Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172067
Rigoberto Juarez-Salazar
Flat mirrors are useful to generate virtual cameras and capture a scene from multiple viewpoints. However, the resultant camera-mirror setup is cumbersome to calibrate because of the mirror image reversion. The typical calibration flaws are omitting the checkerboard symmetry and assuming that virtual cameras are front-view. This paper explains the rear-view abstraction and its usefulness in calibrating a camera-mirror setup to obtain the equivalent mirrorless configuration. The underlying theory is reviewed, including camera imaging, the calibration process, and the laws of reflection. The proposed approach is illustrated by calibrating a camera-mirror setup and then using the calibrated camera to generate mirror images synthetically. This work offers a practical insight into calibrating more sophisticated systems such as mirrored camera-projector profilometers.
{"title":"Flat mirrors, virtual rear-view cameras, and camera-mirror calibration","authors":"Rigoberto Juarez-Salazar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flat mirrors are useful to generate virtual cameras and capture a scene from multiple viewpoints. However, the resultant camera-mirror setup is cumbersome to calibrate because of the mirror image reversion. The typical calibration flaws are omitting the checkerboard symmetry and assuming that virtual cameras are front-view. This paper explains the rear-view abstraction and its usefulness in calibrating a camera-mirror setup to obtain the equivalent mirrorless configuration. The underlying theory is reviewed, including camera imaging, the calibration process, and the laws of reflection. The proposed approach is illustrated by calibrating a camera-mirror setup and then using the calibrated camera to generate mirror images synthetically. This work offers a practical insight into calibrating more sophisticated systems such as mirrored camera-projector profilometers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 172067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172070
Fei Xie , Lili Liang , Qingbin Zhou , Ziwei Feng , Jian Xu , Xiangping Li , Yaoyu Cao
A novel composite photoresist, derived from acrylates and carboxylic-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs-COOH), has been developed for the fabrication of sub-diffraction-sized polymer nanowires using STED-inspired lithography. The MWNTs-COOH dispersed in highly cross-linking acrylate monomers benefits to a reduced inhibition laser power for improving lithography. With the MWNTs-COOH, the inhibition laser power is decreased from 5 mW to 3 mW, while the achievable minimum feature size is increased from 121 nm to 48 nm. This innovative approach holds significant promise for the development of sub-diffraction MWCNTs/polymer composite-based devices in the fields of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS).
{"title":"Novel carboxylic-MWCNTs photoresist for fabricating sub-diffraction polymer nanowires via STED lithography","authors":"Fei Xie , Lili Liang , Qingbin Zhou , Ziwei Feng , Jian Xu , Xiangping Li , Yaoyu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel composite photoresist, derived from acrylates and carboxylic-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs-COOH), has been developed for the fabrication of sub-diffraction-sized polymer nanowires using STED-inspired lithography. The MWNTs-COOH dispersed in highly cross-linking acrylate monomers benefits to a reduced inhibition laser power for improving lithography. With the MWNTs-COOH, the inhibition laser power is decreased from 5 mW to 3 mW, while the achievable minimum feature size is increased from 121 nm to 48 nm. This innovative approach holds significant promise for the development of sub-diffraction MWCNTs/polymer composite-based devices in the fields of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 172070"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172066
Hung-Chih Hsieh, Yi-Xian Peng, Liang-Rong Chen
This paper introduces an innovative approach to streamline the time-consuming process of multiple-wavelength measurement in semiconductor overlay metrology. To achieve this, a color-mixing light source was developed, which employed light sources of different wavelengths, each modulated with different sine wave frequencies. By aligning these sources and directing them simultaneously onto the test sample, we mixed all wavelength information into a single test signal. Leveraging the known modulation frequencies, we can accurately extract the amplitudes of each wavelength using a three-parameter sine wave fitting method. These amplitudes effectively represent the sought-after signal for each wavelength. A 4-wavelength mixed light source was developed to demonstrate this method's feasibility. Compared with the intensities received independently for each wavelength, the reconstructed amplitude error was below 5 %. Finally, in the test of multiple-wavelength overlay measurement, the overlay difference between this and traditional methods was only 0.078 nm. The experimental results confirm that this method enables a reduction in the measurement time for multiple wavelengths from 0.8 sec to 0.2 sec, i.e., a 75 % reduction).
{"title":"Improving multi-wavelength overlay measurement time by the development of color-mixing light source","authors":"Hung-Chih Hsieh, Yi-Xian Peng, Liang-Rong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces an innovative approach to streamline the time-consuming process of multiple-wavelength measurement in semiconductor overlay metrology. To achieve this, a color-mixing light source was developed, which employed light sources of different wavelengths, each modulated with different sine wave frequencies. By aligning these sources and directing them simultaneously onto the test sample, we mixed all wavelength information into a single test signal. Leveraging the known modulation frequencies, we can accurately extract the amplitudes of each wavelength using a three-parameter sine wave fitting method. These amplitudes effectively represent the sought-after signal for each wavelength. A 4-wavelength mixed light source was developed to demonstrate this method's feasibility. Compared with the intensities received independently for each wavelength, the reconstructed amplitude error was below 5 %. Finally, in the test of multiple-wavelength overlay measurement, the overlay difference between this and traditional methods was only 0.078 nm. The experimental results confirm that this method enables a reduction in the measurement time for multiple wavelengths from 0.8 sec to 0.2 sec, i.e., a 75 % reduction).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high-resolution emission spectra of a GaN-based semiconductor laser were utilized to investigate the external differential quantum efficiency variation with temperature and stability over an extended period of continuous operation time. Moreover, the dynamics and evolution of the optical gain and longitudinal modes emitted both below and above threshold current were also reported. Upon studying the L-I curves over the full range of operating current and temperature, three distinct temperature regimes of the quantum efficiency were identified, with the regime of the temperature range 285–301 K yielding the highest stability. The thermal stability of the laser was also assessed by monitoring the variation of threshold current with temperature.
利用氮化镓基半导体激光器的高分辨率发射光谱，研究了外差量子效率随温度变化的情况，以及长时间连续工作的稳定性。此外，还报告了在阈值电流以下和阈值电流以上发射的光学增益和纵向模式的动态和演变。在对整个工作电流和温度范围内的 L-I 曲线进行研究后，确定了量子效率的三个不同温度区，其中 285-301 K 温度区的稳定性最高。通过监测阈值电流随温度的变化，还评估了激光器的热稳定性。
{"title":"A high-resolution spectroscopic technique for the analysis of the external quantum efficiency of a multimode semiconductor laser","authors":"Watheq Al-Basheer , Taofeek O. Adigun , Abdulaziz Aljalal , Khaled Gasmi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-resolution emission spectra of a GaN-based semiconductor laser were utilized to investigate the external differential quantum efficiency variation with temperature and stability over an extended period of continuous operation time. Moreover, the dynamics and evolution of the optical gain and longitudinal modes emitted both below and above threshold current were also reported. Upon studying the L-I curves over the full range of operating current and temperature, three distinct temperature regimes of the quantum efficiency were identified, with the regime of the temperature range 285–301 K yielding the highest stability. The thermal stability of the laser was also assessed by monitoring the variation of threshold current with temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172064
Qin-Ling Liu , Yan-Nan Zhao , Hui-Qin Hao
This paper investigates an integrable spin system (or Heisenberg ferromagnet-type equation or Nurshuak-IIA equation) which is an integrable generalization of the Heisenberg ferromagnet equation that raises from magneto-optical devices. The -fold Darboux transformation of the Nurshuak-IIA equation will be constructed. With the selection of several parameters, a variety of the solutions will be produced, including breather–breather interactions, higher-order rogue waves and semi-rational solutions.
本文研究一个可积分自旋系统（或海森堡铁磁体型方程或努尔舒亚克-IIA方程），它是海森堡铁磁体方程的可积分广义化，从磁光设备中产生。我们将构建努尔舒亚克-IIA方程的 N 倍达尔布克斯变换。通过选择几个参数，将产生各种解，包括呼吸器-呼吸器相互作用、高阶流氓波和半理性解。
{"title":"Breather–breather interactions, rational and semi-rational solutions of an integrable spin system in optical fibers","authors":"Qin-Ling Liu , Yan-Nan Zhao , Hui-Qin Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates an integrable spin system (or Heisenberg ferromagnet-type equation or Nurshuak-IIA equation) which is an integrable generalization of the Heisenberg ferromagnet equation that raises from magneto-optical devices. The <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>-fold Darboux transformation of the Nurshuak-IIA equation will be constructed. With the selection of several parameters, a variety of the solutions will be produced, including breather–breather interactions, higher-order rogue waves and semi-rational solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172064"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172065
Hayate Goto , Nofel Lagrosas , Maria Cecilia Galvez , Edgar Vallar , Tatsuo Shiina
In this research, a compact and lightweight Time Domain (TD)-OCT for plant measurements is developed. The leaves (Orchis graminifolia and Trifolium repens) were immersed in two kinds of liquids to make them transparent, expand the depth, and homogenize the signals of OCT images. Optical clearing using a chlorine-based cleaner reduces the internal signal and increases the measurement depth by removing the internal structures. Since chlorine-based cleaners enhance the vein signal, this liquid is useful for diagnosing the disease that occurs in veins. Optical clearing of plant-clearing agents can detect layer changes with internal refractive index changes by reducing light scattering. Since the plant-clearing agent makes the OCT image uniform, this liquid is useful for diagnosing the small changes inside the tissue due to the disease. Applying transparency liquids to the plant field measurement can quantitatively evaluate changes in internal structure and refractive index due to disease or environment. The proposed method of the combination of compact OCT and optical clearing can obtain small changes in the veins, palisade tissue, and spongy tissue.
本研究开发了一种用于植物测量的小巧轻便的时域（TD）-OCT。将叶片（Orchis graminifolia 和 Trifolium repens）浸入两种液体中，使其透明，扩大深度，并均匀化 OCT 图像的信号。使用氯基清洁剂进行光学清除可减少内部信号，并通过去除内部结构增加测量深度。由于氯基清洁剂能增强静脉信号，因此这种液体可用于诊断静脉疾病。植物清除剂的光学清除可通过减少光散射来检测具有内部折射率变化的层变化。由于植物清除剂能使 OCT 图像均匀，因此这种液体可用于诊断组织内部因疾病而产生的微小变化。将透明液体应用于植物现场测量，可以定量评估因疾病或环境引起的内部结构和折射率变化。所提出的将紧凑型 OCT 和光学清除相结合的方法可以获得脉络、栅栏组织和海绵组织的微小变化。
{"title":"Depth enlargement and homogenization from plant-OCT observations by using optical clearing","authors":"Hayate Goto , Nofel Lagrosas , Maria Cecilia Galvez , Edgar Vallar , Tatsuo Shiina","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, a compact and lightweight Time Domain (TD)-OCT for plant measurements is developed. The leaves (<em>Orchis graminifolia</em> and <em>Trifolium repens</em>) were immersed in two kinds of liquids to make them transparent, expand the depth, and homogenize the signals of OCT images. Optical clearing using a chlorine-based cleaner reduces the internal signal and increases the measurement depth by removing the internal structures. Since chlorine-based cleaners enhance the vein signal, this liquid is useful for diagnosing the disease that occurs in veins. Optical clearing of plant-clearing agents can detect layer changes with internal refractive index changes by reducing light scattering. Since the plant-clearing agent makes the OCT image uniform, this liquid is useful for diagnosing the small changes inside the tissue due to the disease. Applying transparency liquids to the plant field measurement can quantitatively evaluate changes in internal structure and refractive index due to disease or environment. The proposed method of the combination of compact OCT and optical clearing can obtain small changes in the veins, palisade tissue, and spongy tissue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172065"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172052
R. Ravichandran , K. Manikandan
In this study, we delve into the theoretical framework of the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation coupled with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction, elucidated from the Landau-Lifshitz equation, a prominent model in the realm of ferromagnetic dynamics. Employing the binary Bell polynomial technique along with the Hirota bilinear form, we construct one- and two-soliton solutions for the considered physical system. Through the manipulation of parameters present in these solutions, we explore the various nonlinear dynamical phenomena characterizing ferromagnetic nano-wires with DM interaction. Our investigations elucidate that solitons can be effectively manipulated in the nanowire system through judicious selection of system parameters. Moreover, our findings illustrate that soliton profiles exhibit compression, amplification, shifting, and changes in orientation during evolution. These insights hold significant implications for experimentalists aiming to analyze the propagation of solitons in ferromagnetic nanowire systems.
{"title":"Soliton dynamics in (2+1) dimensional Heisenberg spin chain with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in nanowire systems","authors":"R. Ravichandran , K. Manikandan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we delve into the theoretical framework of the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation coupled with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction, elucidated from the Landau-Lifshitz equation, a prominent model in the realm of ferromagnetic dynamics. Employing the binary Bell polynomial technique along with the Hirota bilinear form, we construct one- and two-soliton solutions for the considered physical system. Through the manipulation of parameters present in these solutions, we explore the various nonlinear dynamical phenomena characterizing ferromagnetic nano-wires with DM interaction. Our investigations elucidate that solitons can be effectively manipulated in the nanowire system through judicious selection of system parameters. Moreover, our findings illustrate that soliton profiles exhibit compression, amplification, shifting, and changes in orientation during evolution. These insights hold significant implications for experimentalists aiming to analyze the propagation of solitons in ferromagnetic nanowire systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172054
R. Gottschalk, A. Lindinger
We report on two-photon excited fluorescence interference patterns produced by spatial laser beam shaping. Thereto, a focused spatially modulated laser beam component is overlapped with an unfocused Gaussian beam component, and both are directed on a cuvette filled with dye. The phase retardance between the two common path laser components is precisely adjusted by a 2D liquid crystal modulator. With this method it is possible to generate various fluorescence patterns which exhibit sharp features and a high contrast due to constructive and destructive interference of a two-photon excitation process. The developed spatial shaping interference technique with two-photon excitations has a high potential for optical and biophotonic imaging applications.
{"title":"Interference patterns of two-photon excited fluorescence by spatial beam shaping","authors":"R. Gottschalk, A. Lindinger","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report on two-photon excited fluorescence interference patterns produced by spatial laser beam shaping. Thereto, a focused spatially modulated laser beam component is overlapped with an unfocused Gaussian beam component, and both are directed on a cuvette filled with dye. The phase retardance between the two common path laser components is precisely adjusted by a 2D liquid crystal modulator. With this method it is possible to generate various fluorescence patterns which exhibit sharp features and a high contrast due to constructive and destructive interference of a two-photon excitation process. The developed spatial shaping interference technique with two-photon excitations has a high potential for optical and biophotonic imaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172054"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) provide credible alternative for the inorganic solid-state photovoltaic devices. In this work, natural sensitizer extracted from Plumeria rubra L. flower (Frangipani) in ethanol has been used as the sensitizer dye. Dark red and yellow species of Frangipani flower petals extracted natural dyes have been studied for their comparative performance as sensitizer dye. FTIR revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl group in the sensitizer dye, which helped in binding with TiO2. UV-Visible analysis revealed absorption in visible region, which got broadened for dye loaded TiO2. Mass spectrometry confirmed major chemical constituents present in Plumeria rubra L. flower. For the HOMO and LUMO levels of dark red and yellow Frangipani flowers, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed. Light-to-electricity conversion efficiency (ɳ%) of dark red Frangipani flowers was achieved 0.148 % with Voc 0.27 V, Jsc 0.88 mA/cm2 and FF 0.62, which was comparatively higher than yellow Frangipani flowers-based cell having ɳ% 0.128 % with Voc 0.54 V, Jsc 0.37 mA/cm2 and FF 0.64, respectively. For analyzing the charge transfer characteristics, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were carried out. The dark red species of Frangipani flower showed better result as sensitizer dye compared to the yellow species.
{"title":"Comparative study of natural dyes extracted from dark red and yellow Frangipani flowers (Plumeria rubra L.) as DSSC sensitizer","authors":"Abhilasha Tiwari, Shubham Sharma, Nikhil Srivastav, Pankaj Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) provide credible alternative for the inorganic solid-state photovoltaic devices. In this work, natural sensitizer extracted from <em>Plumeria rubra L.</em> flower (Frangipani) in ethanol has been used as the sensitizer dye. Dark red and yellow species of <em>Frangipani</em> flower petals extracted natural dyes have been studied for their comparative performance as sensitizer dye. FTIR revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl group in the sensitizer dye, which helped in binding with TiO<sub>2</sub>. UV-Visible analysis revealed absorption in visible region, which got broadened for dye loaded TiO<sub>2</sub>. Mass spectrometry confirmed major chemical constituents present in <em>Plumeria rubra L.</em> flower. For the HOMO and LUMO levels of dark red and yellow Frangipani flowers, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed. Light-to-electricity conversion efficiency <em>(ɳ%)</em> of dark red Frangipani flowers was achieved 0.148 % with <em>V</em><sub>oc</sub> 0.27 V, <em>J</em><sub>sc</sub> 0.88 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and <em>FF</em> 0.62, which was comparatively higher than yellow Frangipani flowers-based cell having <em>ɳ%</em> 0.128 % with <em>V</em><sub><em>oc</em></sub> 0.54 V, <em>J</em><sub><em>sc</em></sub> 0.37 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and <em>FF</em> 0.64, respectively. For analyzing the charge transfer characteristics, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (<em>EIS</em>) studies were carried out. The dark red species of Frangipani flower showed better result as sensitizer dye compared to the yellow species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 172055"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172053
Aizuddin Ahmad Kamely , Muhammad Hidayatullah Mohd Ubaidillah , Muhammad Imran Mustafa Abdul Khudus , Muhammad Khairol Annuar Zaini , Muhamad Zharif Samion , Muhammad Aiman Saufi Ahmad Fahri , Harith Ahmad
Generation of four wave mixing (FWM) effect in MXenes with chemical ratio of M2X, particularly Ti2C, Nb2C, and V2C were reported in this work. The setup was operated at 2 µm wavelength region with tapered fiber as the material host. The experiment managed to show conversion efficiencies of −43.93 dB, −42.60 dB, and −41.20 dB and idlers’ SNR of 7.73 dB, 9.10 dB, and 9.80 dB for Ti2C, Nb2C, and V2C, respectively. The relation of nonlinear optical properties such as nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index to FWM generation were explored. The result of the investigation successfully showed the relationship of third order nonlinear optical properties and FWM effect in the specified MXenes with comparisons.
{"title":"A brief look into nonlinear optical properties Of MXenes (M2X) Ti2C, Nb2C, And V2C through four wave mixing generation in 2 µm fiber laser","authors":"Aizuddin Ahmad Kamely , Muhammad Hidayatullah Mohd Ubaidillah , Muhammad Imran Mustafa Abdul Khudus , Muhammad Khairol Annuar Zaini , Muhamad Zharif Samion , Muhammad Aiman Saufi Ahmad Fahri , Harith Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generation of four wave mixing (FWM) effect in MXenes with chemical ratio of M<sub>2</sub>X, particularly Ti<sub>2</sub>C, Nb<sub>2</sub>C, and V<sub>2</sub>C were reported in this work. The setup was operated at 2 µm wavelength region with tapered fiber as the material host. The experiment managed to show conversion efficiencies of −43.93 dB, −42.60 dB, and −41.20 dB and idlers’ SNR of 7.73 dB, 9.10 dB, and 9.80 dB for Ti<sub>2</sub>C, Nb<sub>2</sub>C, and V<sub>2</sub>C, respectively. The relation of nonlinear optical properties such as nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index to FWM generation were explored. The result of the investigation successfully showed the relationship of third order nonlinear optical properties and FWM effect in the specified MXenes with comparisons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 172053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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