IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172532

Li Sun , Jingyu Wang , Cong Xie , Wenli Zhang , Wei Ding

Dent defects in button cell batteries frequently arise during production and transportation, which not only impair their aesthetic appeal but also pose safety risks. The detection of these defects is particularly challenging due to the highly reflective surfaces of the cells and the interference caused by stamped characters. To tackle these issues, an automatic optical imaging system featuring dark field lighting is developed to capture time-series images. By employing shape template matching, relative position calculation, and affine transformation, the character regions were accurately located. The threshold segmentation method is then applied to both the original and Gaussian-filtered images, excluding the character regions, to identify potential defect areas. Defect pixel areas are determined using a 200-pixel threshold. Through comparative analysis, the number of time-series images is optimized to 7, significantly enhancing defect recognition accuracy. Online testing of 150,911 batteries demonstrated a 97.87% accuracy rate for normal batteries and a 99.05% detection rate for defective ones. The proposed algorithm processes each sample in under 300 ms, satisfying the requirements for real-time industrial detection. This study presents an effective solution for the real-time monitoring of dent defects in button cell batteries, contributing to improved quality control and safety assurance in the battery manufacturing industry.

纽扣电池在生产和运输过程中经常出现凹痕缺陷，不仅影响了纽扣电池的美观性，而且存在安全隐患。由于电池的高反射表面和冲压字符引起的干扰，这些缺陷的检测特别具有挑战性。为了解决这些问题，开发了一种具有暗场照明的自动光学成像系统来捕获时间序列图像。通过形状模板匹配、相对位置计算和仿射变换，实现了特征区域的精确定位。然后将阈值分割方法应用于原始图像和高斯滤波图像，排除特征区域，以识别潜在缺陷区域。缺陷像素区域使用200像素阈值确定。通过对比分析，将时间序列图像优化为7张，显著提高了缺陷识别的准确率。在线测试150,911块电池，正常电池的检测准确率为97.87%，缺陷电池的检测准确率为99.05%。该算法对每个样本的处理时间在300ms以内，满足实时工业检测的要求。本研究为纽扣电池凹痕缺陷的实时监测提供了一种有效的解决方案，有助于提高电池制造行业的质量控制和安全保障。

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引用次数: 0

Performance investigation of quantum key distribution system through free-space optics 基于自由空间光学的量子密钥分配系统性能研究

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172535

Aanchal Sharma, Sanmukh Kaur

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers an unparalleled level of encryption, ensuring secure communication channels that are resistant to eavesdropping and hacking. As security threats continue to evolve, QKD systems represent a fundamental shift, aiming to provide robust, future-ready security solutions for high-stakes applications. In this work, we present modelling and simulation framework for QKD system through free space optics (FSO) link under diverse weather conditions. The performance of the system has been investigated in terms of secure key rate and quantum bit error rate (QBER) as a function of channel loss and transmission range considering Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84), Coherent one-way (COW) and Pirandola, Laurenza, Ottaviani, and Banchi (PLOB) bound, used as a theoretical benchmark. QBER and received power has also been examined as a function of link distance under the effect of fog and rain considering BB84 protocol.

量子密钥分发（QKD）提供了无与伦比的加密级别，确保了安全的通信通道，可以抵抗窃听和黑客攻击。随着安全威胁的不断发展，QKD系统代表了一个根本性的转变，旨在为高风险应用提供强大的、面向未来的安全解决方案。在这项工作中，我们提出了在不同天气条件下通过自由空间光学（FSO）链路的QKD系统的建模和仿真框架。考虑到贝尼特-布拉萨1984 （BB84）、相干单向（COW）和皮兰多拉、劳伦扎、奥塔维亚尼和班奇（PLOB）界作为理论基准，从安全密钥率和量子误码率（QBER）作为信道损耗和传输范围的函数的角度研究了系统的性能。考虑BB84协议，在雾和雨的影响下，QBER和接收功率也作为链路距离的函数进行了检验。

引用次数: 0

Optical fiber cantilever magnetic field sensing probe based on magnetic polymer microellipsoid 基于磁性聚合物微椭球体的光纤悬臂式磁场传感探头

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172539

Xiaowei Li, Shanshan Li, Aimin Cong, Lingyu Du, Min Li

In this paper, a highly sensitive fiber cantilever magnetic field sensing probe based on magnetic polymer microellipsoid is proposed. The preparation process of the fiber sensing probe is simple, and its cost is low. First, a fiber cantilever is fused at the end of the multimode fiber. Then, a magnetic polymer microellipsoid is coated at the end of the fiber cantilever, and a fiber optic Michelson interferometer is obtained. The incident light is reflected and transmitted at the interfaces between the multimode fiber and the air, as well as the interface between the multimode fiber and the fiber cantilever. One part of the incident light is reflected at the interface between multimode optical fiber core and air. Another part of incident light is transmitted and continues to travel forward along the optical fiber cantilever, and is reflected at the interface between fiber cantilever and air. The higher-order modes are excited. The reflected beams interfere with each other inside the multimode fiber to form a michelson interference spectrum. The fiber cantilever sensing probe with the length of 663 μm and the diameter of 37 μm is investigated in detailed. The changes of the center wavelength of the interference peak near 1440 nm with magnetic field intensity varying are recorded, and the magnetic sensitivity of the proposed sensor probe reaches −0.80991 nm/mT. It will has a important application prospect in many fields such as medical diagnosis, motor control system and industrial automation.

提出了一种基于磁性聚合物微椭球体的高灵敏度光纤悬臂式磁场传感探头。该光纤传感探头的制备工艺简单，成本低。首先，在多模光纤的末端熔接光纤悬臂梁。然后，在光纤悬臂梁末端包覆磁性聚合物微椭球，得到光纤迈克尔逊干涉仪。入射光在多模光纤与空气的界面以及多模光纤与光纤悬臂梁的界面处进行反射和传输。一部分入射光被反射到多模光纤芯与空气的交界面上。另一部分入射光被传输并沿着光纤悬臂梁继续向前传播，并在光纤悬臂梁与空气的界面处被反射。高阶模被激发。反射光束在多模光纤内相互干扰，形成迈克尔逊干涉谱。对长度为663 μm、直径为37 μm的光纤悬臂传感探头进行了详细的研究。记录了1440 nm附近干涉峰中心波长随磁场强度变化的变化，该传感器探头的磁灵敏度达到−0.80991 nm/mT。在医疗诊断、电机控制系统、工业自动化等领域具有重要的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical investigation of space division multiplexing capacity of unaltered and D-shaped multimode step-index POF 不变和d型多模阶跃折射率点of空分复用能力的理论研究

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172541

Svetislav Savović , Konstantinos Aidinis

The influence of mode coupling on two and three spatially multiplexed optical channels in unaltered and D-shaped multimode step-index plastic optical fibers (SI POFs) is analyzed by solving the power flow equation (PFE). The D-shaped technique applies controlled perturbations to suppress high-order modes, thereby improving the fiber’s bandwidth. Our numerical results show that mode coupling significantly limits the fiber length over which space division multiplexing (SDM) can be implemented with minimal crosstalk between adjacent channels. This limitation is especially pronounced when external perturbations, such as D-shaping of the fiber, increase mode coupling, further reducing the fiber’s capacity for SDM. In particular, two and three spatially multiplexed channels exhibit lower crosstalk over longer distances in unaltered SI POFs compared to their D-shaped counterparts. These findings highlight the importance of fiber characterization when designing SDM-based optical transmission systems.

通过求解功率流方程，分析了模式耦合对不变和d型多模步进折射率塑料光纤（SI POFs）中两个和三个空间复用光通道的影响。d形技术应用可控扰动来抑制高阶模式，从而提高光纤的带宽。我们的数值结果表明，模式耦合显著地限制了在相邻信道之间实现最小串扰的空分复用（SDM）所需的光纤长度。当外部扰动，如光纤的d形，增加模式耦合，进一步降低光纤的SDM容量时，这种限制尤其明显。特别是，在未改变的SI POFs中，两个和三个空间复用通道在较长的距离上表现出较低的串扰。这些发现强调了在设计基于sdm的光传输系统时光纤特性的重要性。

引用次数: 0

Effect of antisolvent dripping time on the photodetection performance of silicon/MAPbI3 heterojunction 抗溶剂滴注时间对硅/MAPbI3异质结光检测性能的影响

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172537

Zeinab PourMohammadi, Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri, Rouhollah Azimirad

In this work, we developed a silicon/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) heterojunction-based photodetector under ambient conditions using the antisolvent treatment method. To achieve the best morphology and coverage in the perovskite thin film, we investigated the antisolvent dripping time by tracking the turbid point during the spin coating of the perovskite precursor solution on the substrate. By introducing the antisolvent in the processing window just before reaching the turbid point, we successfully obtained a dense MAPbI₃ film with improved surface coverage, exhibiting elevated absorption within the wavelength range of 300–550 nm. The performance of silicon/MAPbI₃ heterojunction-based photodetectors is also influenced by the antisolvent dripping times relative to the turbid point. The dark current of the champion device is suppressed by about ten orders of magnitude when the antisolvent treatment is applied a second before the turbid point. The optimal device demonstrates a responsivity of 30 mA/W and a specific detectivity exceeding 10 ¹ ⁰ Jones at -9V under 25 mW/cm² light illumination at 530 nm.

在这项工作中，我们在环境条件下使用抗溶剂处理方法开发了基于硅/CH3NH3PbI3 （MAPbI3）异质结的光电探测器。为了在钙钛矿薄膜中获得最佳的形态和覆盖度，我们通过跟踪钙钛矿前驱体溶液在衬底上自旋涂覆时的浑浊点来研究抗溶剂滴下时间。通过在达到浊度点之前的加工窗口中引入抗溶剂，我们成功地获得了致密的MAPbI3膜，其表面覆盖率提高，在300-550 nm波长范围内吸收提高。硅/MAPbI3异质结光电探测器的性能也受到相对于浊点的抗溶剂滴注次数的影响。当在浊点前一秒应用抗溶剂处理时，冠军装置的暗电流被抑制约十个数量级。最佳器件的响应率为30 mA/W，比探测率超过10 ¹ ⁰Jones，在-9V下，在25 mW/cm²的光照下，530 nm。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis on nanoparticles induced alignment stability of dye doped liquid crystal at varying temperatures 纳米颗粒诱导染料掺杂液晶在不同温度下的排列稳定性分析

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172536

Chinky , Pankaj Kumar

In this paper, an analysis on the stability of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) induced homeotropic alignment (HA) of dichroic dye doped nematic liquid crystal (NLC) at varying temperatures has been carried out. Three sample cells, namely conventional PI coated homeotropically aligned liquid crystal (HALC) (S1), NPs induced HALC (S2), and dye doped NPs induced HALC (S3) were prepared. Further, their morphological and electro-optical (E-O) characteristics were determined between temperature ranges from 20 °C to 60 °C. Findings illustrate that there are no observable textural changes in terms of background consistency, phase transitions, and uniformity in coloration across all the cells. Also, with increasing electric field, the liquid crystal (LC) molecules exhibit uniform switching behavior up to 60 °C, confirming that the performance of the HALC device remains unaffected under elevated thermal conditions. Comparatively, cell S1 shows larger threshold and operating voltages, whereas cell S3 exhibits the most thermally stable alignment with low threshold and operating voltages with highest contrast ratio (CR) at all temperatures. Thus, NPs induced dichroic dye doped HALC cells have potential to contribute to the development of thermally reliable LC based devices.

本文研究了氧化锌纳米颗粒（NPs）诱导二向色染料掺杂向列相液晶（NLC）在不同温度下的稳定性。制备了三种样品细胞，即传统PI包被的同向取向液晶（HALC）（S1）、NPs诱导的HALC （S2）和染料掺杂NPs诱导的HALC （S3）。此外，在20°C至60°C的温度范围内测定了它们的形态和电光（E-O）特性。研究结果表明，在所有细胞的背景一致性、相变和颜色均匀性方面，没有可观察到的纹理变化。此外，随着电场的增加，液晶（LC）分子在高达60°C时表现出均匀的开关行为，这证实了在高温条件下，HALC器件的性能不受影响。相比之下，电池S1表现出较大的阈值和工作电压，而电池S3表现出最热稳定的排列，在所有温度下具有低阈值和最高对比度（CR）的工作电压。因此，NPs诱导的二向色染料掺杂的HALC电池有潜力为热可靠的LC基器件的发展做出贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Listening to ultrashort laser pulses to determine their characteristics 聆听超短激光脉冲以确定其特性

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172528

How-Luen Hsin , Wei-Hong Haung , Xin-Yun Chang , Yen-Chen Ko , Hao-Keng Wei , Zai-Wen Chen , Chih-Wei Luo

Since the physical principle behind Camera Obscura was first described by Mozi during the 5th century BC, stating in Mo Jing (墨經, is an ancient Chinese philosophical and scientific text attributed to the Mohist school): “Light rays travel straight, like arrows; when passing through a small hole, the lower part of an object projects an image upward, and the upper part projects an image downward.” (景光之人煦若射，下者之入也高，高者之入也下。), people believed that light could only be detected by “seeing.” However, this study breaks this philosophy for hundreds of years and demonstrates that light pulse profile can also be detected by “LISTENING.” Here, we use femtosecond laser pulses to generate air plasma and sound waves via the photoacoustic effect. A nonlinear crystal-free sound autocorrelation is developed to detect these acoustic signals. The autocorrelated sound (AS) signals are measured to determine the characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses and air plasma. Potential applications for this laser-induced sound autocorrelation include a method for ultrafast characterization of laser pulses and as a diagnostic technology to determine the dynamic interaction between plasma and electromagnetic (EM) waves.

由于墨子在公元前5世纪首次描述了暗箱背后的物理原理，他在墨经中说：“光线像箭一样直线传播；物体通过小孔时，其下部向上投射成像，上部向下投射成像。(景光之人煦若射，下者之入也高，高者之入也下。)在美国，人们认为光只能通过“看”来探测。然而，这项研究打破了数百年来的这种哲学，并证明光脉冲剖面也可以通过“倾听”来检测。在这里，我们使用飞秒激光脉冲通过光声效应产生空气等离子体和声波。提出了一种非线性无晶声自相关方法来检测这些声信号。通过测量自相关声信号来确定超短激光脉冲和空气等离子体的特性。这种激光诱导的声音自相关的潜在应用包括激光脉冲的超快表征方法，以及确定等离子体和电磁波之间动态相互作用的诊断技术。

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引用次数: 0

Quick and simultaneous measurement of Phase retardation and azimuth of arbitrary wave plate based on phase compensation and dual-frequency laser heterodyne interferometry 基于相位补偿和双频激光外差干涉的任意波片相位滞后和方位角的快速同步测量

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172529

Qianghua Chen , Jie Mu , Yu Guan , Duo Shao , Fuming Liu , Hongbo Lv , Lina Si , Feng Wang

In this paper, a simple, quick and ingenious wave plate (WP) measurement method based on phase compensation and dual-frequency laser heterodyne interferometry is proposed. A key rotatable half wave plate (HWP) is used for modulating the phase of the measurement signal and compensate it to the maximum and minimum values in sequence. By only measuring the extreme values of phase difference change between the measurement and the reference signal as well as fast axis azimuth of the HWP, the phase retardation and fast axis azimuth of arbitrary WP can be derived simultaneously and quickly. The phase retardation’s measurement avoids the influence of the azimuth positioning accuracy of optical components that typically exists in many methods. The signal processing adopts phase detection means, which means higher accuracy than that by intensity detection means. The reference and measurement paths both contain p and s polarization components, so the system has the common optical path property, which means good stability. Error analysis shows the measurement uncertainty of the phase retardation is about 3.2′, and that of the fast axis azimuth is about 5'' (arcsecond) under existing experimental conditions. The experimental comparison results show good agreement with those by other two methods.

本文提出了一种基于相位补偿和双频激光外差干涉测量的简单、快速、巧妙的波片测量方法。采用键可旋转半波片（HWP）调制测量信号的相位，并按顺序将其补偿到最大值和最小值。通过测量测量值与参考信号之间的相位差变化极值以及HWP的快轴方位角，可以同时快速地推导任意WP的相位延迟和快轴方位角。相位延迟的测量避免了许多方法中存在的对光学元件方位定位精度的影响。信号处理采用相位检测手段，比强度检测手段精度更高。参考光路和测量光路都包含p偏振分量和s偏振分量，因此系统具有共同光路特性，这意味着良好的稳定性。误差分析表明，在现有实验条件下，相位延迟的测量不确定度约为3.2′，快轴方位角的测量不确定度约为5′（弧秒）。实验结果与其他两种方法的结果吻合较好。

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引用次数: 0

Highly sensitive Fano resonance due to coupling between metal-insulator-metal waveguide and semi-ring resonators 金属-绝缘体-金属波导与半环形谐振器之间耦合的高灵敏度范诺谐振

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172530

Zeinelabedin A. Mohamed

Fano resonance with asymmetric and sharp spectral features has recently been intriguing for refractive index sensing. In this study, we demonstrate a Fano resonance sensor that employs the coupling between a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide and a semi-ring resonator. The MIM waveguide has a three-ring resonator built in the center, and high-field confinement is observed due to the coupling of the two structures. The coupled structure's transmission spectrum exhibits three Fano resonance modes that are influenced by structure geometry and the surrounding medium's refractive index. The high-quality factor (

Q - factor

) of mode 3 indicates that this sensor is suitable for use in optical sensing applications. To achieve maximum sensing performance, the parameters of the proposed structure are manipulated and different sensing parameters are computed. The sensor's estimated sensitivity of 3164.97 nm/RIU is equivalent to that of other Fano resonance sensors. Additionally, for plasmonic MIM sensors, the developed sensor achieves high values of

Q - factor

and

FOM

of 5420.99 and 5641.57

{RIU}^{- 1}

, respectively. The proposed high-sensitivity sensor could be an attractive choice for sensing applications because of its straightforward design and ease of fabrication. Also, the combination of very high sensitivity and FOM in a tiny and compact configuration is ideal for on-chip plasmonic nanosensors.

具有非对称和尖锐光谱特征的法诺共振近年来在折射率传感中引起了人们的兴趣。在这项研究中，我们展示了一种采用金属-绝缘体-金属（MIM）波导和半环形谐振器之间耦合的法诺谐振传感器。MIM波导的中心有一个三环谐振腔，由于两种结构的耦合，观察到高场约束。耦合结构的透射谱表现出三种范诺共振模式，这些模式受结构几何形状和周围介质折射率的影响。模式3的高质量因子（Q−因子）表明该传感器适合用于光学传感应用。为了获得最大的传感性能，对该结构的参数进行了操作，并计算了不同的传感参数。该传感器的估计灵敏度为3164.97 nm/RIU，与其他Fano谐振传感器相当。此外，对于等离子体MIM传感器，所开发的传感器Q−因子和FOM分别达到5420.99和5641.57 RIU−1的高值。所提出的高灵敏度传感器由于其简单的设计和易于制造，可能是传感应用的一个有吸引力的选择。此外，非常高的灵敏度和FOM结合在一个微小和紧凑的配置是理想的片上等离子体纳米传感器。

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引用次数: 0

Secure image encryption using Rubik’s Cube-based scrambling with chaos-driven diffusion and circular shifts 使用基于混沌驱动扩散和圆移位的魔方置乱的安全图像加密

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering

Optik

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172533

S. Sharmila , R.S. Bhuvaneswaran , Dhandapani Vaithiyanathan

The increasing exchange of multimedia content in the digital era demands reliable image encryption techniques to ensure data privacy and security. This paper presents an image encryption method that integrates Rubik’s Cube-inspired scrambling with a chaos-based diffusion process to provide strong security while maintaining computational efficiency. The scrambling stage is implemented using iterative modulo-two operations that determine left or right circular shifts for rows and columns, and these operations are deterministic without the involvement of chaotic sequences in controlling their direction or magnitude. In the diffusion stage, logistic-map-generated keys modify pixel intensity values through XOR operations. Comprehensive security analyses, including entropy, NPCR, UACI, correlation coefficients, SSIM, PSNR, chi-square, and NIST statistical test suite assessments, demonstrate strong cryptographic performance. The proposed method achieves an entropy value of 7.99, an NPCR greater than 0.994, and a UACI greater than 0.32, while the correlation coefficients of the encrypted images approach zero in all orientations. Histogram analysis shows a nearly uniform distribution, and low structural similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio values confirm strong encryption with accurate decryption. This approach effectively balances implementation simplicity, security strength, and suitability for real-time hardware applications such as FPGA-based systems.

在数字时代，多媒体内容的交换日益增加，需要可靠的图像加密技术来确保数据的隐私和安全。本文提出了一种将魔方式置乱与基于混沌的扩散过程相结合的图像加密方法，在保证计算效率的同时提供强大的安全性。置乱阶段使用迭代模二操作来实现，该操作确定行和列的向左或向右圆周移位，并且这些操作是确定性的，而不涉及混沌序列来控制其方向或幅度。在扩散阶段，逻辑地图生成的键通过异或操作修改像素强度值。全面的安全分析，包括熵、NPCR、UACI、相关系数、SSIM、PSNR、卡方和NIST统计测试套件评估，展示了强大的加密性能。该方法的熵值为7.99，NPCR值大于0.994，UACI值大于0.32，加密图像各方向的相关系数均接近于零。直方图分析显示其分布几乎均匀，结构相似度和峰值信噪比值较低，证实了强加密和准确解密。这种方法有效地平衡了实现的简单性、安全性和实时硬件应用（如基于fpga的系统）的适用性。

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引用次数: 0

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