Nutrition reviews最新文献

The microbiota in humans consists of trillions of microorganisms that are involved in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The gut microbiota (GM) has a prominent impact on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This process is reciprocal, constituting a crosstalk process between the GM and MetS. In this review, GM directly or indirectly inducing MetS via the host-microbial metabolic axis has been systematically reviewed. Additionally, the specifically altered GM in MetS are detailed in this review. Moreover, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as unique gut microbial metabolites, have a remarkable effect on MetS, and the role of SCFAs in MetS-related diseases is highlighted to supplement the gaps in this area. Finally, the existing therapeutics are outlined, and the superiority and shortcomings of different therapeutic approaches are discussed, in hopes that this review can contribute to the development of potential treatment strategies.

Context: Consuming antioxidant-rich foods has been associated with potential benefits in managing chronic diseases by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of Aronia melanocarpa (aronia berry or chokeberry) on human inflammation biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes.

Data sources: A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science, to identify relevant studies investigating the potential effects of aronia on human inflammation biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes between April 2022 and November 2023.

Data extraction: The selection of studies followed the PRISMA guidelines, data screening was conducted by 4 independent reviewers, and data extraction and risk-of-bias assessments were performed by 2 independent reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.

Data analysis: A total of 1986 studies were screened, and 18 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in a systematic review that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of aronia on various health parameters. These studies primarily focused on the effects of aronia on cardiometabolic diseases, performance in sport, and other health parameters.

Conclusions: This study examined the effects of Aronia intervention on human health outcomes using aronia juice, extract, or oven-dried powder for a period of 4 to 13 weeks. The primary health parameters considered were C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The results showed that aronia had a beneficial effect on several inflammatory cytokines, including reductions in CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations, as well as elevated IL-10 levels. Moreover, positive changes have been observed in antioxidant enzyme systems, including; elevated SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activity. The findings of the presented studies provide evidence that Aronia melanocarpa may have beneficial effects on inflammatory markers.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42022325633.

Context: Carrying the apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE ε4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. There is some evidence suggesting that APOE ε4 may modulate the influence of diet on cognitive function.

Objective: This umbrella review of systematic reviews evaluates the existing literature on the effect of dietary interventions on cognitive and brain-imaging outcomes by APOE status.

Data sources: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched using terms appropriate to each area of research, from their respective starting dates of coverage until March 2023.

Data extraction: Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction and performed a quality appraisal using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2.

Data analysis: Six total reviews were included in the final analysis. Four reviews evaluated randomized controlled trials on individuals aged 50-93 years ranging the entire cognitive continuum. One review combined observational studies and clinical trials conducted on both cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired individuals (age range: 50-90), and 1 review included observational studies of both cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired adults (age range: 50-75).

Results: Both observational studies and clinical trials yielded inconclusive results attributed to both practical limitations associated with longitudinal follow-up and issues of methodological quality. Except for the Mediterranean diet, dietary interventions, such as the ketogenic diet, nutraceuticals, and supplements, were generally not effective in older APOE ε4 carriers. This review considers plausible biological mechanisms that might explain why older and cognitively impaired APOE ε4 carriers were less likely to benefit.

Conclusion: This review identifies notable gaps in the literature, such as a shortage of studies conducted in middle-aged and cognitively healthy APOE ε4 carriers assessing the impact of dietary interventions and provides suggestions for novel trial designs.

Context: Diabetes is a global health concern, and diet is a contributing factor to diabetes. Findings regarding the connection between nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine and diabetes risk are inconsistent.

Objective: The aim was to examine the effects of these dietary compounds on diabetes risk.

Data sources: The data were sourced from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science until February 28, 2023. Studies that reported individual-level consumption of these compounds were included. Review articles or ecological studies were excluded.

Data extraction: The number of events and total observations were recorded.

Data analysis: The pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated and displayed in a forest plot. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were predefined. A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to determine the exposure intervals that may increase the risk of disease. Six observational reports that met the inclusion criteria were included, involving 108 615 individuals. Participants in the highest quantile of nitrite intake had a greater risk of diabetes compared with those in the lowest quantile (OR, 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.39; I2 = 74%, P = 0.02). Higher nitrosamine consumption tended to increase diabetes risk (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.76-3.04; I2 = 76%; P = 0.24). The relationship was stronger for type 1 (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.20-2.67; I2 = 58%; P < 0.01) than for type 2 diabetes (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.86-2.37; I2 = 71%; P = 0.17). Additionally, nitrite consumption had a dose-dependent association with both phenotypes. No association was found between diabetes risk and high nitrate intake (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.87-1.18; I2 = 28%; P = 0.87).

Conclusion: Attention should be paid to the consumption of nitrite-containing foods.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023394462 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=394462).

Although St-Jules et al have presented the case for postprandial hyperkalemia with food, including plant foods, there (still) is little to no direct evidence supporting the occurrence of postprandial hyperkalemia, mostly due to a lack of studies performed exclusively using food. Food is different than salts or supplements, and it is likely that a banana behaves differently than potassium salts. A growing body of evidence supports the use of plant foods without causing hyperkalemia in patients with kidney disease. Currently, only 1 study has reported on the postprandial effects of hyperkalemia. In this study, there was a substantial reduction in the instances of postprandial hyperkalemia in participants consuming a diet that included more plant foods and more fiber. At the time of this writing, there is no evidence to support risk or safety of certain foods with regard to postprandial hyperkalemia, and additional research is warranted.

Background: Assessment for vitamin C deficiency (VCD) is rarely undertaken in an acute hospital setting in high-income countries. However, with growing interest in VCD in community settings, there is emerging evidence investigating the prevalence and impact of VCD during hospitalization.

Objectives: In this scoping review, the prevalence of VCD in adult hospitalized patients is explored, patient characteristics are described, and risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with VCD are identified.

Methods: A systematic scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR framework. The Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for interventional, comparative, and case-series studies that met eligibility criteria, including adult hospital inpatients in high-income countries, as defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, that reported VCD prevalence using World Health Organization reference standards. These standards define VCD deficiency as plasma or serum vitamin C level <11.4 µmol/L, wholeblood level <17 µmol/L, or leukocytes <57 nmol/108 cells.

Results: Twenty-three articles were included, representing 22 studies. The cumulative prevalence of VCD was 27.7% (n = 2494; 95% confidence interval [CI], 21.3-34.0). High prevalence of VCD was observed in patients with severe acute illness and poor nutritional status. Scurvy was present in 48% to 62% of patients with VCD assessed in 2 studies (n = 71). Being retired (P = 0.015) and using excessive amounts of alcohol and tobacco (P = 0.0003) were independent risk factors for VCD (n = 184). Age was not conclusively associated with VCD (n = 631). Two studies examined nutrition associations (n = 309); results were inconsistent. Clinical outcomes for VCD included increased risk of frailty (adjusted odds ratio, 4.3; 95%CI, 1.33-13.86; P = 0.015) and cognitive impairment (adjusted odds ratio, 2.93; 95%CI, 1.05-8.19, P = 0.031) (n = 160).

Conclusions: VCD is a nutritional challenge facing the healthcare systems of high-income countries. Research focused on early identification and treatment of patients with VCD is warranted.

Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AJGHX ).

Context: Poor anthropometric data quality affect the prevalence of malnutrition and could harm public policy planning.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to identify different methods to evaluate and clean anthropometric data, and to calculate the frequency of implausible values for weight and height obtained from these methodologies.

Data sources: Studies about anthropometric data quality and/or anthropometric data cleaning were searched for in the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases in October 2020 and updated in January 2023. In addition, references of included studies were searched for the identification of potentially eligible studies.

Data extraction: Paired researchers selected studies, extracted data, and critically appraised the selected publications.

Data analysis: Meta-analysis of the frequency of implausible values and 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated. Heterogeneity (I2) and publication bias were examined by meta-regression and funnel plot, respectively.

Results: In the qualitative synthesis, 123 reports from 104 studies were included, and in the quantitative synthesis, 23 studies of weight and 14 studies of height were included. The study reports were published between 1980 and 2022. The frequency of implausible values for weight was 0.55% (95%CI, 0.29-0.91) and for height was 1.20% (95%CI, 0.44-2.33). Heterogeneity was not affected by the methodological quality score of the studies and publication bias was discarded.

Conclusions: Height had twice the frequency of implausible values compared with weight. Using a set of indicators of quality to evaluate anthropometric data is better than using indicators singly.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020208977.

Context: The safety and efficacy of nutritional management for pressure injuries (PIs) have been the subjects of ongoing interest. Some evidence demonstrated that nutrition is essential for skin and tissue viability, supporting tissue repair for healing the pressure injury.

Objective: This investigation aimed to systematically review clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the nutritional management of PIs and furnish an evidence map to assess research trends and CPG gaps.

Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and guidelines databases, and society websites were searched for CPGs for the nutritional management of PIs. The basic recommendations for the nutritional management of PIs, method quality, and reporting CPGs quality were identified and imported into Excel. Four researchers independently elucidated each CPG's quality via the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument and the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) checklist. All bubble charts were generated using Excel software.

Results: This review included 12 CPGs with a combined 23 recommendations. The nutrition screening and assessment were summarized on the basis of the PI recommendations for 6 major items, 12 items on nutrition management, and 3 on PI education. The assessed CPGs had mixed quality, and the highest score  ± standard deviation based on the clarity of presentation was 83.46 ± 7.62, whereas the lowest mean score based on AGREE II applicability was 53.31 ± 16.90. Field 1 (basic information) in the RIGHT checklist had the greatest reporting rate (68.06%), whereas field 5 (review and quality assurance) had the lowest CPGs quality (41.67%).

Conclusion: This investigation furnishes an evidence map and provides new perspectives on the CPGs for the nutritional management of PIs. However, the CPGs included still need improvement, especially in the applicability and editorial independence domains.

Context: There are contradictory findings about the relationship between various animal protein sources and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Objective: The purpose of our study was to understand better the associations between total protein, animal protein, and animal protein sources and the risk of developing GDM.

Data sources: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science encompassing the literature up until August 2022. A random-effects model was used to combine the data. For estimating the dose-response curves, a one-stage linear mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted.

Data extraction: Data related to the association between animal protein consumption and the risk of GDM in the general population was extracted from prospective cohort studies.

Data analysis: It was determined that 17 prospective cohort studies with a total of 49 120 participants met the eligibility criteria. It was concluded with high certainty of evidence that there was a significant association between dietary animal protein intake and GDM risk (1.94, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.65, n = 6). Moreover, a higher intake of total protein, total meat, and red meat was positively and significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM. The pooled relative risks of GDM were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.94; n = 3) for a 30 g/d increment in processed meat, 1.68 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.24; n = 2) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.67; n = 4) for a 100 g/d increment in total and red meat, and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.33; n = 4) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.52; n = 3) for a 5% increment in total protein and animal protein, respectively. GDM had a positive linear association with total protein, animal protein, total meat consumption, and red meat consumption, based on non-linear dose-response analysis.

Conclusion: Overall, consuming more animal protein-rich foods can increase the risk of GDM. The results from the current study need to be validated by other, well-designed prospective studies.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022352303.

Context: Polyphenols are plant-based compounds with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesogenic properties. However, their effects on health outcomes remain unclear.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of polyphenols on anthropometric and cardiometabolic markers.

Data sources: Six electronic databases-namely, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Library (reviews only), and Web of Science-were searched for relevant systematic reviews with meta-analyses (SRMAs).

Data extraction: Three reviewers performed the data extraction via a data-extraction Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

Data analysis: An umbrella review and meta-analysis of existing SRMAs was conducted. Eighteen SRMAs published from 2015 to 2023, representing 445 primary studies and 838 unique effect sizes, were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models with general inverse variance. Polyphenol-containing foods were found to significantly improve weight (-0.36 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.62, 0.77 kg; P < 0.01, I2 = 64.9%), body mass index (-0.25 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.34, -0.17 kg/m2; P < 0.001, I2 = 82.4%), waist circumference (-0.74 cm; 95% CI: -1.34, -0.15 cm; P < 0.01, I2 = 99.3%), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (-1.75 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.56, -0.94; P < 0.001, I2 = 98.6%), total cholesterol (-1.23 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.00, -0.46; P = 0.002, I2 = 94.6%), systolic blood pressure (-1.77 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.77, -0.93 mmHg; P < 0.001, I2 = 72.4%), diastolic blood pressure (-1.45 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.09, -0.80 mmHg; P < 0.001, I2 = 61.0%), fat percentage (-0.70%; 95% CI: -1.03, -0.36%; P < 0.001, I2 = 52.6%), fasting blood glucose (-0.18 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.35, -0.01 mg/dL; P = 0.04, I2 = 62.0%), and C-reactive protein (CRP; including high-sensitivity-CRP [hs-CRP]) (-0.2972 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.08 mg/dL; P = 0.01, I2 = 87.9%). No significant changes were found for high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.12 mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.44, 0.69; P = 0.67, I2 = 89.4%) and triglycerides (-1.29 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.74, 0.16; P = 0.08, I2 = 85.4%). Between-study heterogeneity could be explained by polyphenol subclass differences.

Conclusion: The findings of this umbrella review support the beneficial effects of polyphenols on anthropometric and metabolic markers, but discretion is warranted to determine the clinical significance of the magnitude of the biomarker improvements.

Systematic review registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews no. CRD42023420206.