IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172100

L.A. Rodríguez-Morales , O. Pottiez , I. Armas-Rivera , L.M. González-Vidal , M. Durán-Sánchez , M.V. Hernández-Arriaga , M. Bello-Jiménez , J.P. Lauterio-Cruz , H.E. Ibarra-Villalon , J.C. Hernandez-Garcia

This study proposes a Thulium-doped figure-eight (F8) fiber laser design to be used as a platform to explore complex dynamics in passively mode-locked fiber laser systems. The proposed scheme incorporates a polarization-imbalanced nonlinear optical loop mirror (PI-NOLM) without a polarizer in the ring section. The absence of a polarizer prevents controlling the polarization state at the PI-NOLM input, which in turn allows the PI-NOLM switching power to vary dynamically during the laser operation. This leads to an intermittent noise-like pulse (NLP) operation, which is affected by complex instability in the form of non-periodic Q-switched-like behavior. Using real-time time-domain mapping techniques, we get a deep insight into the laser intricate dynamics, which involves not only NLPs, but also solitons and quasi-continuous-wave components with their subtle interactions. This study highlights the importance of the PI-NOLM in F8 laser schemes for the study and understanding of complex dynamics in Thulium-doped fiber lasers, which have been less extensively studied compared to other rare-earth-doped lasers. Our findings will contribute to the optimization and design of advanced laser systems for various scientific and industrial applications.

本研究提出了一种掺铥八字（F8）光纤激光器设计方案，并以此为平台探索无源锁模光纤激光器系统中的复杂动态。所提出的方案在环形部分采用了偏振不平衡非线性光学环镜（PI-NOLM），而没有偏振器。由于没有偏振器，无法控制 PI-NOLM 输入端的偏振状态，这反过来又使 PI-NOLM 的开关功率在激光器运行期间发生动态变化。这导致了间歇性的类噪声脉冲（NLP）运行，并受到非周期性 Q 开关行为形式的复杂不稳定性的影响。利用实时时域映射技术，我们深入了解了激光的复杂动态，其中不仅包括 NLP，还包括孤子和准连续波成分及其微妙的相互作用。这项研究强调了 F8 激光方案中的 PI-NOLM 对于研究和理解掺铥光纤激光器复杂动力学的重要性，与其他掺稀土激光器相比，对掺铥光纤激光器的研究还不够广泛。我们的研究结果将有助于各种科学和工业应用中先进激光系统的优化和设计。

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引用次数: 0

Holographic solar concentrator with wide band using multi-wavelength transmission grating 使用多波长透射光栅的宽带全息太阳能聚光器

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172106

Hui-Ying Wu , Chang-Won Shin , Ki-Chul Kwon , Kwon-Yeon Lee , Sang-Keun Gil , Nam Kim

A multi-wavelength holographic grating using photopolymer is presented for a holographic solar concentrator system. Currently, volume holographic optical elements (HOEs) have been proposed for application in solar concentrators due to their advantages, such as lightweight, selective wavelength, and passive tracking. However, their efficiency depends on the central wavelength, which is determined by both the recording material and the recording angle. In this work, a transmission holographic grating with multiple wavelengths is proposed to enhance the performance of holographic solar concentrator systems. The diffraction efficiency and spectral range are significant factors in determining the concentrated efficiency of solar energy. The optimal efficiency of transmission grating is derived based on the optical characteristics of the photopolymer and the wavelength selectivity is then analyzed to compare the concentrated efficiency. The experimental results indicate that the dichromatic transmission grating with an average diffraction efficiency of 70 % and a wavelength band of 278 nm has a concentrated efficiency of 48.7 %. Compared to monochromatic and trichromatic holographic grating, dichromatic grating can concentrate more energy with a wider spectral band.

本文介绍了一种用于全息太阳能聚光器系统的光聚合物多波长全息光栅。目前，体积全息光学元件（HOE）因其重量轻、可选择波长和被动跟踪等优点，已被建议应用于太阳能聚光器中。然而，它们的效率取决于中心波长，而中心波长由记录材料和记录角度决定。本研究提出了一种具有多个波长的透射全息光栅，以提高全息太阳能聚光器系统的性能。衍射效率和光谱范围是决定太阳能聚光效率的重要因素。根据光聚合物的光学特性推导出透射光栅的最佳效率，然后分析波长选择性，比较聚光效率。实验结果表明，平均衍射效率为 70 %、波长带为 278 nm 的二色透射光栅的聚光效率为 48.7 %。与单色全息光栅和三基色全息光栅相比，二基色光栅能以更宽的光谱带集中更多的能量。

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引用次数: 0

Bio-calcium oxide derived from eggshell-titanium dioxide@graphene oxide for photodegradation of dyes and antibacterial activities 蛋壳-二氧化钛@氧化石墨烯衍生的生物氧化钙在染料光降解和抗菌活性方面的应用

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172099

Nguyen Huu Hieu , Ton That Buu , Nguyen Duy Hai , Vo Minh Quan , Bo Khanh Ngoc , Dang Hai Minh Tam , Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam , Le Gia Han , Mai Thanh Phong

The utilization of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from calcined eggshells is considered a primary source of materials for semiconductor incorporation, which is a facile and environmentally friendly method. This work introduces a novel composite, namely calcium oxide-titanium dioxide@graphene oxide (CaO-TiO₂@GO) with photodegradation efficiency of various organic pollutants such as crystal violet (CV), malachite green (MG), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl orange (MO). The results showed that the synergistic efficiency of the combination of GO and CaO-TiO₂ increased the adsorption-photodegradation efficiency with the removal of CV, MG, RhB, and MO of 99.72, 99.41, 97.21, and 80.09 %, respectively. The kinetics of dye photodegradation follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics model, the reusability toward CV removal reaches over 85 % after 5 cycles, and the free radical scavenging experiment identifies that the •O₂⁻ plays a major role in the photodegradation mechanism. In addition, the fundamental antibacterial performance toward strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis was reported with antibacterial inhibition diameters of 12.1 and 11.2 mm, respectively.

利用从煅烧蛋壳中提取的氧化钙（CaO）被认为是掺入半导体的主要材料来源，这是一种既简便又环保的方法。本研究介绍了一种新型复合材料，即氧化钙-二氧化钛@氧化石墨烯（CaO-TiO2@GO），其对多种有机污染物如水晶紫（CV）、孔雀石绿（MG）、罗丹明 B（RhB）和甲基橙（MO）具有光降解效率。结果表明，GO 和 CaO-TiO2 的组合协同增效提高了吸附-光降解效率，对 CV、MG、RhB 和 MO 的去除率分别为 99.72%、99.41%、97.21% 和 80.09%。染料光降解动力学遵循伪一阶动力学模型，5 次循环后去除 CV 的重复利用率达到 85% 以上，自由基清除实验表明 -O2- 在光降解机理中起主要作用。此外，该化合物还对铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌菌株具有基本的抗菌性能，抑菌直径分别为 12.1 毫米和 11.2 毫米。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of the phase transition on the photoelectrochemical properties of CuFe2O4 composite photoelectrode 相变对 CuFe2O4 复合光电电极光电化学特性的影响

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172095

Yaejin Hong , Jin Kyeong Kim , Jong Beom Kim , Hyukhyun Ryu , Won-Jae Lee

In this study, CuFe₂O₄ was grown using various Cu:Fe source molar ratios. The morphological, structural, electrical, and photoelectrochemical properties of CuFe₂O₄ photoelectrodes with different structural phases based on molar ratios were analyzed. XRD and XPS were performed to systematically analyze the relationship between the structural and photoelectrochemical properties of the photoelectrode. XRD analysis revealed the phase transformation of CuFe₂O₄ from cubic to tetragonal phase and back to cubic phase as the Cu:Fe source molar ratio was varied. The crystallinity of Cu-rich cubic-CuFe₂O₄ was found to be superior to that of tetragonal-CuFe₂O₄. XPS analysis showed that the Cu-rich cubic-CuFe₂O₄ sample has higher Cu and Fe binding energies and more oxygen vacancies than the tetragonal-CuFe₂O₄ sample, which helps reduce carrier recombination. Additionally, cubic-CuFe₂O₄ samples prepared in Cu-rich conditions demonstrated high flat-band potential and low charge transfer resistance values. As a result, the cubic-CuFe₂O₄ photoelectrode sample under the Cu-rich condition exhibited a relatively high photocurrent density value. The highest photocurrent density value (-0.38 mA/cm² at −0.55 V_SCE) was obtained with cubic-CuFe₂O₄ samples prepared under the Cu:Fe 3:1 condition.

本研究采用不同的 Cu:Fe 源摩尔比来生长 CuFe2O4。根据摩尔比分析了不同结构相的 CuFe2O4 光电极的形貌、结构、电学和光电化学特性。通过 XRD 和 XPS 系统分析了光电极的结构和光电化学特性之间的关系。XRD 分析表明，随着 Cu:Fe 源摩尔比的变化，CuFe2O4 发生了从立方相到四方相再回到立方相的相变。富铜立方氧化铜的结晶度优于四方氧化铜。XPS 分析表明，富铜立方-CuFe2O4 样品比四方-CuFe2O4 样品具有更高的铜和铁结合能以及更多的氧空位，这有助于减少载流子重组。此外，在富铜条件下制备的立方-CuFe2O4 样品具有较高的平带电位和较低的电荷转移电阻值。因此，富铜条件下的立方氧化铜铁氧体光电极样品表现出相对较高的光电流密度值。在 Cu:Fe 3:1 条件下制备的立方-CuFe2O4 样品获得了最高的光电流密度值（-0.55 VSCE 时为 -0.38 mA/cm2）。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of a quantum thermal machine on an entangled atomic system 量子热机对纠缠原子系统的影响

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172089

A. El Allati , Y. Khlifi , N. Metwally

In this contribution, we examine the effect of a quantum thermal machine on the behavior of two entangled atoms. It is shown that sudden changes (death/rebirth) in entanglement are predicted when increasing either the average rate of interaction coupling or the relative coupling. The maximum bounds of re-birthed entanglement decrease as machine parameters increase. Entanglement survival time can be increased as one reduces the average rate of interaction coupling. Due to the interaction, there will be an exchange of energies from the baths which may be a cool or hot flux. Therefore, the machine parameters can be used as controllers to switch between heating and refrigeration processes.

在这篇论文中，我们研究了量子热机对两个纠缠原子行为的影响。研究表明，当相互作用耦合的平均速率或相对耦合增加时，纠缠的突然变化（死亡/重生）是可以预测的。随着机器参数的增加，重生纠缠的最大边界会减小。随着交互耦合平均速率的降低，纠缠存活时间也会增加。由于相互作用，浴槽会产生能量交换，这可能是冷通量，也可能是热通量。因此，机器参数可用作控制器，在加热和制冷过程之间进行切换。

引用次数: 0

Ni/n-Si Schottky junction: Self-biased infrared photodetection via hot carrier photoemission 镍/n-硅肖特基结：通过热载流子光发射实现自偏压红外光探测

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172093

Dinesh Dudi , S. Ram Prakash , Kartikey Bhardwaj , Brahim Aïssa , Anirban Mitra

Internal photoemission-based hot electron generation at metal-semiconductor junctions holds significant potential for silicon-based sub-bandgap NIR photodetectors. In this work, we designed a simple nickel-silicon Schottky junction using the pulsed laser deposition technique and performed both experimental and theoretical analyses. To reduce the complexity of fabrication and lower costs, we used a planar nickel thin film on top of n-type silicon. The thickness of the nickel thin film was optimized to improve absorption and hot electron generation near the Ni/Si interface. We measured and calculated reflectance using the transfer matrix approach to quantify the effect of thickness on EQE. We also calculated the thickness-dependent absorption profile to estimate hot electron production near the junction. The current-voltage characterization of Ni/n-Si Schottky photodetector was investigated under the dark conditions as well under 1200 nm and 1300 nm light illumination. Under self-bias conditions, a photodiode with a 12 nm Ni thickness exhibits responsivity of 0.124 mA/W and 0.069 mA/W under illumination from 1200 nm and 1300 nm LED light, respectively. Furthermore, we used a comprehensive theoretical model to quantify the planar Ni/Si hot carrier generation and emission efficiency. and experimentally validated the calculated EQEs with the fabricated device. We believe the proposed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible and simply structured Ni/Si Schottky photodetector will have potential applications in the silicon-based optoelectronics market.

在金属半导体结上产生基于内部光发射的热电子为硅基亚带隙近红外光电探测器带来了巨大潜力。在这项工作中，我们利用脉冲激光沉积技术设计了一个简单的镍硅肖特基结，并进行了实验和理论分析。为了降低制造的复杂性和成本，我们在 n 型硅上使用了平面镍薄膜。我们对镍薄膜的厚度进行了优化，以改善镍/硅界面附近的吸收和热电子生成。我们使用传递矩阵法测量和计算反射率，以量化厚度对 EQE 的影响。我们还计算了随厚度变化的吸收曲线，以估计结点附近的热电子产生情况。我们研究了镍/n-硅肖特基光电探测器在黑暗条件下以及 1200 纳米和 1300 纳米光照条件下的电流-电压特性。在自偏压条件下，12 nm Ni 厚度的光电二极管在 1200 nm 和 1300 nm LED 光照射下的响应率分别为 0.124 mA/W 和 0.069 mA/W。此外，我们还使用了一个全面的理论模型来量化平面镍/硅热载流子的产生和发射效率。我们相信，所提出的兼容互补金属氧化物半导体且结构简单的镍/硅肖特基光电探测器将在硅基光电子市场上具有潜在的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of dual plasmonic material integrated wrench-shaped PCF sensor with broadband resonance for cancer cell & chemical detection 研究用于癌细胞和化学物质检测的具有宽带共振的双等离子材料集成扳手形 PCF 传感器

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172092

Ali Ahnaf Hassan , Abdullah Al Mahmud Nafiz , Russel Reza Mahmud , Md. Faysal Nayan , Shah Md. Salimullah

In this work, a unique Photonic Crystal Fiber based on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance is designed for cancer cell and chemical detection. A novel combination of plasmonic materials namely Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) and a Silver (Ag)-TiO₂ bilayer is deposited along two horizontal slits to achieve resonance at two separate wavelengths within a particular refractive index. The sensor achieves resonance at different wavelengths along x and y polarizations, broadening analyte detection for a specific RI. Two modes of operation are introduced: mode-1 is optimized to achieve the highest Amplitude Sensitivity (AS), and mode-2 to maximize the Wavelength Sensitivity (WS). The mode-1 is examined for a range of RI from 1.35 to 1.42, while the other is 1.35–1.41. The sensor can showcase an AS of 4641.51 RIU⁻¹ for Ag at RI 1.36, which is the highest value of AS found in literature when Ag is used as plasmonic material, while AZO achieves a high AS of 3204.51 RIU⁻¹ at 1.41 RI. A highest WS of 10,320 and a Double Peak Shift Sensitivity (DPSS) of 8089.5 nm/RIU at 1.41 RI is obtained using the mode-2 configuration with a wavelength resolution of 9.69 × 10⁻⁶ RIU and a maximum FOM of 568.22 RIU⁻¹. The sensor is examined to investigate skin, cervical, and blood cancer by analyzing the Basal, HeLa, and Jurkat cells, which yielded superior outcomes when detected using AS among relevant works. In addition, the detection of various industrial chemicals like acetone, hexane, isopropanol, and ethanol is also manifested in this study.

这项研究设计了一种基于局部表面等离子体共振的独特光子晶体光纤，用于癌细胞和化学物质检测。沿着两个水平狭缝沉积了一种新型等离子材料组合，即掺铝氧化锌（AZO）和银（Ag）-二氧化钛双层材料，从而在特定折射率范围内实现两个不同波长的共振。传感器在 x 和 y 偏振的不同波长上产生共振，从而扩大了特定折射率的分析检测范围。引入了两种工作模式：模式-1 经过优化以实现最高的振幅灵敏度 (AS)，模式-2 则最大限度地提高了波长灵敏度 (WS)。模式-1 的 RI 范围为 1.35 至 1.42，另一种为 1.35 至 1.41。在 RI 为 1.36 时，Ag 传感器的 AS 值为 4641.51 RIU-1，这是文献中发现的使用 Ag 作为质子材料时 AS 的最高值；而在 RI 为 1.41 时，AZO 的 AS 值高达 3204.51 RIU-1。在 1.41 RI 时，使用模式-2 配置可获得 10,320 的最高 WS 值和 8089.5 nm/RIU 的双峰位移灵敏度 (DPSS)，波长分辨率为 9.69 × 10-6 RIU，最大 FOM 为 568.22 RIU-1。通过分析 Basal、HeLa 和 Jurkat 细胞，该传感器被用于研究皮肤癌、宫颈癌和血癌。此外，本研究还对丙酮、正己烷、异丙醇和乙醇等各种工业化学品进行了检测。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of the acceptance angle on the evaluation of reflectance data of randomly rough surfaces using scalar diffraction theory 接受角对利用标量衍射理论评估随机粗糙表面反射率数据的影响

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172086

Jiří Vohánka , Ivan Ohlídal , Petr Klapetek

Apart from coherent reflectance, which corresponds to specular reflection, the values obtained by real spectrophotometers also include contribution from incoherent reflectance, which represents light scattered by the samples and registered by the detector due to its finite acceptance angle. This work aims to investigate the influence of this second part on reflectance spectra measured for samples with randomly rough surfaces. Three silicon samples with roughened surfaces are investigated. The reflectance is measured using a commercial spectrophotometer with acceptance angles restricted by apertures placed in the incident and reflected beam. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous processing of spectral dependencies of reflectance measured with differently-sized apertures. The utilized theoretical approach is based on the scalar diffraction theory. Because the dependencies on both wavelength and acceptance angle are considered, a model providing correct predictions for these dependencies should also correctly describe how is the total reflectance separated into its coherent and incoherent parts. It is shown that the theoretical predictions for incoherent reflectance are consistent with the changes in the diameter of the apertures. It was possible to determine the RMS value of the heights as well as the estimate for the autocorrelation length and additional parameter controlling the course of the autocorrelation function. A short discussion comparing our results with those achieved using methods employed in earlier works is also provided.

除了与镜面反射相对应的相干反射率之外，实际分光光度计获得的数值还包括非相干反射率的贡献，非相干反射率代表样品散射的光，由于其接受角有限而被检测器记录下来。这项工作旨在研究这第二部分对随机粗糙表面样品反射光谱测量结果的影响。研究了三个表面粗糙的硅样品。反射率是使用商用分光光度计测量的，入射光束和反射光束上的光圈限制了接受角。所提出的方法基于同时处理用不同大小的孔测量的反射率的光谱依赖关系。所采用的理论方法基于标量衍射理论。由于同时考虑了波长和接受角的相关性，因此能正确预测这些相关性的模型也应能正确描述如何将总反射率分为相干和非相干两部分。研究表明，非相干反射率的理论预测与孔径的变化是一致的。可以确定高度的均方根值、自相关长度的估计值以及控制自相关函数走向的附加参数。此外，还提供了一个简短的讨论，将我们的结果与先前工作中使用的方法所取得的结果进行比较。

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引用次数: 0

Increasing the electric field amplification in the metal-insulator-metal structure with a grating hybrid of bowtie nanotriangle and cylindrical nanodisc 利用弓形纳米三角和圆柱形纳米圆盘混合光栅提高金属-绝缘体-金属结构中的电场放大率

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172083

Mohsenifard Atefeh, Mohebbi Masoud

In this paper, the strong electromagnetic coupling between an integrated grating of an array of periodic gold nanodiscs and an array of bowtie nanotriangles placed on layers of a dielectric and a metal has been investigated. The upper layer is periodically created by removing each nanodisk in the array of nanodisks and replacing it with bowtie nanotriangles. The structure for near field radiation with linear polarization at 800 nm wavelength is optimized so that it has the highest amount of amplification in the gap space between the tips of the nanotriangle with a minimum value of 188 times and a maximum of 320 times. The simulation results confirm that the huge field enhancement obtained is due to the strong coupling between the LSPR formed in the grating of bowties nano triangle and nanodiscs and the SPPs formed in the metal film. The amount of amplification compared to the array of only nanodiscs (about 32 times) or only bowtie nano triangles (about 120 times) is not only higher, but also the anti-crossing behavior is observed. The high amplification obtained at the mentioned wavelength can be used for laser oscillators with a central wavelength of 800 nm, such as titanium sapphire, etc., which has many applications in near-field physics, SERS, and ultrafast lasers.

本文研究了周期性金纳米盘阵列集成光栅与置于电介质和金属层上的弓形纳米三角形阵列之间的强电磁耦合。上层是通过移除纳米盘阵列中的每个纳米盘并用弓形纳米三角形取而代之而周期性形成的。对波长为 800 nm 的线性偏振近场辐射结构进行了优化，使其在纳米三角形尖端之间的间隙空间中具有最大的放大量，最小值为 188 倍，最大值为 320 倍。模拟结果证实，获得的巨大场增强是由于弓形纳米三角形和纳米圆盘光栅中形成的 LSPR 与金属膜中形成的 SPP 之间的强耦合。与只有纳米圆盘的阵列（约 32 倍）或只有弓形纳米三角形的阵列（约 120 倍）相比，放大量不仅更高，而且还观察到了反交叉行为。在上述波长下获得的高放大率可用于中心波长为 800 nm 的激光振荡器，如钛蓝宝石等，这在近场物理、SERS 和超快激光等领域有很多应用。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced performance of perovskite solar cell by optimization of thin film control parameters using Taguchi method 利用田口方法优化薄膜控制参数，提高过氧化物太阳能电池的性能

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172090

Srish Kulkarni, Jignasa V. Gohel

The objective of the study is to examine the influence of various thin film control parameters on the synthesis of carbon-based passivated perovskite solar cells. Passivation additives, namely MOF UiO-66-NH₂ (20 mg/ml) and inorganic additive KPF₆ (1 mg/ml), were applied to treat the perovskite solar cells simultaneously. A PSC device of a standard configuration FTO/TiO₂/Perovskite layer/Additives/HTL/Carbon electrode is utilized for experimentation. The performance evaluation of the system was carried out using Taguchi method. The critical control parameters considered in the study are: type of perovskite; annealing temperature of perovskite layer; the number of perovskite coating layers; and the type of hole transport layer (HTL). Each parameter is allocated three levels. An orthogonal array was designed using the Taguchi technique to optimize the quality control parameters. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were then utilized to determine the ideal combination of parameters. The analysis identified the significant contribution of each parameter to the efficiency of perovskite cells. Among these parameters, the type of perovskite (used in the synthesis process) was found to impact the fabrication and performance of the cells significantly. Furthermore, it was observed that the type of hole transport layer (HTL) employed in the device significantly influences its performance. The best combination for our experiment is found to have FA_0.55MA_0.25Cs_0.20PbI₃ as the perovskite-type, an annealing temperature of 120˚C, a double layer of perovskite coating and Spiro-OMeTAD as the HTL. The solar cell is developed for each experiment as well as the validation test.

本研究旨在探讨各种薄膜控制参数对合成碳基钝化型包晶石太阳能电池的影响。钝化添加剂，即 MOF UiO-66-NH2（20 毫克/毫升）和无机添加剂 KPF6（1 毫克/毫升），被同时用于处理包晶体太阳能电池。实验采用了标准配置 FTO/TiO2/Perovskite 层/添加剂/HTL/碳电极的 PSC 设备。系统的性能评估采用田口方法进行。研究中考虑的关键控制参数包括：磷灰石的类型；磷灰石层的退火温度；磷灰石涂层的层数；空穴传输层（HTL）的类型。每个参数分为三个等级。采用田口技术设计了一个正交阵列来优化质量控制参数。然后利用信噪比（S/N）和方差分析（ANOVA）确定参数的理想组合。分析确定了每个参数对包晶石电池效率的重要贡献。在这些参数中，发现（合成过程中使用的）包晶石类型对电池的制造和性能有显著影响。此外，我们还观察到，器件中采用的空穴传输层（HTL）类型对其性能也有很大影响。在我们的实验中，发现最佳组合是以 FA0.55MA0.25Cs0.20PbI3 作为包晶类型，退火温度为 120˚C，双层包晶涂层和斯派罗-OMeTAD 作为 HTL。为每个实验和验证测试开发了太阳能电池。

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