Nutrition reviews最新文献

Skeletal muscle diseases represent a diverse group of conditions, often characterized by muscle weakness, atrophy, and functional impairment. These disorders continue to impose a significant burden on global health, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. As the prevalence of muscle-related diseases rises, it becomes increasingly important to understand the complex biological mechanisms that underlie these conditions to develop effective, targeted therapeutic strategies. Vitamin A, traditionally recognized for its vital roles in vision, immune function, skin health, and cell proliferation, has recently garnered attention for its potential involvement in skeletal muscle biology. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin A, through its active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of muscle physiology. This review aims to explore the intricate mechanisms by which vitamin A modulates skeletal muscle health, focusing on its impact on key processes such as muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, repair and regeneration, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we examine the potential therapeutic implications of vitamin A in treating various skeletal muscle diseases, providing new insights for both research and clinical treatment of these skeletal muscle diseases.

Background: Although probiotics are considered a possible treatment for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), their effectiveness in enhancing liver function in patients with ALD is still unclear.

Objective: In this investigation we sought to determine the influence of probiotics on liver function markers in patients with ALD. with a focus on the efficacy of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). We also examined aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (ALB), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).

Methods: Through systematic searches of medical databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, and Wan Fang, we identified 15 randomized controlled trials involving patients with alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis.

Results: Probiotic therapy significantly reduced levels of ALT (standard mean difference [SMD], -0.50; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.14; P = .007) and AST (SMD,  -0.26; 95% CI, -0.52 to 0.00; P = .05). No significant effects were observed on TB (SMD,  -0.90; 95% CI, -1.06 to 0.13; P = .12), ALB (SMD, 0.16; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.37; P = .15), or GGT (SMD, 0.14; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.40; P = .26) levels. Regional disparities were noted, with Asian patients showing a significant reduction in ALT levels. Patients undergoing treatments lasting 8 weeks or more also showed significant reductions in ALT levels. Furthermore, in this review we identified a more pronounced effect on ALT level reduction in subgroups with a higher proportion of male participants.

Conclusion: According to this meta-analysis, administration of probiotics could assist in managing ALT levels in ALD patients, offering a novel approach to ALD treatment.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42024619024.

The objective of this review was to explore whether the association between meat consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk differs by sex in prospective cohort studies. Several cohort studies have investigated the relationship between red meat (RM) and processed meat (PM) consumption and cardiovascular health, but sex-specific outcomes are often not clearly reported or discussed. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for prospective cohort studies published between January 1, 2000 and August 2, 2025, reporting sex-specific associations between RM and PM consumption and cardiovascular disease risk. Fourteen cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 12 evaluated RM, including unprocessed RM (URM): 2 of 12 studies (17%) reported increased CVD risk in both sexes, 3 of 12 (25%) in men only, 2 of 12 (17%) in women only, 4 of 12 (33%) found no increased risk or reported inverse associations, and 1 of 12 (8%) reported an inverse association only. Processed meat (PM) showed more consistent harm: 6 of 9 studies (67%) in men and 6 of 9 studies (67%) in women reported higher risk, with 4 of 9 (44%) showing increases in both sexes. Poultry was largely neutral: 1 of 5 cohorts (20%) reported a modest increase in men, while all other sex-specific analyses were null. Consistently, PM consumption has been associated with an increased risk of CVD in both sexes, although studies differ on whether men or women are more affected. The URM results are heterogeneous: some cohorts show associations only in men, others only in women, and many report no significant effect. The findings for increased risk of CVD being associated with poultry consumption appear to be largely neutral. Future prospective studies should systematically provide results stratified by sex in order to enable more personalized dietary recommendations.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder in which oxidative stress is a strong hypothesis for the pathophysiology. Treatment usually involves complementary therapies and psychotropic medication. However, despite their benefits, these drugs also cause adverse effects. Thus, substances such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fatty acids have been the subject of studies due to their possible benefits. This scoping review aimed to map the literature on substances that can reduce symptoms associated with ASD. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The studied substances were folic acid, l-carnitine, l-carnosine, melatonin, methylcobalamin, sulforaphane, beta-glucan, and ubiquinol. The interventions reduced some symptoms, with improvements in sociability, cognition, language, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score, the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-I) score, and sleep disorders, with mild or no adverse effects. Although further research is necessary, the substances described in the literature have potential for use in clinical practice and could be options for reducing symptoms of autism or those related to comorbidities, with a view to improving the quality of life in this population. Scoping Review Registration: The protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework on June 30, 2022 (https://osf.io/2ejhk).

Context: Diet is a modifiable environmental factor believed to play an essential role in the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dietary patterns could better reflect the effects of interaction of the various dietary components.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of pre-illness index-based dietary patterns on IBD risk.

Data sources: A comprehensive search was conducted in 4 medical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library).

Data extraction: A random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the study design, region, age group, regression model used, and version of the dietary index. Statistical significance was defined as a 2-sided P value of <.05.

Data analysis: A total of 14 studies were finally included. The meta-analysis revealed that adhering to a Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with a lower overall risk of IBD (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.93). Similarly, higher adherence to the "healthy dietary pattern" significantly reduced the risk of IBD (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.92). Conversely, a diet with a higher inflammatory potential was linked to an increased risk of Crohn's disease (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14-1.82). Subgroup analysis suggested that the Mediterranean dietary pattern was not significantly associated with IBD risk among the adult population, and that diets with a high inflammatory potential increased the risk of ulcerative colitis in Asian studies (RR 2.06, 95% CI 1.07-3.96).

Conclusion: Pre-illness dietary patterns have a significant influence on IBD development. This meta-analysis found that dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern and the healthy dietary pattern reduce IBD risk in the general population, while pro-inflammatory diets increase it. Moreover, regional and other factors such as age group may further modulate these associations.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023474588.

Context: Emerging evidence suggests the quality of plant-based diets may play a pivotal role in the primary prevention of certain nonfatal diseases. However, its impact on mental and neurocognitive health conditions remains to be elucidated.

Objective: To synthesize the available evidence on the cross-sectional and prospective associations of adherence to overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diets with mental and neurocognitive health outcomes in the general adult population (aged ≥18 years).

Data sources: The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception through March 13, 2024. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were followed for this study.

Data extraction: Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the Sidik-Jonkman estimator. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% CIs were estimated for cross-sectional and prospective associations between the highest (vs lowest) adherence to plant-based diets and the likelihood of adverse mental and neurocognitive health outcomes (ie, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, cognitive decline, and dementia).

Data analyses: A total of 23 studies involving 709 703 adults (mean age range: 31.4-102.3 years; 52.8% female) were included. The highest (vs lowest) adherence to healthy plant-based diets was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of anxiety (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96), depression (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.96), and psychological distress (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39-0.65) in cross-sectional studies and with a lower risk of cognitive decline (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.85), dementia (RR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96), and depression (RR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.88) in cohort studies. Conversely, greater adherence to unhealthy plant-based diets was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of anxiety and depression. When the data were subjected to a standardized effect size correction (Hedges g) to mitigate potential biases, the results remained consistent.

Conclusion: High-quality plant-based diets could play an important role in the primary prevention of mental and neurocognitive health conditions.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024524053.

The simultaneous manifestation of obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis represents a condition known as osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA). While evidence suggests that vitamin D status may influence the development of OSA, the results are still divergent, and no clear understanding of how vitamin D, through serum concentrations or supplementation, impacts OSA and its metabolic implications. Although several studies have explored the association between vitamin D and various diseases, research specifically focused on OSA is limited, making it unfeasible to conduct a systematic review. Thus, this integrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between vitamin D (dietary intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels) and OSA. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE database. Overall, 16 studies were included (cross-sectional studies, n = 7; a scoping review, n = 1; and integrative reviews, n = 8). Observational studies consistently support the association between low levels of vitamin D and OSA, especially in females and older adults. However, this review highlights the lack of standardized diagnostic methods for OSA and the absence of clinical trials assessing the effect of vitamin D supplementation on this syndrome. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary to strengthen the findings. This is a promising area for research and could greatly improve the health and quality of life of people with OSA.

Context: Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with brain atrophy and dementia, with B vitamin supplementation a possible low-cost intervention to help mitigate the deleterious impacts on brain health. However, prior meta-analyses have produced inconsistent results, with unexplained heterogeneity, while the quality of evidence has not been assessed.

Objective: This systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression sought to quantify the effect of B vitamin supplementation on global cognitive function in older adults.

Data sources: PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 20, 2024.

Data extraction: Eligible RCTs were derived from populations aged ≥60 years, with interventions of 26 weeks or longer comprising vitamin(s) B6, B9, or B12 of any dose or administration route, compared with placebo or usual dementia care. Studies must also have quantified global cognitive function at baseline and at end of treatment.

Data analysis: Seventeen RCTs, including 5275 participants, were identified. A small to moderate improvement (Hedges' g = 0.423; 95% CI: 0.188 to 0.657) in global cognitive function after supplementation was observed with considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 92.71; Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations [GRADE] = very low certainty). A meta-regression identified that statistical outliers and single-blinded studies contributed to the pooled g and heterogeneity. Omitting these studies resulted in a small effect (g = 0.110; 95% CI: 0.034 to 0.186), with negligible heterogeneity (I2 = 15.39; GRADE = high certainty). The effect size did not differ between classifications of cognitive impairment (ie, intact cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia) in subgroup analysis (P = .729).

Conclusion: The pooled findings indicated there is high-certainty evidence that vitamin B6, B9, or B12 supplementation has a very small benefit on global cognitive function in older adults.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024553717.

Context: Dietary habits may significantly influence human health, potentially more than specific foods or nutrients. These habits also play crucial roles in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer (BC). Although the association between low-fat diets (LFDs) and BC has been extensively investigated, the effects of LFDs on BC-related mortality and prognosis remain insufficiently elucidated.

Objective: In this meta-analysis we sought to elucidate the relationship between LFDs and BC risk and prognosis.

Data sources: The search spanned PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials.gov from database inception up to September 13, 2024. Qualified randomized controlled trials were included.

Data extraction: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 63,373 participants. These investigations focused on the relationship between LFDs and BC mortality and prognosis.

Data analysis: A significant connection exists between LFDs and lower mortality rates following BC (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.95) and deaths specifically attributed to BC (HR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.93). Additionally, LFDs significantly enhanced overall survival (HR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.89). However, the beneficial effect of LFDs on BC incidence (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.87-1.06) and other BC-related outcomes (HR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.83-1.26) did not reach statistical significance. Low-fat diets decreased energy intake compared to standard control diets (total weighted mean difference [WMD], -122.01 (kcal); 95% CI, -185.35 to -58.67). Similarly, analysis of fat intake indicated that LFDs reduced energy derived from fat relative to usual control diets (total WMD, -6.28 (%); 95% CI, -7.56 to -4.99). The consumption of saturated fat also revealed a statistically significant effect (total WMD, -2.25 (%); 95% CI, -3.09 to -1.40). Egger's test (P = 0.346) suggested no significant publication bias in the findings. Sensitivity analysis affirmed the robustness of the results.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that LFDs are significantly associated with improved mortality rates and prognostic outcomes in BC patients. Larger prospective cohorts are needed to confirm these findings and explore causal mechanisms.

Background: Pacific Peoples face increasing rates of metabolic diseases, yet interventions for healthy dietary change are rarely focused on Pacific communities or centered around the cultural values and socio-cultural environment of Pacific Peoples.

Objective: In this scoping review we aimed to systematically identify enablers and challenges of dietary change for Pacific Peoples in Aotearoa, New Zealand (AoNZ), and Australia.

Data sources: Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), Scopus, Indigenous health (informIT), CINAHL (EBSCO), NZ Research, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until July 2021.

Data extraction: We performed this review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist, Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Of 10 963 articles identified, 19 were selected for review. Eight articles focused solely on Pacific Peoples and 11 included Pacific Peoples alongside other groups. Seventeen articles reported consultations with Pacific communities, utilized Pacific research methodology, or included authors of Pacific heritage.

Data synthesis: The Pacific Health model "Kato Polopola" (food basket) was utilized to synthesize the findings. This model includes 12 domains reflecting values commonly shared across Pacific Island cultures: family, community, church, and concepts, impacting the relationship between Pacific Peoples and food.

Results: Key enablers to engaging in positive dietary change centered on cultural values of Pacific communities: inclusion of the whole family; use of a holistic approach to physical and spiritual health; the significance of food in preserving cultural traditions; and co-design and facilitation performed with the Pacific Community. Crucially, the main challenges identified were primarily related to the social determinants of health and well-being.

Conclusion: Despite alarming health outcomes for Pacific Peoples living in AoNZ, this scoping review highlights the paucity of research addressing healthy dietary change for Pacific communities. Pacific-led research, based on Pacific values, is essential to promote meaningful change, alongside addressing the social determinants of health. This review provides a valuable basis for future research.