. Conclusion: The results showed that the specific hormones studied were most stable when stored at −70°C for 7 days assuming sample analysis is not carried out shortly after sample collection.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"33 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86585684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_4_18
M. Alabi, A. Abubakar, Temitope Olowokere, Adeola A Okeyode, Kafayat Mustapha, S. Ayoola
Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of death in women. This research was conducted to obtain the information related to knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) among female teachers in some selected secondary schools in Ogbomosho. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 173 female teachers in some selected secondary schools in Ogbomosho to obtain information on their demographic data, knowledge of BSE, attitude to BSE, and practice of BSE. The teachers were selected randomly in ten public secondary schools in Ogbomosho. Results: Knowledge of BSE among female secondary school teachers studied in this survey revealed that of 173 respondents, 124 (71.7%) have heard of BSE before. While 103 (59.5%) of the respondents perceive to know how to perform BSE, 73 (42.2%) actually perform it. However, only 11 (15.1%) of those who perform BSE have ever felt lump in their breast. After which, they visit hospital for the diagnosis. Conclusion: This study revealed good knowledge (set of experiences, skills, or insight) and awareness (perception of knowledge using of that knowledge) of breast cancer BSE among the respondents. It is, however, necessary to educate female teachers on proper BSE examination and how to effectively educate and inform their female students. If teachers are adequately educated on breast cancer and BSE, they can transfer the knowledge to their female students.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination among female teachers from selected secondary schools in Ogbomosho, Oyo State","authors":"M. Alabi, A. Abubakar, Temitope Olowokere, Adeola A Okeyode, Kafayat Mustapha, S. Ayoola","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_4_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_4_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of death in women. This research was conducted to obtain the information related to knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) among female teachers in some selected secondary schools in Ogbomosho. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 173 female teachers in some selected secondary schools in Ogbomosho to obtain information on their demographic data, knowledge of BSE, attitude to BSE, and practice of BSE. The teachers were selected randomly in ten public secondary schools in Ogbomosho. Results: Knowledge of BSE among female secondary school teachers studied in this survey revealed that of 173 respondents, 124 (71.7%) have heard of BSE before. While 103 (59.5%) of the respondents perceive to know how to perform BSE, 73 (42.2%) actually perform it. However, only 11 (15.1%) of those who perform BSE have ever felt lump in their breast. After which, they visit hospital for the diagnosis. Conclusion: This study revealed good knowledge (set of experiences, skills, or insight) and awareness (perception of knowledge using of that knowledge) of breast cancer BSE among the respondents. It is, however, necessary to educate female teachers on proper BSE examination and how to effectively educate and inform their female students. If teachers are adequately educated on breast cancer and BSE, they can transfer the knowledge to their female students.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"126 1","pages":"8 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78536296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_9_18
C. Ekweogu, J. Egwurugwu, M. Ohamaeme, Patrick Ugwuezumba, P. Nwankpa, B. Azudialu
Background: Micronutrients are important risk factors in the assessment of the nutritional status of the obese. Aim: This study aims to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) with serum calcium and magnesium levels. Materials and Methods: Five hundred adults, aged between 18 and 68 years, resident in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria, participated in this study. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured after 8–12 h fast. BMI was calculated using the participant's height and body weight. The participants were further grouped into four based on BMI as follows: normal, overweight, moderate, and severe obesity. Results: The mean serum calcium levels of participants with overweight, moderate, and severe obesity were 2.62 ± 0.32, 2.76 ± 0.18, and 2.80 ± 0.26, respectively, for males and 2.34 ± 0.13, 2.46 ± 0.12, and 2.50 ± 0.18, respectively, for females as compared to 2.32 ± 0.41 and 2.02 ± 0.11 for males and females with normal BMI, respectively. Furthermore, the mean serum magnesium levels for individuals with overweight, moderate, and severe obesity were 0.95 ± 0.03, 0.90 ± 0.05 and 0.84 ± 0.03, respectively, for males and 0.91 ± 0.01, 0.88 ± 0.01, 0.81 ± 0.02, respectively, for females as compared to 0.98 ± 0.05 and 0.94 ± 0.02 for males and females with normal BMI, respectively. The serum calcium levels of moderately and severely obese individuals were significantly higher than their counterparts with normal BMI (P < 0.05). Conversely, the serum magnesium levels of moderately and severely obese patients were significantly lower than their counterparts with normal BMI (P < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI correlated directly with serum calcium and inversely with serum magnesium levels in obese patients. Micronutrients such as calcium and magnesium should be considered in the management of obesity/overweight.
{"title":"Relationship between body mass index and serum calcium and magnesium in an adult population in Owerri, Nigeria","authors":"C. Ekweogu, J. Egwurugwu, M. Ohamaeme, Patrick Ugwuezumba, P. Nwankpa, B. Azudialu","doi":"10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_9_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJECP.NJECP_9_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Micronutrients are important risk factors in the assessment of the nutritional status of the obese. Aim: This study aims to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) with serum calcium and magnesium levels. Materials and Methods: Five hundred adults, aged between 18 and 68 years, resident in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria, participated in this study. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured after 8–12 h fast. BMI was calculated using the participant's height and body weight. The participants were further grouped into four based on BMI as follows: normal, overweight, moderate, and severe obesity. Results: The mean serum calcium levels of participants with overweight, moderate, and severe obesity were 2.62 ± 0.32, 2.76 ± 0.18, and 2.80 ± 0.26, respectively, for males and 2.34 ± 0.13, 2.46 ± 0.12, and 2.50 ± 0.18, respectively, for females as compared to 2.32 ± 0.41 and 2.02 ± 0.11 for males and females with normal BMI, respectively. Furthermore, the mean serum magnesium levels for individuals with overweight, moderate, and severe obesity were 0.95 ± 0.03, 0.90 ± 0.05 and 0.84 ± 0.03, respectively, for males and 0.91 ± 0.01, 0.88 ± 0.01, 0.81 ± 0.02, respectively, for females as compared to 0.98 ± 0.05 and 0.94 ± 0.02 for males and females with normal BMI, respectively. The serum calcium levels of moderately and severely obese individuals were significantly higher than their counterparts with normal BMI (P < 0.05). Conversely, the serum magnesium levels of moderately and severely obese patients were significantly lower than their counterparts with normal BMI (P < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI correlated directly with serum calcium and inversely with serum magnesium levels in obese patients. Micronutrients such as calcium and magnesium should be considered in the management of obesity/overweight.","PeriodicalId":19420,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences","volume":"36 1","pages":"13 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84014273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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