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Ni/n-Si Schottky junction: Self-biased infrared photodetection via hot carrier photoemission 镍/n-硅肖特基结:通过热载流子光发射实现自偏压红外光探测
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172093
Dinesh Dudi , S. Ram Prakash , Kartikey Bhardwaj , Brahim Aïssa , Anirban Mitra
Internal photoemission-based hot electron generation at metal-semiconductor junctions holds significant potential for silicon-based sub-bandgap NIR photodetectors. In this work, we designed a simple nickel-silicon Schottky junction using the pulsed laser deposition technique and performed both experimental and theoretical analyses. To reduce the complexity of fabrication and lower costs, we used a planar nickel thin film on top of n-type silicon. The thickness of the nickel thin film was optimized to improve absorption and hot electron generation near the Ni/Si interface. We measured and calculated reflectance using the transfer matrix approach to quantify the effect of thickness on EQE. We also calculated the thickness-dependent absorption profile to estimate hot electron production near the junction. The current-voltage characterization of Ni/n-Si Schottky photodetector was investigated under the dark conditions as well under 1200 nm and 1300 nm light illumination. Under self-bias conditions, a photodiode with a 12 nm Ni thickness exhibits responsivity of 0.124 mA/W and 0.069 mA/W under illumination from 1200 nm and 1300 nm LED light, respectively. Furthermore, we used a comprehensive theoretical model to quantify the planar Ni/Si hot carrier generation and emission efficiency. and experimentally validated the calculated EQEs with the fabricated device. We believe the proposed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible and simply structured Ni/Si Schottky photodetector will have potential applications in the silicon-based optoelectronics market.
在金属半导体结上产生基于内部光发射的热电子为硅基亚带隙近红外光电探测器带来了巨大潜力。在这项工作中,我们利用脉冲激光沉积技术设计了一个简单的镍硅肖特基结,并进行了实验和理论分析。为了降低制造的复杂性和成本,我们在 n 型硅上使用了平面镍薄膜。我们对镍薄膜的厚度进行了优化,以改善镍/硅界面附近的吸收和热电子生成。我们使用传递矩阵法测量和计算反射率,以量化厚度对 EQE 的影响。我们还计算了随厚度变化的吸收曲线,以估计结点附近的热电子产生情况。我们研究了镍/n-硅肖特基光电探测器在黑暗条件下以及 1200 纳米和 1300 纳米光照条件下的电流-电压特性。在自偏压条件下,12 nm Ni 厚度的光电二极管在 1200 nm 和 1300 nm LED 光照射下的响应率分别为 0.124 mA/W 和 0.069 mA/W。此外,我们还使用了一个全面的理论模型来量化平面镍/硅热载流子的产生和发射效率。我们相信,所提出的兼容互补金属氧化物半导体且结构简单的镍/硅肖特基光电探测器将在硅基光电子市场上具有潜在的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of dual plasmonic material integrated wrench-shaped PCF sensor with broadband resonance for cancer cell & chemical detection 研究用于癌细胞和化学物质检测的具有宽带共振的双等离子材料集成扳手形 PCF 传感器
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172092
Ali Ahnaf Hassan , Abdullah Al Mahmud Nafiz , Russel Reza Mahmud , Md. Faysal Nayan , Shah Md. Salimullah
In this work, a unique Photonic Crystal Fiber based on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance is designed for cancer cell and chemical detection. A novel combination of plasmonic materials namely Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) and a Silver (Ag)-TiO2 bilayer is deposited along two horizontal slits to achieve resonance at two separate wavelengths within a particular refractive index. The sensor achieves resonance at different wavelengths along x and y polarizations, broadening analyte detection for a specific RI. Two modes of operation are introduced: mode-1 is optimized to achieve the highest Amplitude Sensitivity (AS), and mode-2 to maximize the Wavelength Sensitivity (WS). The mode-1 is examined for a range of RI from 1.35 to 1.42, while the other is 1.35–1.41. The sensor can showcase an AS of 4641.51 RIU−1 for Ag at RI 1.36, which is the highest value of AS found in literature when Ag is used as plasmonic material, while AZO achieves a high AS of 3204.51 RIU−1 at 1.41 RI. A highest WS of 10,320 and a Double Peak Shift Sensitivity (DPSS) of 8089.5 nm/RIU at 1.41 RI is obtained using the mode-2 configuration with a wavelength resolution of 9.69 × 10−6 RIU and a maximum FOM of 568.22 RIU−1. The sensor is examined to investigate skin, cervical, and blood cancer by analyzing the Basal, HeLa, and Jurkat cells, which yielded superior outcomes when detected using AS among relevant works. In addition, the detection of various industrial chemicals like acetone, hexane, isopropanol, and ethanol is also manifested in this study.
这项研究设计了一种基于局部表面等离子体共振的独特光子晶体光纤,用于癌细胞和化学物质检测。沿着两个水平狭缝沉积了一种新型等离子材料组合,即掺铝氧化锌(AZO)和银(Ag)-二氧化钛双层材料,从而在特定折射率范围内实现两个不同波长的共振。传感器在 x 和 y 偏振的不同波长上产生共振,从而扩大了特定折射率的分析检测范围。引入了两种工作模式:模式-1 经过优化以实现最高的振幅灵敏度 (AS),模式-2 则最大限度地提高了波长灵敏度 (WS)。模式-1 的 RI 范围为 1.35 至 1.42,另一种为 1.35 至 1.41。在 RI 为 1.36 时,Ag 传感器的 AS 值为 4641.51 RIU-1,这是文献中发现的使用 Ag 作为质子材料时 AS 的最高值;而在 RI 为 1.41 时,AZO 的 AS 值高达 3204.51 RIU-1。在 1.41 RI 时,使用模式-2 配置可获得 10,320 的最高 WS 值和 8089.5 nm/RIU 的双峰位移灵敏度 (DPSS),波长分辨率为 9.69 × 10-6 RIU,最大 FOM 为 568.22 RIU-1。通过分析 Basal、HeLa 和 Jurkat 细胞,该传感器被用于研究皮肤癌、宫颈癌和血癌。此外,本研究还对丙酮、正己烷、异丙醇和乙醇等各种工业化学品进行了检测。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of the acceptance angle on the evaluation of reflectance data of randomly rough surfaces using scalar diffraction theory 接受角对利用标量衍射理论评估随机粗糙表面反射率数据的影响
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172086
Jiří Vohánka , Ivan Ohlídal , Petr Klapetek
Apart from coherent reflectance, which corresponds to specular reflection, the values obtained by real spectrophotometers also include contribution from incoherent reflectance, which represents light scattered by the samples and registered by the detector due to its finite acceptance angle. This work aims to investigate the influence of this second part on reflectance spectra measured for samples with randomly rough surfaces. Three silicon samples with roughened surfaces are investigated. The reflectance is measured using a commercial spectrophotometer with acceptance angles restricted by apertures placed in the incident and reflected beam. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous processing of spectral dependencies of reflectance measured with differently-sized apertures. The utilized theoretical approach is based on the scalar diffraction theory. Because the dependencies on both wavelength and acceptance angle are considered, a model providing correct predictions for these dependencies should also correctly describe how is the total reflectance separated into its coherent and incoherent parts. It is shown that the theoretical predictions for incoherent reflectance are consistent with the changes in the diameter of the apertures. It was possible to determine the RMS value of the heights as well as the estimate for the autocorrelation length and additional parameter controlling the course of the autocorrelation function. A short discussion comparing our results with those achieved using methods employed in earlier works is also provided.
除了与镜面反射相对应的相干反射率之外,实际分光光度计获得的数值还包括非相干反射率的贡献,非相干反射率代表样品散射的光,由于其接受角有限而被检测器记录下来。这项工作旨在研究这第二部分对随机粗糙表面样品反射光谱测量结果的影响。研究了三个表面粗糙的硅样品。反射率是使用商用分光光度计测量的,入射光束和反射光束上的光圈限制了接受角。所提出的方法基于同时处理用不同大小的孔测量的反射率的光谱依赖关系。所采用的理论方法基于标量衍射理论。由于同时考虑了波长和接受角的相关性,因此能正确预测这些相关性的模型也应能正确描述如何将总反射率分为相干和非相干两部分。研究表明,非相干反射率的理论预测与孔径的变化是一致的。可以确定高度的均方根值、自相关长度的估计值以及控制自相关函数走向的附加参数。此外,还提供了一个简短的讨论,将我们的结果与先前工作中使用的方法所取得的结果进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Increasing the electric field amplification in the metal-insulator-metal structure with a grating hybrid of bowtie nanotriangle and cylindrical nanodisc 利用弓形纳米三角和圆柱形纳米圆盘混合光栅提高金属-绝缘体-金属结构中的电场放大率
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172083
Mohsenifard Atefeh, Mohebbi Masoud
In this paper, the strong electromagnetic coupling between an integrated grating of an array of periodic gold nanodiscs and an array of bowtie nanotriangles placed on layers of a dielectric and a metal has been investigated. The upper layer is periodically created by removing each nanodisk in the array of nanodisks and replacing it with bowtie nanotriangles. The structure for near field radiation with linear polarization at 800 nm wavelength is optimized so that it has the highest amount of amplification in the gap space between the tips of the nanotriangle with a minimum value of 188 times and a maximum of 320 times. The simulation results confirm that the huge field enhancement obtained is due to the strong coupling between the LSPR formed in the grating of bowties nano triangle and nanodiscs and the SPPs formed in the metal film. The amount of amplification compared to the array of only nanodiscs (about 32 times) or only bowtie nano triangles (about 120 times) is not only higher, but also the anti-crossing behavior is observed. The high amplification obtained at the mentioned wavelength can be used for laser oscillators with a central wavelength of 800 nm, such as titanium sapphire, etc., which has many applications in near-field physics, SERS, and ultrafast lasers.
本文研究了周期性金纳米盘阵列集成光栅与置于电介质和金属层上的弓形纳米三角形阵列之间的强电磁耦合。上层是通过移除纳米盘阵列中的每个纳米盘并用弓形纳米三角形取而代之而周期性形成的。对波长为 800 nm 的线性偏振近场辐射结构进行了优化,使其在纳米三角形尖端之间的间隙空间中具有最大的放大量,最小值为 188 倍,最大值为 320 倍。模拟结果证实,获得的巨大场增强是由于弓形纳米三角形和纳米圆盘光栅中形成的 LSPR 与金属膜中形成的 SPP 之间的强耦合。与只有纳米圆盘的阵列(约 32 倍)或只有弓形纳米三角形的阵列(约 120 倍)相比,放大量不仅更高,而且还观察到了反交叉行为。在上述波长下获得的高放大率可用于中心波长为 800 nm 的激光振荡器,如钛蓝宝石等,这在近场物理、SERS 和超快激光等领域有很多应用。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced performance of perovskite solar cell by optimization of thin film control parameters using Taguchi method 利用田口方法优化薄膜控制参数,提高过氧化物太阳能电池的性能
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172090
Srish Kulkarni, Jignasa V. Gohel
The objective of the study is to examine the influence of various thin film control parameters on the synthesis of carbon-based passivated perovskite solar cells. Passivation additives, namely MOF UiO-66-NH2 (20 mg/ml) and inorganic additive KPF6 (1 mg/ml), were applied to treat the perovskite solar cells simultaneously. A PSC device of a standard configuration FTO/TiO2/Perovskite layer/Additives/HTL/Carbon electrode is utilized for experimentation. The performance evaluation of the system was carried out using Taguchi method. The critical control parameters considered in the study are: type of perovskite; annealing temperature of perovskite layer; the number of perovskite coating layers; and the type of hole transport layer (HTL). Each parameter is allocated three levels. An orthogonal array was designed using the Taguchi technique to optimize the quality control parameters. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were then utilized to determine the ideal combination of parameters. The analysis identified the significant contribution of each parameter to the efficiency of perovskite cells. Among these parameters, the type of perovskite (used in the synthesis process) was found to impact the fabrication and performance of the cells significantly. Furthermore, it was observed that the type of hole transport layer (HTL) employed in the device significantly influences its performance. The best combination for our experiment is found to have FA0.55MA0.25Cs0.20PbI3 as the perovskite-type, an annealing temperature of 120˚C, a double layer of perovskite coating and Spiro-OMeTAD as the HTL. The solar cell is developed for each experiment as well as the validation test.
本研究旨在探讨各种薄膜控制参数对合成碳基钝化型包晶石太阳能电池的影响。钝化添加剂,即 MOF UiO-66-NH2(20 毫克/毫升)和无机添加剂 KPF6(1 毫克/毫升),被同时用于处理包晶体太阳能电池。实验采用了标准配置 FTO/TiO2/Perovskite 层/添加剂/HTL/碳电极的 PSC 设备。系统的性能评估采用田口方法进行。研究中考虑的关键控制参数包括:磷灰石的类型;磷灰石层的退火温度;磷灰石涂层的层数;空穴传输层(HTL)的类型。每个参数分为三个等级。采用田口技术设计了一个正交阵列来优化质量控制参数。然后利用信噪比(S/N)和方差分析(ANOVA)确定参数的理想组合。分析确定了每个参数对包晶石电池效率的重要贡献。在这些参数中,发现(合成过程中使用的)包晶石类型对电池的制造和性能有显著影响。此外,我们还观察到,器件中采用的空穴传输层(HTL)类型对其性能也有很大影响。在我们的实验中,发现最佳组合是以 FA0.55MA0.25Cs0.20PbI3 作为包晶类型,退火温度为 120˚C,双层包晶涂层和斯派罗-OMeTAD 作为 HTL。为每个实验和验证测试开发了太阳能电池。
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引用次数: 0
Spectral analysis of high-order harmonic generation in carbon plasma using linearly, radially, and azimuthally polarized femtosecond pulses 利用线性、径向和方位偏振飞秒脉冲对碳等离子体中高阶谐波生成的光谱分析
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172091
R.A. Ganeev , G.S. Boltaev , A.S. Alnaser
We demonstrate high-order harmonic generation in carbon plasma using linearly, radially, and azimuthally polarized beams from a femtosecond laser (1030 nm, 40 fs, 50 kHz). The conditions for carbon plasma formation during laser ablation were optimized by adjusting the heating pulse energy in the cases of the single-color (1030 nm) and two-color (1030 nm + 515 nm) pump schemes to generate harmonics up to the 39th order. The application of radial and azimuthally polarized annular single-color (1030 nm) beams at optimal conditions of plasma formation allowed the demonstration of the spectral division and inclination of the vector harmonics. An asymmetric distribution of harmonics was obtained using the vortex beam generated during the propagation of laser radiation through the quarter-wave plate and S-waveplate.
我们利用飞秒激光(1030 nm、40 fs、50 kHz)发出的线性、径向和方位偏振光束,演示了碳等离子体中高阶谐波的产生。在单色(1030 nm)和双色(1030 nm + 515 nm)泵浦方案中,通过调整加热脉冲能量,优化了激光烧蚀过程中形成碳等离子体的条件,以产生高达 39 阶的谐波。在等离子体形成的最佳条件下,应用径向和方位偏振环形单色(1030 nm)光束,可以演示矢量谐波的光谱划分和倾斜度。利用激光辐射通过四分之一波板和 S 波板传播时产生的涡旋光束,获得了谐波的非对称分布。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation model to enhance Bragg reflector assisted GeSn SACM-SPAD performance for 1550 nm LIDAR applications in autonomous vehicles 增强布拉格反射器辅助 GeSn SACM-SPAD 性能的仿真模型,用于自动驾驶汽车中的 1550 nm 激光雷达应用
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172074
Islam Arafa, Hassan Mostafa, Yasmine Elogail
A safe 3-D lidar sensor for autonomous vehicle creates a high demand on 1550 nm SPADs detectors. Due to the limitation of the energy band gab and absorption coefficient of Si and Ge, their photodetectors have low efficiency at the 1550 nm wavelength. Doping Ge with Sn reduces its bandgap and enables higher efficiency in this range while adding Bragg reflector represents a smart way to increase absorption area effective thickness. Here a simulation model for Ge(1-x)Snx SACM SPAD is proposed to work as a 1550 nm laser detector. Two Bragg reflectors are built using SiSiGe and SiSiGeSn layers. Results show a significant enhancement on detector optical properties. PDP reaches 38 % at room temperature and the increase in Pdp due to Bragg reflector reaches 66 %. Although DCR also increases, it can be handled with proper dead time configuration.
用于自动驾驶汽车的安全三维激光雷达传感器对 1550 nm SPADs 探测器提出了很高的要求。由于硅和锗的能带隙和吸收系数的限制,它们的光电探测器在 1550 纳米波长的效率很低。在 Ge 中掺入锡可以降低其带隙,从而提高在此波长范围内的效率,而添加布拉格反射器则是增加吸收区域有效厚度的明智之举。这里提出了一个 Ge(1-x)Snx SACM SPAD 仿真模型,以用作 1550 nm 激光探测器。使用硅-硅-锗和硅-硅-锗-锡层构建了两个布拉格反射器。结果表明,探测器的光学性能有了明显的提高。室温下的 PDP 达到了 38%,而布拉格反射器带来的 Pdp 增加达到了 66%。虽然 DCR 也会增加,但可以通过适当的死区时间配置来解决。
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引用次数: 0
The bifurcation, chaotic behavior and exact solutions of the fractional stochastic Jimbo–Miwa equations 分数随机吉姆波-米瓦方程的分岔、混沌行为和精确解
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172076
Guowei Zhang
The Jimbo–Miwa equation is the second equation in the KP hierarchy of integrable systems. In this paper, this equation is extended and introduced with the stochastic process and fractional derivatives. Firstly, the phase portrait of the Hamiltonian system generated by it is studied to understand its bifurcation behavior. Additionally, non-periodic and periodic perturbation terms are added to this system. Different values are assigned to the parameters in the perturbation terms to analyze its sensitivity and the resulting chaos is obtained. Finally, through integration techniques, the expression of the solution of this equation is obtained. These solutions are related to rational functions, trigonometric functions, exponential functions and Jacobi elliptic functions. To observe the form of the solutions more intuitively, 3D and 2D numerical simulations are conducted on the solutions and the solution images of the stochastic fractional differential equation are given by Matlab software. Compared with the existing literature, the research on the stochastic fractional equation of this equation is relatively rare and the analysis of the phase portrait is even scarcer. Our solution method is quite different from that in the previous literature. Therefore, this paper is novel. The conclusion of this paper will be of great help for the practical application of this equation.
Jimbo-Miwa 方程是可积分系统 KP 层次中的第二个方程。本文对该方程进行了扩展,引入了随机过程和分数导数。首先,研究了由其产生的哈密顿系统的相位图,以了解其分岔行为。此外,还为该系统添加了非周期性和周期性扰动项。对扰动项中的参数赋予不同的值,以分析其敏感性,并得到由此产生的混沌。最后,通过积分技术,得到该方程的解的表达式。这些解与有理函数、三角函数、指数函数和雅可比椭圆函数有关。为了更直观地观察解的形式,对这些解进行了三维和二维数值模拟,并通过 Matlab 软件给出了随机分微分方程的解图像。与现有文献相比,对该方程的随机分式微分方程的研究相对较少,对其相位图的分析更是凤毛麟角。我们的求解方法与以往的文献有很大不同。因此,本文具有新颖性。本文的结论将对该方程的实际应用大有裨益。
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引用次数: 0
Output power analysis of low concentrated solar cells with fresnel lens optics 采用菲涅尔透镜光学技术的低聚光太阳能电池输出功率分析
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172088
Dinara Almen, Ainur Kapparova, Evan Yershov, Sayat Orynbassar, Gulbakhar Dosymbetova, Madiyar Nurgaliyev, Ahmet Saymbetov, Nurzhigit Kuttybay, Batyrbek Zholamanov, Askhat Bolatbek, Nursultan Koshkarbay
In this work, we introduce a П-shaped LCPV which works with a simple single-axis solar tracking system. The simulation of the П-shaped LCPV was made on COMSOL Multiphysics and output power of the LCPV was modeled and compared with other PV, LCPV systems using predicted optical efficiency at different incidence angles by regression methods such as XGBoost regression, Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, Decision Tree Regression, Random Forest Regression. The most effective one was XGBoost regression with accuracy of 91.23931 %. The П-shaped LCPV generates 2.2 times more energy than the fixed nine-solar cell panel per a day. Using nine solar cells and the designed optics allows the system to operate well at wider incidence angles using a single-axis solar tracking system which rotates the system only 4 times a day. The П-shaped LCPV is less complex and cheaper than an ordinary Fresnel lens-based LCPV.
在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种与简单的单轴太阳能跟踪系统配合使用的 П 形 LCPV。我们在 COMSOL Multiphysics 上对П形 LCPV 进行了仿真,并利用 XGBoost 回归、线性回归、支持向量回归、决策树回归和随机森林回归等回归方法预测了不同入射角下的光学效率,对 LCPV 的输出功率进行了建模并与其他光伏和 LCPV 系统进行了比较。其中最有效的是 XGBoost 回归法,准确率为 91.23931%。П形 LCPV 每天产生的能量是固定的九块太阳能电池板的 2.2 倍。使用九个太阳能电池和设计的光学系统,可以使系统在更宽的入射角下良好运行,使用单轴太阳能跟踪系统,每天只需旋转系统 4 次。与普通的菲涅尔透镜式 LCPV 相比,П形 LCPV 的复杂性更低,成本更低。
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引用次数: 0
Germanium metalens for longwave infrared applications 用于长波红外应用的金属锗
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172087
J.M. Borlido , E.M.F. Vieira , J.H. Correia , J.A. Rodrigues
Metalenses represent a paradigm shift in optics, offering unprecedented control over light manipulation. This study focuses on the design optimization of a polarization-insensitive germanium (Ge) metalens operating in the longwave infrared (LWIR) regime. Employing rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, a metalens with 1 mm focal length was designed using nanopillars with 3.5 µm height and radius ranging from 0.55 µm to 1.2 µm. Then, the impact of lattice size and numerical aperture (NA) on lens performance was investigated. The results indicate that smaller lattices allow finer phase control and enhanced transmittance stability across the phase profile if significant coupling effects are not verified. As the NA increases, the focal spot size decreases, albeit with diminishing returns towards the diffraction limit. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first work that shows high focal efficiency (∼80 %) across multiple NA's for a LWIR metalens with a diameter under 1100 µm. The proposed metalens is compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and supports low-cost manufacturing.
金属透镜代表了光学领域的范式转变,为光操纵提供了前所未有的控制能力。本研究的重点是对工作在长波红外(LWIR)波段的偏振不敏感锗(Ge)金属透镜进行设计优化。利用严格的耦合波分析 (RCWA) 和有限差分时域 (FDTD) 模拟,使用高度为 3.5 µm、半径为 0.55 µm 至 1.2 µm 的纳米柱设计了焦距为 1 mm 的金属膜。然后,研究了晶格尺寸和数值孔径(NA)对透镜性能的影响。结果表明,如果没有验证显著的耦合效应,较小的晶格可以实现更精细的相位控制,并增强整个相位剖面的透射稳定性。随着 NA 的增大,焦斑尺寸也随之减小,但在衍射极限时,焦斑尺寸会逐渐减小。据我们所知,这是第一项工作,显示了直径小于 1100 微米的 LWIR 金属膜在多个 NA 范围内的高聚焦效率(∼80%)。拟议的金属膜与互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)技术兼容,支持低成本制造。
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引用次数: 0
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