Karolina Kędzierska-Kapuza, Inga Łopuszyńska, Grzegorz Niewiński, Edward Franek, Małgorzata Szczuko
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) includes autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive (ARPKD) forms, both of which are primary genetic causes of kidney disease in adults and children. ADPKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, with a prevalence of 329 cases per million in Europe. This condition accounts for 5-15% of end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESKD) cases, and in developed countries such as Poland, 8-10% of all dialysis patients have ESKD due to ADPKD. The disease is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, with PKD1 mutations responsible for 85% of cases, leading to a more aggressive disease course. Recent research suggests that ADPKD involves a metabolic defect contributing to cystic epithelial proliferation and cyst growth. Aim: This review explores the interplay between metabolism, obesity, and ADPKD, discussing dietary and pharmacological strategies that target these metabolic abnormalities to slow disease progression. Conclusion: Metabolic reprogramming therapies, including GLP-1 analogs and dual agonists of GIP/GLP-1 or glucagon/GLP-1 receptors, show promise, though further research is needed to understand their potential in ADPKD treatment fully.
{"title":"The Influence of Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions on the Course of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Karolina Kędzierska-Kapuza, Inga Łopuszyńska, Grzegorz Niewiński, Edward Franek, Małgorzata Szczuko","doi":"10.3390/nu16183216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) includes autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive (ARPKD) forms, both of which are primary genetic causes of kidney disease in adults and children. ADPKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, with a prevalence of 329 cases per million in Europe. This condition accounts for 5-15% of end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESKD) cases, and in developed countries such as Poland, 8-10% of all dialysis patients have ESKD due to ADPKD. The disease is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, with PKD1 mutations responsible for 85% of cases, leading to a more aggressive disease course. Recent research suggests that ADPKD involves a metabolic defect contributing to cystic epithelial proliferation and cyst growth. <b>Aim:</b> This review explores the interplay between metabolism, obesity, and ADPKD, discussing dietary and pharmacological strategies that target these metabolic abnormalities to slow disease progression. <b>Conclusion:</b> Metabolic reprogramming therapies, including GLP-1 analogs and dual agonists of GIP/GLP-1 or glucagon/GLP-1 receptors, show promise, though further research is needed to understand their potential in ADPKD treatment fully.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11434835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this review article is to systematically identify the caffeine placebo effect in sport and exercise activities. We selected randomized controlled trial studies to better understand the impact of caffeine and its placebo effect on sports performance. We extracted a set of articles that refer strictly to the topics of caffeine and its placebo effect in sport and exercise, considering the databases integrated to the Core Collection Web of Science and Scopus, as well as the registration of the documents in PubMed®, a system with a selection process aligned with the guidelines for the PRISMA methodology, establishing the eligibility criteria of the articles with the PICOS tool, to which a systematic review is applied. Finally, the results show that caffeine improves anaerobic capacity and endurance, while placebo perceived as caffeine can also increase performance by reducing pain and improving concentration. This finding underscores the influence of expectations and placebo on physical performance, suggesting that managing these expectations may be an effective strategy for improving athletic performance.
这篇综述文章的目的是系统地确定咖啡因在体育锻炼活动中的安慰剂效应。我们选择了随机对照试验研究,以更好地了解咖啡因及其安慰剂效应对运动表现的影响。我们提取了一组严格涉及咖啡因及其在运动和锻炼中的安慰剂效应主题的文章,考虑了整合到核心科学网(Web of Science)和Scopus的数据库,以及在PubMed®中注册的文件,该系统的选择过程符合PRISMA方法指南,使用PICOS工具建立了文章的资格标准,并对其进行了系统性审查。最后,研究结果表明,咖啡因能提高有氧运动能力和耐力,而被视为咖啡因的安慰剂也能通过减轻疼痛和提高注意力来提高运动成绩。这一发现强调了期望和安慰剂对身体表现的影响,表明管理这些期望可能是提高运动表现的有效策略。
{"title":"Caffeine Placebo Effect in Sport and Exercise: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Alejandro Vega-Muñoz, Nicolás Contreras-Barraza, Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda, Nelson Lay, Miseldra Gil-Marín, Nicolás Muñoz-Urtubia","doi":"10.3390/nu16183219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this review article is to systematically identify the caffeine placebo effect in sport and exercise activities. We selected randomized controlled trial studies to better understand the impact of caffeine and its placebo effect on sports performance. We extracted a set of articles that refer strictly to the topics of caffeine and its placebo effect in sport and exercise, considering the databases integrated to the Core Collection Web of Science and Scopus, as well as the registration of the documents in PubMed<sup>®</sup>, a system with a selection process aligned with the guidelines for the PRISMA methodology, establishing the eligibility criteria of the articles with the PICOS tool, to which a systematic review is applied. Finally, the results show that caffeine improves anaerobic capacity and endurance, while placebo perceived as caffeine can also increase performance by reducing pain and improving concentration. This finding underscores the influence of expectations and placebo on physical performance, suggesting that managing these expectations may be an effective strategy for improving athletic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11434989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common amino acid metabolism disorder. Patients with blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels of ≥6 mg/dL require treatment, and the most definitive treatment is the Phe-restricted diet. Bisphenols and phthalates are widely used endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in personal care products, baby bottles, and food packaging.
Methods: In this study, we evaluated the possible routes of exposure to these EDCs in patients diagnosed with PKU (n = 105, 2-6 years of age) and determined the relationship between the plasma levels of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and dietary regimens. Participant characteristics and exposure routes were evaluated according to their dietary treatment status.
Results: Thirty-four of these patients were on a Phe-restricted diet, while the remaining 71 had no dietary restrictions. DBP and DEHP levels were higher in those using plastic tablecloths (p = 0.049 and p = 0.04, respectively). In addition, plasma DBP levels were higher in those who used bottled water (p = 0.01). Being under 4 years of age, using plastic food containers, and using plastic shower curtains were characteristics associated with higher MEHP levels (p = 0.027, p = 0.019, and p = 0.014, respectively). After adjustment for baseline characteristics (Model 1), the odds of having a plasma BPA level in the upper tertile were 3.34 times higher in the free-diet group (95% CI = 1.09-10.25). When we additionally adjusted for plastic exposure (Model 2), the odds ratio was found to be 18.64 (95% CI = 2.09-166.42) for BPA. In the free-diet group, the probability of having plasma DEHP levels in the upper tertile was increased by a relative risk of 3.01 (p = 0.039, 95% CI = 1.06-8.60).
Conclusion: Our results indicate that exposure to bisphenols and phthalates varies with dietary treatment. The difference in sources of exposure to EDCs between the diet and non-diet groups indicates that diet plays an important role in EDC exposure.
背景:苯丙酮尿症(PKU)是最常见的氨基酸代谢障碍。血液中苯丙氨酸(Phe)水平≥6 毫克/分升的患者需要接受治疗,而最有效的治疗方法是限制 Phe 饮食。双酚和邻苯二甲酸盐是广泛使用的干扰内分泌的化学物质(EDCs),存在于个人护理产品、婴儿奶瓶和食品包装中:在这项研究中,我们评估了确诊为 PKU 患者(n = 105,2-6 岁)接触这些 EDC 的可能途径,并确定了双酚 A (BPA)、双酚 F (BPF)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯 (DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯 (MEHP) 的血浆水平与饮食疗法之间的关系。根据饮食治疗状况对参与者的特征和暴露途径进行了评估:结果:这些患者中有 34 人限制 Phe 摄入,其余 71 人没有饮食限制。使用塑料桌布的患者的 DBP 和 DEHP 含量较高(分别为 p = 0.049 和 p = 0.04)。此外,使用瓶装水的人血浆中的 DBP 含量更高(p = 0.01)。年龄在 4 岁以下、使用塑料食品容器和塑料浴帘与 MEHP 水平较高有关(分别为 p = 0.027、p = 0.019 和 p = 0.014)。对基线特征进行调整后(模型 1),自由饮食组的血浆双酚 A 水平处于较高三分位数的几率是自由饮食组的 3.34 倍(95% CI = 1.09-10.25)。当我们对塑料暴露进行额外调整时(模型 2),发现双酚 A 的几率比为 18.64(95% CI = 2.09-166.42)。在自由饮食组中,血浆 DEHP 水平处于高三分位数的概率相对风险增加了 3.01(p = 0.039,95% CI = 1.06-8.60):我们的研究结果表明,双酚和邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露随膳食处理而变化。膳食组和非膳食组之间暴露于 EDCs 来源的差异表明,膳食在 EDC 暴露中扮演着重要角色。
{"title":"Evaluation of Exposure to Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Phthalates in Patients with Phenylketonuria and Its Differences According to Dietary Status.","authors":"İzzet Erdal, Yılmaz Yıldız, Sıddıka Songül Yalçın, Anıl Yirün, Göksun Demirel, Pınar Erkekoğlu","doi":"10.3390/nu16183213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common amino acid metabolism disorder. Patients with blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels of ≥6 mg/dL require treatment, and the most definitive treatment is the Phe-restricted diet. Bisphenols and phthalates are widely used endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) found in personal care products, baby bottles, and food packaging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we evaluated the possible routes of exposure to these EDCs in patients diagnosed with PKU (n = 105, 2-6 years of age) and determined the relationship between the plasma levels of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and dietary regimens. Participant characteristics and exposure routes were evaluated according to their dietary treatment status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-four of these patients were on a Phe-restricted diet, while the remaining 71 had no dietary restrictions. DBP and DEHP levels were higher in those using plastic tablecloths (<i>p</i> = 0.049 and <i>p</i> = 0.04, respectively). In addition, plasma DBP levels were higher in those who used bottled water (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Being under 4 years of age, using plastic food containers, and using plastic shower curtains were characteristics associated with higher MEHP levels (<i>p</i> = 0.027, <i>p</i> = 0.019, and <i>p</i> = 0.014, respectively). After adjustment for baseline characteristics (Model 1), the odds of having a plasma BPA level in the upper tertile were 3.34 times higher in the free-diet group (95% CI = 1.09-10.25). When we additionally adjusted for plastic exposure (Model 2), the odds ratio was found to be 18.64 (95% CI = 2.09-166.42) for BPA. In the free-diet group, the probability of having plasma DEHP levels in the upper tertile was increased by a relative risk of 3.01 (<i>p</i> = 0.039, 95% CI = 1.06-8.60).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicate that exposure to bisphenols and phthalates varies with dietary treatment. The difference in sources of exposure to EDCs between the diet and non-diet groups indicates that diet plays an important role in EDC exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The financing of nutrition in educational institutions is one of the cornerstones of the activities of local governments in Poland. Proper management of this area is crucial to ensuring that children and young people have access to wholesome meals, which directly affects their health, physical development, as well as educational effectiveness.
Objective: This study aimed to examine how school principals and parents perceive the role of local governments in managing school nutrition in Poland, given the growing importance of nutrition programs for children's health.
Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 school principals and 1000 parents, assessing satisfaction with the implementation, quality, and organization of nutrition programs overseen by local authorities.
Results: The results revealed significant differences between the two groups. While 75% of principals expressed satisfaction with the quality of meals provided in schools, only 55% of parents shared this view. Similarly, 80% of principals rated the organization of cooperation with food suppliers positively, compared to only 50% of parents. Regarding allergen information, 65% of principals felt adequately informed, while only 30% of parents agreed. These differences were statistically significant in several key areas, including adherence to nutrition standards (p = 0.009), frequency of health inspections (p = 0.009), and availability of allergen information (p = 0.013).
Conclusions: The findings highlight a need for improved communication and collaboration between schools, parents, and local governments to enhance the effectiveness of nutrition programs. It is recommended that regular informational meetings be held and that the flow of information be improved to increase parental satisfaction and the overall effectiveness of school nutrition initiatives.
{"title":"Nutrition in Educational Institutions-The Perspective of School Principals and Parents on the Tasks of Local Governments (Poland).","authors":"Karolina Sobczyk, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Marlena Robakowska, Jarosław Markowski, Mateusz Grajek","doi":"10.3390/nu16183214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The financing of nutrition in educational institutions is one of the cornerstones of the activities of local governments in Poland. Proper management of this area is crucial to ensuring that children and young people have access to wholesome meals, which directly affects their health, physical development, as well as educational effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to examine how school principals and parents perceive the role of local governments in managing school nutrition in Poland, given the growing importance of nutrition programs for children's health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A survey was conducted with 200 school principals and 1000 parents, assessing satisfaction with the implementation, quality, and organization of nutrition programs overseen by local authorities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed significant differences between the two groups. While 75% of principals expressed satisfaction with the quality of meals provided in schools, only 55% of parents shared this view. Similarly, 80% of principals rated the organization of cooperation with food suppliers positively, compared to only 50% of parents. Regarding allergen information, 65% of principals felt adequately informed, while only 30% of parents agreed. These differences were statistically significant in several key areas, including adherence to nutrition standards (<i>p</i> = 0.009), frequency of health inspections (<i>p</i> = 0.009), and availability of allergen information (<i>p</i> = 0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings highlight a need for improved communication and collaboration between schools, parents, and local governments to enhance the effectiveness of nutrition programs. It is recommended that regular informational meetings be held and that the flow of information be improved to increase parental satisfaction and the overall effectiveness of school nutrition initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11434882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Undernutrition is an important global health problem, especially in children and older adults. Both reversal of maternal and child undernutrition and heathy ageing have become United Nations-supported global initiatives, leading to increased attention to nutritional interventions targeting undernutrition. One feasible option is microalgae, the precursor of all terrestrial plants. Most commercially farmed microalgae are photosynthetic single-celled organisms producing organic carbon compounds and oxygen. This review will discuss commercial opportunities to grow microalgae. Microalgae produce lipids (including omega-3 fatty acids), proteins, carbohydrates, pigments and micronutrients and so can provide a suitable and underutilised alternative for addressing undernutrition. The health benefits of nutrients derived from microalgae have been identified, and thus they are suitable candidates for addressing nutritional issues globally. This review will discuss the potential benefits of microalgae-derived nutrients and opportunities for microalgae to be converted into food products. The advantages of microalgae cultivation include that it does not need arable land or pesticides. Additionally, most species of microalgae are still unexplored, presenting options for further development. Further, the usefulness of microalgae for other purposes such as bioremediation and biofuels will increase the knowledge of these microorganisms, allowing the development of more efficient production of these microalgae as nutritional interventions.
{"title":"Improving Undernutrition with Microalgae.","authors":"Sunil K Panchal, Kirsten Heimann, Lindsay Brown","doi":"10.3390/nu16183223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Undernutrition is an important global health problem, especially in children and older adults. Both reversal of maternal and child undernutrition and heathy ageing have become United Nations-supported global initiatives, leading to increased attention to nutritional interventions targeting undernutrition. One feasible option is microalgae, the precursor of all terrestrial plants. Most commercially farmed microalgae are photosynthetic single-celled organisms producing organic carbon compounds and oxygen. This review will discuss commercial opportunities to grow microalgae. Microalgae produce lipids (including omega-3 fatty acids), proteins, carbohydrates, pigments and micronutrients and so can provide a suitable and underutilised alternative for addressing undernutrition. The health benefits of nutrients derived from microalgae have been identified, and thus they are suitable candidates for addressing nutritional issues globally. This review will discuss the potential benefits of microalgae-derived nutrients and opportunities for microalgae to be converted into food products. The advantages of microalgae cultivation include that it does not need arable land or pesticides. Additionally, most species of microalgae are still unexplored, presenting options for further development. Further, the usefulness of microalgae for other purposes such as bioremediation and biofuels will increase the knowledge of these microorganisms, allowing the development of more efficient production of these microalgae as nutritional interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silke Crommen, Karl Peter Rheinwalt, Andreas Plamper, Daniela Rösler, Leonie Weinhold, Christine Metzner, Sarah Egert
Background/objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Identifying characteristics that predict a higher risk of fibrosis using noninvasive methods is particularly important.
Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from an RCT of 48 patients after one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) surgery, supplemented with specifically formulated probiotics and micronutrients or control treatment for 12 weeks. Patients were categorized using alanine aminotransferase (ALAT; >35 U/L for women, >50 U/L for men), higher NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) > -1.455), and IR (HOMA-IR > 2.0). This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03585413).
Results: Abnormal ALAT was associated with high triglycerides, blood pressure (BP), glucose, and fatty liver index (FLI). NFS > -1.455 was linked to higher age, body mass, waist circumference, and FLI, and lower albumin and platelet count. HOMA-IR > 2.0 was associated with higher BP and triglycerides, lower HDL-cholesterol, higher serum transaminases, and higher probabilities of steatosis and fibrosis. Twelve weeks postoperatively, patients with NFS > -1.455 showed greater reductions in body mass, systolic BP, serum insulin, and HbA1c, whereas those with NFS ≤ -1.455 showed improvements in FLI and lipid metabolism but had high glucose concentrations. Patients with HOMA-IR ≤ 2.0 also had high glucose concentrations.
Conclusions: The evaluation of common biomarker scores for fibrosis and IR may help clinicians to recognize severe NAFLD and improve the outcomes of OAGB surgery.
{"title":"Prognostic Characteristics of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver in Patients with Obesity Who Undergo One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Secondary Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data.","authors":"Silke Crommen, Karl Peter Rheinwalt, Andreas Plamper, Daniela Rösler, Leonie Weinhold, Christine Metzner, Sarah Egert","doi":"10.3390/nu16183210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Identifying characteristics that predict a higher risk of fibrosis using noninvasive methods is particularly important.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a secondary analysis of data from an RCT of 48 patients after one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) surgery, supplemented with specifically formulated probiotics and micronutrients or control treatment for 12 weeks. Patients were categorized using alanine aminotransferase (ALAT; >35 U/L for women, >50 U/L for men), higher NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) > -1.455), and IR (HOMA-IR > 2.0). This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03585413).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Abnormal ALAT was associated with high triglycerides, blood pressure (BP), glucose, and fatty liver index (FLI). NFS > -1.455 was linked to higher age, body mass, waist circumference, and FLI, and lower albumin and platelet count. HOMA-IR > 2.0 was associated with higher BP and triglycerides, lower HDL-cholesterol, higher serum transaminases, and higher probabilities of steatosis and fibrosis. Twelve weeks postoperatively, patients with NFS > -1.455 showed greater reductions in body mass, systolic BP, serum insulin, and HbA1c, whereas those with NFS ≤ -1.455 showed improvements in FLI and lipid metabolism but had high glucose concentrations. Patients with HOMA-IR ≤ 2.0 also had high glucose concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evaluation of common biomarker scores for fibrosis and IR may help clinicians to recognize severe NAFLD and improve the outcomes of OAGB surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Castañón-Apilánez, Carmen García-Cabo, Cristina Martin-Martin, Belén Prieto, Eva Cernuda-Morollón, Pablo Rodríguez-González, Daniela Pineda-Cevallos, Lorena Benavente, Sergio Calleja, Elena López-Cancio
Background/Objectives. A Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with neuroprotective effects. We aimed to assess the MD's association with stroke prognosis and the potential mediators involved. Methods. Seventy patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke were included. Dietary patterns were evaluated using the MEDAS scale, a food-frequency questionnaire, and a 24 h recall. Circulating biomarkers including insulin resistance (HOMA index), adipokines (resistin, adiponectin, leptin), choline pathway metabolites (TMAO, betaine, choline), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were measured. Early neurological improvement (ENI) at 24 h, final infarct volume, and functional outcome at 3 months were assessed. Results. Adherence to MD and olive oil consumption were associated with a lower prevalence of diabetes and atherothrombotic stroke, and with lower levels of fasting glycemia, hemoglobinA1C, insulin resistance, and TMAO levels. Monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid consumption correlated with lower resistin levels, while olive oil consumption was significantly associated with EPC mobilization. Multivariate analysis showed that higher MD adherence was independently associated with ENI and good functional prognosis at 3 months. EPC mobilization, lower HOMA levels, and lower resistin levels were associated with ENI, a smaller infarct volume, and good functional outcome. Conclusions. MD was associated with better prognosis after ischemic stroke, potentially mediated by lower insulin resistance, increased EPC mobilization, and lower resistin levels, among other factors.
{"title":"Mediterranean Diet Prior to Ischemic Stroke and Potential Circulating Mediators of Favorable Outcomes.","authors":"María Castañón-Apilánez, Carmen García-Cabo, Cristina Martin-Martin, Belén Prieto, Eva Cernuda-Morollón, Pablo Rodríguez-González, Daniela Pineda-Cevallos, Lorena Benavente, Sergio Calleja, Elena López-Cancio","doi":"10.3390/nu16183218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>. A Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with neuroprotective effects. We aimed to assess the MD's association with stroke prognosis and the potential mediators involved. <b>Methods</b>. Seventy patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke were included. Dietary patterns were evaluated using the MEDAS scale, a food-frequency questionnaire, and a 24 h recall. Circulating biomarkers including insulin resistance (HOMA index), adipokines (resistin, adiponectin, leptin), choline pathway metabolites (TMAO, betaine, choline), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were measured. Early neurological improvement (ENI) at 24 h, final infarct volume, and functional outcome at 3 months were assessed. <b>Results</b>. Adherence to MD and olive oil consumption were associated with a lower prevalence of diabetes and atherothrombotic stroke, and with lower levels of fasting glycemia, hemoglobinA1C, insulin resistance, and TMAO levels. Monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid consumption correlated with lower resistin levels, while olive oil consumption was significantly associated with EPC mobilization. Multivariate analysis showed that higher MD adherence was independently associated with ENI and good functional prognosis at 3 months. EPC mobilization, lower HOMA levels, and lower resistin levels were associated with ENI, a smaller infarct volume, and good functional outcome. <b>Conclusions</b>. MD was associated with better prognosis after ischemic stroke, potentially mediated by lower insulin resistance, increased EPC mobilization, and lower resistin levels, among other factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelly B Elliott, Marcos S Keefe, Jan-Joseph S Rolloque, Nigel C Jiwan, Ryan A Dunn, Hui-Ying Luk, Yasuki Sekiguchi
Purpose: To investigate the effects of thirst on later hydration status, total water intake (TWI-MA), and its potential sex differences. Methods: Twelve men (mean ± standard deviation; age: 21 ± 2 years; mass: 81.0 ± 15.9 kg) and twelve women (age: 22 ± 3 years; mass: 68.8 ± 15.2 kg) visited the laboratory in the morning (first thing in the morning) and afternoon (2:00-4:00 p.m.) for three consecutive days under a free-living condition. At each visit, urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (UCOL), body mass loss (BML), thirst, and plasma osmolality (POSM) were collected and analyzed. The participants recorded their food and fluid intake between the visits to determine TWI-MA. Linear regression was used to predict the effect of morning thirst on the afternoon hydration indices for all the participants, as well as for males and females separately. Results: Higher morning thirst predicted lower UOSM (r2 = 0.056, p = 0.045), USG (r2 = 0.096, p = 0.008), UCOL (r2 = 0.074, p = 0.021), and higher thirst (r2 = 0.074, p = 0.021) in the afternoon. However, morning thirst did not predict afternoon BML, POSM, or TWI-MA (p > 0.05). In males, higher morning thirst predicted lower afternoon UOSM (r2 = 0.130, p = 0.031) and USG (r2 = 0.153, p = 0.018). Additionally, higher morning thirst predicted higher TWI-MA (r2 = 0.154, p = 0.018) in females. Conclusions: Morning thirst had a negligible impact on later hydration status, specifically with afternoon urine indices. Furthermore, higher thirst sensation did not impact BML, POSM, or TWI-MA. However, thirst sensation minimally contributed to drinking behavior in females. Overall, individuals may not rely solely on thirst sensation to manipulate their drinking behavior to optimize their fluid balance during their daily lives due to the complexity of thirst mechanisms.
{"title":"Relationships between Morning Thirst and Later Hydration Status and Total Water Intake.","authors":"Kelly B Elliott, Marcos S Keefe, Jan-Joseph S Rolloque, Nigel C Jiwan, Ryan A Dunn, Hui-Ying Luk, Yasuki Sekiguchi","doi":"10.3390/nu16183212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose:</i> To investigate the effects of thirst on later hydration status, total water intake (TWI-MA), and its potential sex differences. <i>Methods:</i> Twelve men (mean ± standard deviation; age: 21 ± 2 years; mass: 81.0 ± 15.9 kg) and twelve women (age: 22 ± 3 years; mass: 68.8 ± 15.2 kg) visited the laboratory in the morning (first thing in the morning) and afternoon (2:00-4:00 p.m.) for three consecutive days under a free-living condition. At each visit, urine osmolality (U<sub>OSM</sub>), urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U<sub>COL</sub>), body mass loss (BML), thirst, and plasma osmolality (P<sub>OSM</sub>) were collected and analyzed. The participants recorded their food and fluid intake between the visits to determine TWI-MA. Linear regression was used to predict the effect of morning thirst on the afternoon hydration indices for all the participants, as well as for males and females separately. <i>Results:</i> Higher morning thirst predicted lower U<sub>OSM</sub> (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.056, <i>p</i> = 0.045), USG (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.096, <i>p</i> = 0.008), U<sub>COL</sub> (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.074, <i>p</i> = 0.021), and higher thirst (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.074, <i>p</i> = 0.021) in the afternoon. However, morning thirst did not predict afternoon BML, P<sub>OSM</sub>, or TWI-MA (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In males, higher morning thirst predicted lower afternoon U<sub>OSM</sub> (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.130, <i>p</i> = 0.031) and USG (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.153, <i>p</i> = 0.018). Additionally, higher morning thirst predicted higher TWI-MA (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.154, <i>p</i> = 0.018) in females. <i>Conclusions:</i> Morning thirst had a negligible impact on later hydration status, specifically with afternoon urine indices. Furthermore, higher thirst sensation did not impact BML, P<sub>OSM</sub>, or TWI-MA. However, thirst sensation minimally contributed to drinking behavior in females. Overall, individuals may not rely solely on thirst sensation to manipulate their drinking behavior to optimize their fluid balance during their daily lives due to the complexity of thirst mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background/objectives: Vitamin D's effect on risk health outcomes is often evaluated using prospective cohort studies. For vitamin D, risk ratios (RRs) are based on health outcomes with respect to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations measured at time of enrollment. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations vary over time, thereby diluting the effect of 25(OH)D for long follow-up periods. Inverse relationships between RR and follow-up period have been reported for all-cause mortality rate and cancer incidence rates. Here, the effect for neurological outcomes is evaluated.
Methods: The analysis examines how follow-up period affected results from nine cohort studies of all-cause dementia, six studies of Alzheimer's disease, and nine for cognitive impairment with respect to vitamin D deficiency.
Results: For all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive impairment, respectively, the linear regression fits are RR = 2.9 - 0.14 × years, r = 0.73, p = 0.02; RR = 2.9 - 0.14 × years, r = 0.69, p = 0.13; and RR = 1.8 - 0.066 × years, r = 0.72, p = 0.03. The regression fit to RR for the shortest follow-up period for each outcome is considered the best estimate of vitamin D deficiency's effect on risk. Those values are approximately twice that found by averaging all RRs without considering the effect of follow-up period.
Conclusions: Vitamin D's effect on risk of neurological conditions is inversely correlated with mean follow-up period in prospective cohort studies. This effect should be considered in the design and analysis of such studies. Additional studies should also be conducted regarding raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations to reduce risk of brain function decline.
背景/目的:维生素 D 对风险健康结果的影响通常通过前瞻性队列研究进行评估。就维生素 D 而言,风险比(RRs)是以入组时测量的血清 25- 羟基维生素 D [25(OH)D] 浓度对健康结果的影响为基础的。血清中 25(OH)D 的浓度会随着时间的推移而变化,因此会稀释 25(OH)D 对长期随访的影响。据报道,全因死亡率和癌症发病率的 RR 与随访期之间存在反比关系。在此,我们对神经系统结果的影响进行了评估:方法:分析了随访期如何影响九项全因痴呆症队列研究、六项阿尔茨海默病研究和九项认知障碍研究中与维生素 D 缺乏有关的结果:全因痴呆症、阿尔茨海默病和认知障碍的线性回归拟合结果分别为:RR = 2.9 - 0.14 × 年,r = 0.73,p = 0.02;RR = 2.9 - 0.14 × 年,r = 0.69,p = 0.13;RR = 1.8 - 0.066 × 年,r = 0.72,p = 0.03。每种结果的最短随访期与 RR 的回归拟合值被认为是维生素 D 缺乏对风险影响的最佳估计值。这些值约为不考虑随访期影响的所有RR平均值的两倍:在前瞻性队列研究中,维生素 D 对神经系统疾病风险的影响与平均随访时间成反比。在设计和分析此类研究时应考虑到这一影响。此外,还应就提高血清 25(OH)D 浓度以降低脑功能衰退风险的问题开展更多研究。
{"title":"Follow-Up Period Affects the Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Incidence of Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, and Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"William B Grant","doi":"10.3390/nu16183211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Vitamin D's effect on risk health outcomes is often evaluated using prospective cohort studies. For vitamin D, risk ratios (RRs) are based on health outcomes with respect to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations measured at time of enrollment. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations vary over time, thereby diluting the effect of 25(OH)D for long follow-up periods. Inverse relationships between RR and follow-up period have been reported for all-cause mortality rate and cancer incidence rates. Here, the effect for neurological outcomes is evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis examines how follow-up period affected results from nine cohort studies of all-cause dementia, six studies of Alzheimer's disease, and nine for cognitive impairment with respect to vitamin D deficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive impairment, respectively, the linear regression fits are RR = 2.9 - 0.14 × years, <i>r</i> = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.02; RR = 2.9 - 0.14 × years, <i>r</i> = 0.69, <i>p</i> = 0.13; and RR = 1.8 - 0.066 × years, <i>r</i> = 0.72, <i>p</i> = 0.03. The regression fit to RR for the shortest follow-up period for each outcome is considered the best estimate of vitamin D deficiency's effect on risk. Those values are approximately twice that found by averaging all RRs without considering the effect of follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vitamin D's effect on risk of neurological conditions is inversely correlated with mean follow-up period in prospective cohort studies. This effect should be considered in the design and analysis of such studies. Additional studies should also be conducted regarding raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations to reduce risk of brain function decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves interactions between articular cells, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and immune cells. These cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases and other molecules that together participate in joint degradation. The current evidence suggests the important immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiome, which can affect susceptibility to diseases and infections. An altered microbiome, a phenomenon known as gut dysbiosis, is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the profile of the gut microbiome depends on dietary habits. Therefore, dietary elements and interventions can indirectly impact the progression of diseases. This review summarises the evidence on the involvement of gut dysbiosis and diet in the pathogenesis of RA.
类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种慢性进行性自身免疫性疾病。类风湿性关节炎的发病机制十分复杂,涉及关节细胞(如纤维母细胞样滑膜细胞)与免疫细胞之间的相互作用。这些细胞分泌促炎细胞因子、趋化因子、金属蛋白酶和其他分子,共同参与关节退化。目前的证据表明,肠道微生物群具有重要的免疫调节作用,可影响对疾病和感染的易感性。微生物组的改变,即所谓的肠道菌群失调现象,与炎症性疾病的发生有关。重要的是,肠道微生物组的情况取决于饮食习惯。因此,饮食元素和干预措施可间接影响疾病的发展。本综述总结了肠道菌群失调和饮食与 RA 发病机制相关的证据。
{"title":"Gut Dysbiosis and Dietary Interventions in Rheumatoid Arthritis-A Narrative Review.","authors":"Estera Bakinowska, Wiktoria Stańska, Kajetan Kiełbowski, Agata Szwedkowicz, Dominika Boboryko, Andrzej Pawlik","doi":"10.3390/nu16183215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves interactions between articular cells, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and immune cells. These cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases and other molecules that together participate in joint degradation. The current evidence suggests the important immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiome, which can affect susceptibility to diseases and infections. An altered microbiome, a phenomenon known as gut dysbiosis, is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the profile of the gut microbiome depends on dietary habits. Therefore, dietary elements and interventions can indirectly impact the progression of diseases. This review summarises the evidence on the involvement of gut dysbiosis and diet in the pathogenesis of RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}