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Saturation in the principal (excited) channel of four-level medium as an effective two-level configuration 四能级介质中主(受激)通道的饱和作为有效的两能级结构
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/oa210207
J. Addasi
Saturation of complex molecules affects the nonlinear processes occurring in the medium. The medium can be described by two-, three-, and four-level configurations. The principal singlet-singlet and excited triplet-triplet channels of a four-level, N-type, configuration were used to study a nonlinear medium, which was excited by radiation with two frequencies. Under weak population of energy levels in the triplet-triplet channel (a small ratio of the total probability of spontaneous and irradiate transitions for both channels p23/p31), the principal (singlet-singlet) channel is similar to a two-level configuration. At the same time, the effective population of the energy levels in the triplet-triplet channel (the ratio p23/p31 is large and the radiation intensity in the principal channel is high) makes the excited (triplet-triplet) channel coincide with the two-level configuration. The saturation intensity of radiation in principal (excited) channel, as effective two-level configuration, and nonlinear processes in this channel can be controlled by external radiation acting on excited (principal) channel. Finally, the average excitation of molecules into the energy levels in the triplet-triplet channel (ratio p23/p31 ≈ 1) makes the four-level configuration similar to the three-level configuration with effective level as a result of combination between second singlet level S2 and first triplet level T1.
复杂分子的饱和影响介质中发生的非线性过程。介质可以用二级、三级和四级结构来描述。利用四能级n型结构的主单重态-单重态通道和受激三重态-三重态通道研究了受两种频率辐射激发的非线性介质。在三重态-三重态通道的弱能级居群(p23/p31两个通道自发跃迁和辐照跃迁的总概率的小比例)下,主(单重态-单重态)通道类似于双能级结构。同时,三重态-三重态通道(p23/p31之比大,主通道辐射强度高)中能级的有效居群使得激发态(三重态-三重态)通道符合两能级构型。主(受激)通道的饱和辐射强度作为有效的两能级结构,可以通过作用于主(受激)通道的外辐射来控制该通道的非线性过程。最后,分子在三重态-三重态通道中平均激发能级(比值p23/p31≈1),使得四能级构型类似于第二单重态能级S2与第一三重态能级T1结合后的有效能级三能级构型。
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引用次数: 0
Optical path pointing error and coaxiality analysis of APT system of space laser communication terminal 空间激光通信终端APT系统光路指向误差及同轴度分析
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/oa210205
Zhang Furui, Ruan Ping, Han Junfeng
Precision beam pointing is the key indicator for APT (acquisition, pointing and tracking) system in space laser communication. The laser travels inside the optical system and the pointing vector will be affected by an assembly error of the axis and reflectors. In this paper, the model of the optical path pointing error and coaxiality error induced by the assembly error are established; the error distribution is given and a quantitative analysis is performed. The results show that the magnitude of pointing error is affected by the axis assembling error greatly but its distribution is susceptible to the reflector assembly error. Finally, the correction of coaxiality is performed and tested. The experimental results show that the coaxiality error can be greatly improved and the mean value of the coaxiality error of a beacon path and a signal path are 14 and 9.6 μrad, respectively, which meets the requirements. This work can provide guidance for design and assembly of the APT and contribute to the improvement of its pointing performance.
精确波束指向是空间激光通信中APT(获取、指向和跟踪)系统的关键指标。激光在光学系统内部传播,其指向矢量会受到轴和反射镜的装配误差的影响。建立了由装配误差引起的光路指向误差和同轴度误差的模型;给出了误差分布,并进行了定量分析。结果表明,指向误差的大小受轴装配误差的影响较大,但其分布受反射面装配误差的影响较大。最后,对同轴度进行了校正并进行了测试。实验结果表明,该方法可以大大改善信标路径和信号路径的同轴度误差,其平均值分别为14 μrad和9.6 μrad,满足要求。该工作可为APT的设计和装配提供指导,并有助于提高其指向性能。
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引用次数: 0
Bend loss fiber optics design based on sinusoidal and ellipse configurations 基于正弦和椭圆结构的弯曲损耗光纤设计
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/oa210301
N. A. M. Mohd Arif, Dilla Durhya Burhanuddin, S. Shaari, A. Ehsan
Bending losses in optical fibers comprise one of the extrinsic attenuations that contribute to optical loss and they are essential for optical fiber bending sensor applications. This work investigated the optical loss in a standard single-mode step-index fiber optics due to fiber bending at 1550 nm wavelength. Variations in macro-bending loss with curvature radius and turn number have been measured. Curvature radius and turn number are examined for sinusoidal and elliptical shaped bending configurations. It has been found that the loss increases as the bending radius and number of turns increase. The result also showed that elliptical shaped bending configuration produced more loss in contrast to that of sinusoidal shaped at bending angles of 180° and 360°. The study on the macro-bending loss in terms of curvature radius and turn number for both elliptical and sinusoidal shaped bending configurations is beneficial for future fiber optic sensor applications.
光纤的弯曲损耗是造成光纤损耗的外部衰减之一,是光纤弯曲传感器应用的关键。本文研究了标准单模阶跃折射率光纤在1550nm波长弯曲时的光损耗。测量了宏观弯曲损失随曲率半径和匝数的变化。研究了正弦和椭圆弯曲构型的曲率半径和匝数。结果表明,损耗随弯曲半径和匝数的增加而增大。结果还表明,在180°和360°弯曲角度下,椭圆弯曲结构比正弦弯曲结构损失更大。研究椭圆型和正弦型弯曲结构的曲率半径和匝数对大弯曲损耗的影响,有助于光纤传感器的应用。
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引用次数: 3
Refractive index and salinity sensors by gallium-doped zinc oxide thin film coated on side-polished fibers 在侧面抛光的光纤上涂覆掺镓氧化锌薄膜的折射率和盐度传感器
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/OA210102
Chuen-Lin Tien, Hao-Sheng Mao, Tzu-Chi Mao
This work presents a high-sensitivity refractive index and salinity sensor by using fiber-optic side -polishing and electron-beam evaporation techniques. Thin film coated on the flat surface of side -polished fibers can generate a lossy mode resonance (LMR) effect. A gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin film was prepared by an electron-beam evaporation with the ion assisted deposition method. The residual thickness of the side-polished fiber was 76.5 μm, and GZO film thickness of 69 nm was deposited on the flat surface of the side-polished fiber to fabricate LMR-based fiber sensors. The variation in the optical spectrum of LMR-based fiber sensors was measured by different refractive index saline solutions. The LMR wavelength shift is caused by the refractive index change, which is nearly proportional to the salinity. The corresponding sensitivity of the proposed fiber-optic sensor was 3059 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) for the refractive index range of 1.333 to 1.398. To evaluate the sensitivity of LMR salinity sensors, the saline solution salinities of 3.6%, 7.3%, 10.9%, 14.6%, 18.2% and 21.9% were measured in this work. The experimental result shows that the sensitivity of the proposed salinity sensor is 9.94 nm/%.
本文提出了一种采用光纤侧抛光和电子束蒸发技术的高灵敏度折射率和盐度传感器。在侧面抛光的光纤表面涂覆薄膜,可产生损耗模共振效应。采用电子束蒸发离子辅助沉积法制备了掺镓氧化锌(GZO)薄膜。侧面抛光后的光纤残余厚度为76.5 μm,在侧面抛光后的光纤表面沉积了69 nm厚的GZO膜,用于制备基于lmr的光纤传感器。用不同折射率的生理盐水溶液测量了lmr光纤传感器的光谱变化。LMR的波长位移是由折射率变化引起的,折射率变化几乎与盐度成正比。光纤传感器的折射率范围为1.333 ~ 1.398,灵敏度为3059 nm/RIU(折射率单位)。为了评估LMR盐度传感器的灵敏度,本工作测量了3.6%、7.3%、10.9%、14.6%、18.2%和21.9%的盐水溶液盐度。实验结果表明,该传感器的灵敏度为9.94 nm/%。
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引用次数: 0
Transmission stability of chirped dark vector quasi-solitons in birefringent fiber system with nonlinear gain 非线性增益双折射光纤系统中啁啾暗矢量准孤子的传输稳定性
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/OA210104
Yan Xiao, Jing Zhang, Qiuyao He
In this article, we consider the coupled Ginzburg–Landau equation with variable coefficients including the nonlinear gain and obtain the exact solutions of chirped dark vector quasi-solitons via the ansatz method. Next, the propagation of chirped dark vector quasi-solitons is discussed to verify whether they can be transmitted stably in the birefringent optical fiber system. The numerical simulation shows that this can be achieved. We deeply add the small perturbation to the transmission of dark vector quasi-solitons to make the results above more general. The results further prove the correctness of our solutions.
本文考虑了含非线性增益的变系数耦合金兹堡-朗道方程,利用ansatz方法得到了啁啾暗向量拟孤子的精确解。其次,讨论了啁啾暗矢量准孤子的传播,验证了它们在双折射光纤系统中是否可以稳定传输。数值模拟表明,这是可以实现的。我们在暗向量准孤子的传输中深入地加入了小摄动,使上述结果更具一般性。结果进一步证明了我们的解决方案的正确性。
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引用次数: 0
Wide-angle infrared plasmonic perfect absorber based on graphene-silica grating 基于石墨烯-硅光栅的广角红外等离子体完美吸收体
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/OA210107
Fang Chen
In this paper, wide-angle infrared perfect absorption has been demonstrated by using a double-layer graphene strip grating coupled with a silicon dioxide grating. Numerical simulation of the finite-difference time-domain method indicates that the perfect absorption can be achieved due to the effective impedance matching, and all the incident electromagnetic energy is confined in the Al2O3 layer between the silver substrate and the graphene strip grating. Dual-band perfect absorption is achieved with the change of strip width or chemical potential of the bi-layer graphene strip grating. It is found that the spectral position of the absorption peak can be tuned by the chemical potential or the width of the graphene strip, and additionally by the size of the proposed absorber. Moreover, the proposed perfect absorber shows excellent absorption stability for a wide range of the incident angle up to ±65°. The proposed absorber may find potential application in tunable double band perfect absorbers in the mid-infrared range.
本文利用双层石墨烯带光栅与二氧化硅光栅耦合,实现了广角红外完美吸收。时域有限差分方法的数值模拟表明,由于有效的阻抗匹配,可以实现完美的吸收,并且所有入射电磁能量都被限制在银衬底和石墨烯带状光栅之间的Al2O3层中。通过改变双层石墨烯条带光栅的条带宽度或化学势,可以实现双波段完美吸收。发现吸收峰的光谱位置可以通过化学势或石墨烯条的宽度来调节,另外还可以通过所提议的吸收剂的尺寸来调节。此外,所提出的完美吸收体在±65°的入射角范围内具有良好的吸收稳定性。所提出的吸收剂在中红外可调谐双波段完美吸收剂中具有潜在的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Wideband optical frequency comb generation using a fiber re-circulating loop cascaded with a spectrum expander including highly nonlinear fiber 利用光纤再循环环路与包含高度非线性光纤的频谱扩展器级联产生宽带光频梳
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/oa210203
F. Wang, W. Kang
A wideband optical frequency comb (OFC) generator using a fiber re-circulating loop (FRL) including a phase modulator and optical amplifier, cascaded with a spectrum expander containing a high-power erbium-doped fiber amplifier and highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, in which the FRL is used as a source to generate seed comb lines, and then generated seed comb lines are extended to a wideband optical frequency comb using cascaded four-wave mixing in the HNLF. Only using one stage spectrum expander, a stable 20-GHz optical comb with 201 comb lines within 30-dB power deviation, spanning 40-nm bandwidth, is achieved. The results show that the HNLF has unique ability to broaden output spectrum from the FRL. In addition, an optical frequency comb is dramatically broadened, which may be predicted by optimizing gain and dispersion of the FRL or configuration of the spectrum expander, or both.
提出了一种宽带光频梳(OFC)发生器,该发生器采用光纤再循环环路(FRL),其中包括相位调制器和光放大器,级联频谱扩展器包含高功率掺铒光纤放大器和高度非线性光纤(HNLF),其中FRL作为源产生种子梳线。然后利用级联四波混频将生成的种子梳线扩展为宽带光学频率梳。仅使用一级频谱扩展器,就实现了一个稳定的20 ghz光梳,具有201条梳线,功率偏差在30 db以内,跨越40 nm带宽。结果表明,HNLF具有独特的扩宽频响信号输出频谱的能力。此外,光频率梳被显著地展宽,这可以通过优化频域滤波器的增益和色散或频谱扩展器的配置来预测,或者两者兼而有之。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of electrical resistivity, residual stress and surface roughness of sputtering indium tin oxide films with different thicknesses 不同厚度溅射氧化铟锡薄膜的电阻率、残余应力和表面粗糙度评价
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/oa210403
Chuen-Lin Tien, Tsai-Wei Lin, Shu-Hui Su
This paper investigates the influence of film thickness on the electrical and mechanical properties of transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films. Two groups of ITO thin films deposited on unheated substrates were prepared by the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The biaxial residual stress and surface roughness for two groups of ITO thin films were measured by a Twyman–Green interferometer and a Linnik microscopic interferometer, respectively. The electrical resistivity of the ITO films was measured by a four-point probe apparatus, the thickness was determined mechanically with a profilometer. The measurement results show that the average resistivity of ITO thin films decreases with increasing the deposited thickness. The compressive residual stress in the ITO thin films decreases with increasing the deposited thickness. We also find that an anisotropic stress in the two groups of ITO films is more compressive in a certain direction. The RMS surface roughness in the two groups of ITO films is less than 1 nm.
研究了薄膜厚度对透明氧化铟锡薄膜电学和力学性能的影响。采用射频磁控溅射技术在非加热基底上制备了两组ITO薄膜。用Twyman-Green干涉仪和Linnik显微干涉仪分别测量了两组ITO薄膜的双轴残余应力和表面粗糙度。用四点探针测量ITO薄膜的电阻率,用轮廓仪机械测定薄膜的厚度。测量结果表明,ITO薄膜的平均电阻率随沉积厚度的增加而减小。ITO薄膜的残余压应力随沉积厚度的增加而减小。我们还发现两组ITO薄膜的各向异性应力在某一方向上更具有压缩性。两组ITO膜的RMS表面粗糙度均小于1 nm。
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引用次数: 0
Simulating the effects of refractive index difference on the coupling efficiency of periodically segmented waveguide mode converter 模拟折射率差对周期性分段波导模式变换器耦合效率的影响
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/oa210408
Yu Zheng, Hao He, Lianqiong Jiang, Ji’an Duan
Efficient coupling of micro/nano-optical waveguides with single-mode fibers is the premise for the efficient operation of the integrated photonic chip, which directly determines its optical performance. In this paper, the design principles of periodically segmented waveguide (PSW) structure used for high-efficiency fiber-chip coupling are proposed, and the effects of refractive index difference Δ on coupling efficiency and structural parameters are studied by simulation. It is found that as the Δ of the PSW increases, the period of the PSW tends to be smaller, and the coupling efficiency decreases continuously, reduced by around 0.673 dB in the range of Δ = 3% to Δ = 7%. Through the analysis of PSW optical mechanisms, it demonstrates that the main reason for the decrease of coupling efficiency is that the transmission loss of the tapered section increases sharply with the increase of Δ. High-Δ PSW is difficult to apply to highly integrated silica optical chips due to the unignorably insertion loss.
微纳光波导与单模光纤的高效耦合是集成光子芯片高效工作的前提,直接决定了集成光子芯片的光学性能。本文提出了用于光纤芯片高效耦合的周期分段波导(PSW)结构设计原则,并通过仿真研究了折射率差Δ对耦合效率和结构参数的影响。研究发现,随着PSW Δ的增大,PSW的周期逐渐变小,耦合效率不断降低,在Δ = 3% ~ Δ = 7%范围内,耦合效率降低了0.673 dB左右。通过对PSW光学机理的分析,表明耦合效率降低的主要原因是随着Δ的增大,锥形截面的传输损耗急剧增加。由于不可忽视的插入损耗,高-Δ PSW难以应用于高集成度的硅光芯片。
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引用次数: 0
Transmittance measurement of the in vivo human eye with a double-pass system 用双通道系统测量人眼体内透光率
IF 0.6 4区 物理与天体物理 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.37190/OA210101
Roberto F Sánchez, A. D. Paul, Francisco J. Burgos-Fernández, M. Vilaseca, J. Pujol, L. Issolio
Purpose: To develop a methodology based on a double-pass system to obtain information about the transmittance of ocular media. Methods: The procedure consists of recording double-pass images at different powers of a laser diode of 780 nm and determining the scattering in an area between 25–35 arcmin of each image. The scattering showed linear behavior in respect to the irradiance of the laser, and the slope of the linear fit was proportional to the transmittance squared of the media evaluated. An artificial eye with different filters was tested first. Then, fifteen subjects with clear ocular media were divided into two groups: ten subjects classified by the iris color were recruited for the measurements of an ocular transmittance index and the estimation of the transmittance (group A), and another five subjects were selected for measurements with neutral filters (group B). Results: The measurements performed in group A presented a mean transmittance of 42.95%. No differences in the transmittance were found between subjects with different iris color ( p = 0.154). Measurements in group B showed a good correlation (r = 0.959, p < 0.001) between the expected and the measured value for the transmittance. Conclusion: We proposed and evaluated a method to determine the transmittance of the eye in vivo using the double-pass system.
目的:建立一种基于双通道系统的方法来获取眼部介质的透射率信息。方法:在780 nm激光二极管的不同功率下记录双通道图像,并测定每个图像25-35弧分区域内的散射。散射与激光辐照度呈线性关系,线性拟合的斜率与所评价介质的透射率平方成正比。首先测试了一个带有不同滤光片的人工眼睛。然后将15名具有透明眼介质的受试者分为两组,按虹膜颜色分类的10名受试者进行眼部透光指数测量和透光率估算(A组),另外5名受试者使用中性滤光片测量(B组)。结果:A组测量的平均透光率为42.95%。不同虹膜颜色的受试者透过率差异无统计学意义(p = 0.154)。B组的透射率期望值与实测值具有良好的相关性(r = 0.959, p < 0.001)。结论:我们提出并评价了一种利用双通道系统测定眼在体透光率的方法。
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引用次数: 1
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Optica Applicata
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