Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107026
Mingjun Tian , Yiwu Xiao , Yanbo Shang , Mingyan Wang , Lei Li , Ming Zhao , Dongyan Kang
Tin’s association with highly fractionated peraluminous granites and its subsequent concentration in skarn-type deposits highlight the interplay between magmatic-hydrothermal processes and economic geology. Therefore, understanding its occurrence is crucial for bridging genetic models of skarn systems and addressing practical mineral recovery challenges. This study investigates the tin occurrence in the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen type W-Sn polymetallic deposit by integrating petrology, mineralogy, automated mineral analysis, and electron probe microanalysis, with aim to quantitatively evaluate its genetic mechanisms and economic potential. Tin incorporation follows two distinct substitution mechanisms: (1) Octahedral substitution in garnet and epidote: 2Fe3+(oct) ↔ Fe2+(oct) + Sn4+(oct); (2) Tetrahedral substitution in pargasite: Sn(tetr) ↔ Si(tetr). The positive correlation between SnO2 and Fe2O3 reflects primary, high-temperature tin enrichment in garnet, whereas their negative correlation in epidote indicates secondary tin redistribution. Quantitative analysis reveals that 62.75 % of tin is recoverable from cassiterite, while 37.25 % remains sequestered in non-recyclable silicate minerals, primarily garnet. Despite retrograde alteration (e.g., garnet → epidote), garnet retains most of its tin, indicating stability and minimal remobilization. Integrated with previous fluid inclusion studies, a temperature-centric mineralization model unifies fluid evolution, redox dynamics, and tin geochemistry within the Shizhuyuan deposit. Tin is initially trapped in garnet during the early, high-temperature oxidizing stage of skarn formation (via supercritical fluids), stabilized by fluoride as Sn4+. As the system cools, chloride-rich fluids transport tin, depositing it as cassiterite alongside sulfides (e.g., pyrrhotite, sphalerite). This study demonstrates that the economic viability of tin deposits is fundamentally governed by Sn occurrence, providing critical insights for refining exploration strategies and improving the efficient utilization of tin resources.
{"title":"The occurrence of Sn in the Shizhuyuan W-Sn polymetallic skarn-greisen deposit: Insights into the magmatic-hydrothermal Sn mineralization process","authors":"Mingjun Tian , Yiwu Xiao , Yanbo Shang , Mingyan Wang , Lei Li , Ming Zhao , Dongyan Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tin’s association with highly fractionated peraluminous granites and its subsequent concentration in skarn-type deposits highlight the interplay between magmatic-hydrothermal processes and economic geology. Therefore, understanding its occurrence is crucial for bridging genetic models of skarn systems and addressing practical mineral recovery challenges. This study investigates the tin occurrence in the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen type W-Sn polymetallic deposit by integrating petrology, mineralogy, automated mineral analysis, and electron probe microanalysis, with aim to quantitatively evaluate its genetic mechanisms and economic potential. Tin incorporation follows two distinct substitution mechanisms: (1) Octahedral substitution in garnet and epidote: 2Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>(oct)</sub> ↔ Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(oct)</sub> + Sn<sup>4+</sup><sub>(oct)</sub>; (2) Tetrahedral substitution in pargasite: Sn<sub>(tetr)</sub> ↔ Si<sub>(tetr)</sub>. The positive correlation between SnO<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> reflects primary, high-temperature tin enrichment in garnet, whereas their negative correlation in epidote indicates secondary tin redistribution. Quantitative analysis reveals that 62.75 % of tin is recoverable from cassiterite, while 37.25 % remains sequestered in non-recyclable silicate minerals, primarily garnet. Despite retrograde alteration (e.g., garnet → epidote), garnet retains most of its tin, indicating stability and minimal remobilization. Integrated with previous fluid inclusion studies, a temperature-centric mineralization model unifies fluid evolution, redox dynamics, and tin geochemistry within the Shizhuyuan deposit. Tin is initially trapped in garnet during the early, high-temperature oxidizing stage of skarn formation (via supercritical fluids), stabilized by fluoride as Sn<sup>4+</sup>. As the system cools, chloride-rich fluids transport tin, depositing it as cassiterite alongside sulfides (e.g., pyrrhotite, sphalerite). This study demonstrates that the economic viability of tin deposits is fundamentally governed by Sn occurrence, providing critical insights for refining exploration strategies and improving the efficient utilization of tin resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107026"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107025
Yao Guo , Haidong Zhang , Huilei Kong , Maoguo An , Chenglong Zhi , Zhen Shang , Tengfei Jiang , Xiuxiu Yao
Rare earth elements (REEs) play a vital role in the advancement of clean energy, electronics, and defense technologies. However, conventional geochemical analytical methods for determining REE contents in drill-core samples are often constrained by high costs, low efficiency, and coarse sampling intervals, making high-density and continuous analysis difficult to achieve. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a deep learning framework that integrates a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) with a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) to continuously predict total rare-earth oxide (TRE2O3) contents from hyperspectral data. To enhance model performance and reliability, a comprehensive data-preprocessing workflow was established, incorporating multi-scale feature extraction and data-augmentation strategies. The hybrid model achieved R2 values of 0.99, 0.92, and 0.89 for the training, validation, and test sets, respectively—substantially outperforming traditional machine-learning approaches and demonstrating excellent generalization and stability. Furthermore, to improve model interpretability, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was employed to identify the most influential spectral bands. The critical wavelengths at 520, 580, 795, and 1550 nm correspond to characteristic absorption features of Sm3+/Eu3+, Nd3+, and Pr3+ ions, thereby revealing the physical basis underlying the model’s spectral discrimination of REE minerals. Notably, the model also detected five previously unrecognized medium-grade REE anomalies within intervals initially classified as barren, which were later verified through mineralogical analysis as newly identified mineralized zones. Overall, the proposed deep learning-based hyperspectral prediction framework enables accurate, rapid, and cost-effective assessment of REE resources under non-destructive conditions, offering a robust and scalable approach for intelligent mineral exploration and automated ore-body delineation.
{"title":"Deep learning for hyperspectral prediction of rare earth oxide grades in drill cores: A 1D CNN-BiLSTM framework applied to the Weishan Deposit, China","authors":"Yao Guo , Haidong Zhang , Huilei Kong , Maoguo An , Chenglong Zhi , Zhen Shang , Tengfei Jiang , Xiuxiu Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth elements (REEs) play a vital role in the advancement of clean energy, electronics, and defense technologies. However, conventional geochemical analytical methods for determining REE contents in drill-core samples are often constrained by high costs, low efficiency, and coarse sampling intervals, making high-density and continuous analysis difficult to achieve. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a deep learning framework that integrates a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) with a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) to continuously predict total rare-earth oxide (TRE<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) contents from hyperspectral data. To enhance model performance and reliability, a comprehensive data-preprocessing workflow was established, incorporating multi-scale feature extraction and data-augmentation strategies. The hybrid model achieved R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.99, 0.92, and 0.89 for the training, validation, and test sets, respectively—substantially outperforming traditional machine-learning approaches and demonstrating excellent generalization and stability. Furthermore, to improve model interpretability, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was employed to identify the most influential spectral bands. The critical wavelengths at 520, 580, 795, and 1550 nm correspond to characteristic absorption features of Sm3<sup>+</sup>/Eu3<sup>+</sup>, Nd3<sup>+</sup>, and Pr3<sup>+</sup> ions, thereby revealing the physical basis underlying the model’s spectral discrimination of REE minerals. Notably, the model also detected five previously unrecognized medium-grade REE anomalies within intervals initially classified as barren, which were later verified through mineralogical analysis as newly identified mineralized zones. Overall, the proposed deep learning-based hyperspectral prediction framework enables accurate, rapid, and cost-effective assessment of REE resources under non-destructive conditions, offering a robust and scalable approach for intelligent mineral exploration and automated ore-body delineation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107098
Tianyuan Chen , Qishun Fan , Guang Han , Jiubo Liu , Hongkui Bai , Qing Miao , Xiaodong Zhang , Haiyi Bu , Haotian Yang , Yixuan Wang , Tongyan Lü
The K-bearing sand-gravel brine (SGB) deposits have been discovered in the large pediment alluvial fans in the northern and western Qaidam Basin (QB) on the northern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The metallogenic model of the brine deposits remains controversial. In particular, the formation age of the reservoir and its formation mechanism are still unclear. In this study, by utilizing lithological logging, K-content profiling, and multi-dating (OSL, ESR, TCN) of three deep cores, we refined the reservoir chronology and metallogenic model of the new SGB deposits in the Mahai Basin, northern QB. Some key conclusions include: 1) The SGB reservoir was deposited during the Middle Pleistocene (1.1–0.3 Ma), which was driven by the combination of Kunhuang tectonic movement and mid-Pleistocene transition climatic events (1.2–0.6 Ma). 2) A hypothesis was proposed that the sedimentation of salt layers in the terminal salt lakes is later than the formation of alluvial fan in a closed sub-playa. This assumption is verified by the forming ages of fan-lake (salts) in the Dalangtan and Mahai playas. Combining with the spatial-temporary evolution of the anti-S shape on the playas in the QB, we proposed that the age and scales of salt-forming in the respective sub-playa can indicate the depositional age and extent of corresponding SGB. 3) The northward migration of the depocenter in the Mahai Basin, driven by tectonic tilting, led to the lateral migration of brines and the subsequent formation of K-bearing SGB deposits within the pediment alluvial fan reservoirs. 4) The metallogenic model of the fan-lake system in the QB can serve as a theoretical foundation for prospecting deep brine resources in the pediment alluvial fans of various playas, both now and in the future.
{"title":"Depositional age and metallogenic model of K-bearing sand-gravel brine in pediment alluvial fans of the northern Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Tianyuan Chen , Qishun Fan , Guang Han , Jiubo Liu , Hongkui Bai , Qing Miao , Xiaodong Zhang , Haiyi Bu , Haotian Yang , Yixuan Wang , Tongyan Lü","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The K-bearing sand-gravel brine (SGB) deposits have been discovered in the large pediment alluvial fans in the northern and western Qaidam Basin (QB) on the northern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The metallogenic model of the brine deposits remains controversial. In particular, the formation age of the reservoir and its formation mechanism are still unclear. In this study, by utilizing lithological logging, K-content profiling, and multi-dating (OSL, ESR, TCN) of three deep cores, we refined the reservoir chronology and metallogenic model of the new SGB deposits in the Mahai Basin, northern QB. Some key conclusions include: 1) The SGB reservoir was deposited during the Middle Pleistocene (1.1–0.3 Ma), which was driven by the combination of Kunhuang tectonic movement and mid-Pleistocene transition climatic events (1.2–0.6 Ma). 2) A hypothesis was proposed that the sedimentation of salt layers in the terminal salt lakes is later than the formation of alluvial fan in a closed sub-playa. This assumption is verified by the forming ages of fan-lake (salts) in the Dalangtan and Mahai playas. Combining with the spatial-temporary evolution of the anti-S shape on the playas in the QB, we proposed that the age and scales of salt-forming in the respective sub-playa can indicate the depositional age and extent of corresponding SGB. 3) The northward migration of the depocenter in the Mahai Basin, driven by tectonic tilting, led to the lateral migration of brines and the subsequent formation of K-bearing SGB deposits within the pediment alluvial fan reservoirs. 4) The metallogenic model of the fan-lake system in the QB can serve as a theoretical foundation for prospecting deep brine resources in the pediment alluvial fans of various playas, both now and in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107098"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Zhujiaba and Xiaoxinchang sediment-hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits in Wuding area, located on the western margin of Yangtze Craton, are mainly hosted in the Mesoproterozoic strata and have also undergone multi-stage overprinted post-sedimentary hydrothermal reworks. There has been considerable debate over the metallogenic model. This research utilized a combined broad-band magnetotelluric (BBMT) and audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) data acquisition method, which balances both detection depth and resolution. A NE-SW-oriented MT and AMT profile crossing both the Zhujiaba and Xiaoxinchang deposits was used to obtain a resistivity model of the upper crust to a depth of 10 km. Below these two deposits, two near-vertical high-conductivity belt coincidently exist beneath the known ore deposits, which may represent the main faults, extending deeper than 10 km. The upper part of them branches into several narrower conductive bands with slightly higher resistivity, possibly representing the secondary faults that cut through the higher-resistivity layers of Mesoproterozoic strata in the upper crust, dividing them into smaller blocks. These features may jointly make up an overall ‘finger-shaped’ intra-crustal fault system and a corresponding graben-type basin, which have played a key role in Cu mineralization in this region. Specifically, the determined main faults are likely old, deep faults associated with plate boundary suture zones that existed prior to the Cu metallogenesis. During the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary- diagenesis stage, these faults became active under the back-arc extensional tectonic environment, resulting in rifting and the formation of an ocean to the east of the Zhujiaba deposit. Marine sedimentation occurred, and seawater entered into the graben-type basin, resulting in a Cu ore-bearing layer between the Luoxue and underlying Yinmin strata. Following the formation of the sedimentary orebody, during the closure of oceanic basin, the fault system provided pathways for mantle-derived basic magma to ascend to the shallow Mesoproterozoic strata during the hydrothermal overprinting stage. This can be determined from two shallow (<2 km) ‘droplet-shaped’ high-resistivity bodies near the secondary faults beneath the known Cu deposits which are interpreted as diabase intrusions. As a result of the corresponding hydrothermal circulation caused, highly saline hot water raised along the breccia zones at the periphery of salt diapirs where deep faults existed, leading to the concentration of Cu elements and final mineralization.
{"title":"Crustal electrical resistivity structure beneath the sediment-hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits: A case study from Wuding area on the western margin of Yangtze Craton","authors":"Zhan Liang , Junlu Wang , Yaotian Yin , Hui Chen , Miao Peng , Xianzhong Luo , Xiaofei Zhang , Bing Yu , Longlong Li , Sheng Xia , Yue Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Zhujiaba and Xiaoxinchang sediment-hosted stratiform Cu (SSC) deposits in Wuding area, located on the western margin of Yangtze Craton, are mainly hosted in the Mesoproterozoic strata and have also undergone multi-stage overprinted post-sedimentary hydrothermal reworks. There has been considerable debate over the metallogenic model. This research utilized a combined broad-band magnetotelluric (BBMT) and audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) data acquisition method, which balances both detection depth and resolution. A NE-SW-oriented MT and AMT profile crossing both the Zhujiaba and Xiaoxinchang deposits was used to obtain a resistivity model of the upper crust to a depth of 10 km. Below these two deposits, two near-vertical high-conductivity belt coincidently exist beneath the known ore deposits, which may represent the main faults, extending deeper than 10 km. The upper part of them branches into several narrower conductive bands with slightly higher resistivity, possibly representing the secondary faults that cut through the higher-resistivity layers of Mesoproterozoic strata in the upper crust, dividing them into smaller blocks. These features may jointly make up an overall ‘finger-shaped’ intra-crustal fault system and a corresponding graben-type basin, which have played a key role in Cu mineralization in this region. Specifically, the determined main faults are likely old, deep faults associated with plate boundary suture zones that existed prior to the Cu metallogenesis. During the Mesoproterozoic sedimentary- diagenesis stage, these faults became active under the back-arc extensional tectonic environment, resulting in rifting and the formation of an ocean to the east of the Zhujiaba deposit. Marine sedimentation occurred, and seawater entered into the graben-type basin, resulting in a Cu ore-bearing layer between the Luoxue and underlying Yinmin strata. Following the formation of the sedimentary orebody, during the closure of oceanic basin, the fault system provided pathways for mantle-derived basic magma to ascend to the shallow Mesoproterozoic strata during the hydrothermal overprinting stage. This can be determined from two shallow (<2 km) ‘droplet-shaped’ high-resistivity bodies near the secondary faults beneath the known Cu deposits which are interpreted as diabase intrusions. As a result of the corresponding hydrothermal circulation caused, highly saline hot water raised along the breccia zones at the periphery of salt diapirs where deep faults existed, leading to the concentration of Cu elements and final mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107080"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107053
H. Mvondo , M. Legault , S. Rajhi
The Preissac–Lacorne area, within the Archean Abitibi granite–greenstone belt, hosts numerous Li-enriched and Li-poor aplite–pegmatites. Both suites are strongly peraluminous, calc-alkaline, late- to post-tectonic composite intrusions cutting through the monzogranite–granodiorite suite and associated volcano-sedimentary sequences along the Manneville Fault System (MFS). The Li-enriched aplite–pegmatites, products of at least two distinct mineralizing events, are more highly differentiated (K/Rb = 18) than their Li-poor counterparts (K/Rb = 26) and contain three generations of spodumene formed through magmatic to magmatic–hydrothermal processes. Both suites likely represent multiple generations of aplite–pegmatites, including those derived from the S-type Lamotte monzogranite and those formed by shear zone-controlled anatexis along the MFS. Field observations indicate that shear-related partial melting of metasedimentary and granodioritic rocks generated Li-poor aplite–pegmatites, whereas partial melting of the monzogranite under similar conditions produced Li-enriched varieties. Overall, both suites appear genetically linked to episodic activation of the MFS prior to and during the waning stages of regional deformation.
{"title":"Petrography, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of Li-enriched and Li-poor aplite–pegmatites in the Preissac–Lacorne area, Abitibi subprovince, Canada","authors":"H. Mvondo , M. Legault , S. Rajhi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Preissac–Lacorne area, within the Archean Abitibi granite–greenstone belt, hosts numerous Li-enriched and Li-poor aplite–pegmatites. Both suites are strongly peraluminous, calc-alkaline, late- to post-tectonic composite intrusions cutting through the monzogranite–granodiorite suite and associated volcano-sedimentary sequences along the Manneville Fault System (MFS). The Li-enriched aplite–pegmatites, products of at least two distinct mineralizing events, are more highly differentiated (K/Rb = 18) than their Li-poor counterparts (K/Rb = 26) and contain three generations of spodumene formed through magmatic to magmatic–hydrothermal processes. Both suites likely represent multiple generations of aplite–pegmatites, including those derived from the S-type Lamotte monzogranite and those formed by shear zone-controlled anatexis along the MFS. Field observations indicate that shear-related partial melting of metasedimentary and granodioritic rocks generated Li-poor aplite–pegmatites, whereas partial melting of the monzogranite under similar conditions produced Li-enriched varieties. Overall, both suites appear genetically linked to episodic activation of the MFS prior to and during the waning stages of regional deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107062
Jianjun Zhang , Zeyi Chen , Min Shen , Lei Gao , Ting Chen , Bowen Nie , Yuanchang Fu
The Baihua’ao fluorite deposit is a typical fluorite deposit closely related to granite in central Hunan Province. In order to clarify its mineralization age and process, this paper conducted research on whole rock geochemistry, fluid inclusions, H-O isotopes, and Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and U-Pb isotope geochronology. The zircon U-Pb isotope geochronology and SiO2-K2O, A/CNK-A/NK, (K2O + Na2O)/CaO-10000 × Ga/Al, TFeO/MgO-10000 × Ga/Al, Y-Nb-Ce, and Y-Nb-3 Ga diagrams of granite indicate that the granite is a high-potassium peraluminous A-type granite, formed at 213.6 Ma (Late Triassic), and belongs to the post-orogenic tectonic setting related to the Indosinian movement. The fluid inclusions and H-O isotopes of fluorite indicate that the ore-forming fluid is mainly atmospheric precipitation. The Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope geochronology and rare earth element studies of fluorite show that the mineralization age of fluorite is 145.7–147.6 Ma, with green and purple fluorite formed during the early mineralization period and white fluorite formed during the late mineralization period. The Sm/Nd ratio and (La + Y)-(Y/La) diagram of fluorite indicate that the ore-forming material is closely related to the surrounding rock. The Tb/Ca-Tb/La diagram and inclusion characteristics of fluorite indicate that water–rock interaction is the main mineralization mechanism, followed by a decrease in fluid temperature.
{"title":"Geochemistry, inclusions, isotope geochemistry, and isotope chronology of the Baihua’ao fluorite deposit in central Hunan Province: constraints on the timing and process of mineralization","authors":"Jianjun Zhang , Zeyi Chen , Min Shen , Lei Gao , Ting Chen , Bowen Nie , Yuanchang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Baihua’ao fluorite deposit is a typical fluorite deposit closely related to granite in central Hunan Province. In order to clarify its mineralization age and process, this paper conducted research on whole rock geochemistry, fluid inclusions, H-O isotopes, and Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and U-Pb isotope geochronology. The zircon U-Pb isotope geochronology and SiO<sub>2</sub>-K<sub>2</sub>O, A/CNK-A/NK, (K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O)/CaO-10000 × Ga/Al, TFeO/MgO-10000 × Ga/Al, Y-Nb-Ce, and Y-Nb-3 Ga diagrams of granite indicate that the granite is a high-potassium peraluminous A-type granite, formed at 213.6 Ma (Late Triassic), and belongs to the post-orogenic tectonic setting related to the Indosinian movement. The fluid inclusions and H-O isotopes of fluorite indicate that the ore-forming fluid is mainly atmospheric precipitation. The Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope geochronology and rare earth element studies of fluorite show that the mineralization age of fluorite is 145.7–147.6 Ma, with green and purple fluorite formed during the early mineralization period and white fluorite formed during the late mineralization period. The Sm/Nd ratio and (La + Y)-(Y/La) diagram of fluorite indicate that the ore-forming material is closely related to the surrounding rock. The Tb/Ca-Tb/La diagram and inclusion characteristics of fluorite indicate that water–rock interaction is the main mineralization mechanism, followed by a decrease in fluid temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107037
Minxin You , Yuegao Liu , Dahai Li , Wenyuan Li , Lixing Li , Farhan Tariq , Qinglin Sui , Sidra Munir
Accurately determining the genetic relationships between mafic–ultramafic complexes within the same exploration block is critical for efficient exploration and offers key insights into the ore-forming processes of magmatic nickel-copper sulfide deposits. The Lubei magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt comprises two distinct mine fields: Lubei and Yunhai. Geochemical evidence indicates that rocks from the two mine fields have a common high-Mg tholeiitic basaltic parental magma. The Cu/Pd ratios and model calculations suggest that the magma experienced approximately 0.001 wt% prior-sulfide segregation at depth. The variations observed in the magmas suggest a two-stage Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization. The first stage occurred at greater depths with lower oxygen fugacity (from FMQ – 1.03 to FMQ + 1.57), resulting in sulfides with higher PGE concentrations in the Lubei mine field. The second stage took place at shallower depths with higher oxygen fugacity (from FMQ + 1.94 to FMQ + 2.30), formed sulfides characterized by lower PGE concentrations in the Yunhai mine field. The negative correlation between initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and Ni contents in sulfide ores indicates that crustal contamination might have played a role in hindering sulfide saturation. In contrast, olivine crystallization appears to trigger the sulfide saturation, as the modeling of olivines reveals a causal relationship between the olivine crystallization and sulfide segregation processes. The increase in oxygen fugacity may potentially account for the termination of sulfide saturation. At last, this study summarizes the indicators that help determine the evolutionary relationships and relative mineralization potential of different complexes.
{"title":"Two-stage Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization of high-Mg basaltic magma: The Lubei example in the western segment of Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, NW China","authors":"Minxin You , Yuegao Liu , Dahai Li , Wenyuan Li , Lixing Li , Farhan Tariq , Qinglin Sui , Sidra Munir","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately determining the genetic relationships between mafic–ultramafic complexes within the same exploration block is critical for efficient exploration and offers key insights into the ore-forming processes of magmatic nickel-copper sulfide deposits. The Lubei magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt comprises two distinct mine fields: Lubei and Yunhai. Geochemical evidence indicates that rocks from the two mine fields have a common high-Mg tholeiitic basaltic parental magma. The Cu/Pd ratios and model calculations suggest that the magma experienced approximately 0.001 wt% prior-sulfide segregation at depth. The variations observed in the magmas suggest a two-stage Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization. The first stage occurred at greater depths with lower oxygen fugacity (from FMQ – 1.03 to FMQ + 1.57), resulting in sulfides with higher PGE concentrations in the Lubei mine field. The second stage took place at shallower depths with higher oxygen fugacity (from FMQ + 1.94 to FMQ + 2.30), formed sulfides characterized by lower PGE concentrations in the Yunhai mine field. The negative correlation between initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios and Ni contents in sulfide ores indicates that crustal contamination might have played a role in hindering sulfide saturation. In contrast, olivine crystallization appears to trigger the sulfide saturation, as the modeling of olivines reveals a causal relationship between the olivine crystallization and sulfide segregation processes. The increase in oxygen fugacity may potentially account for the termination of sulfide saturation. At last, this study summarizes the indicators that help determine the evolutionary relationships and relative mineralization potential of different complexes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107037"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107016
Yuting Yang , Xiaoxue Lu , Evgeniy V. Kislov , Feng Bai , Yan Liu
<div><div>Nephrite consists predominantly of fine-grained tremolite–actinolite aggregates and typically occurs at the contact between granite/granodiorite and dolomitic marble. Most previous studies have focused on the mineralogy, geochemistry, age, and ore-forming fluids of nephrite deposits. However, the detailed formation processes of nephrite remain unclear, particularly in terms of the occurrence of fine-grained tremolite aggregates in nephrite and whether granitoids can be directly replaced by nephrite. The Kavokta nephrite deposit is the largest dolomite-related nephrite deposit in Russia and is an ideal target for investigating the formation of nephrite deposits because it contains a relic mineral assemblage derived from granitoids and multiple generations of minerals that crystallized during nephrite formation. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive set of observations and analyses, including back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging, TESCAN integrated mineral analysis (TIMA), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS), and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), to constrain the genesis of the Kavokta nephrite deposit. The igneous minerals (e.g., apatite, allanite, titanite, thorite, rutile and ilmenite) in the nephrite are relics after metasomatism of the granitoids by ore-forming fluids. The relic igneous minerals, along with the metasomatic grossular and diopside, and other multi-stage mineral assemblages (e.g., epidote, tremolite, and talc; serpentine–talc; phlogopite–chlorite; tremolite–chlorite; and tremolite–talc) in the nephrite, record magmatic, contact metamorphic, and prograde and retrograde metasomatic stages. This suggests that the nephrite with fine-grained tremolite formed by the successive replacement of coarse-grained tremolite aggregates. Both green and white nephrite samples have similar rare earth and trace element features, characterized by moderate negative Eu anomalies, U enrichment, and Nb depletion. Hydrothermal zircons occur in two samples of green nephrite collected near the host granitoids. The samples have whole-rock Zr contents of 43 and 31 ppm, and the zircons yield a concordant <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U age of 343.9 ± 1.2 Ma (n = 10; MSWD = 2.3), similar to the age of the host granitoids. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data indicate the ore-forming fluids in this deposit were predominantly meteoric water, very possibly with contributions from magmatic water and CO<sub>2</sub> derived by dolomite decarbonation. In general, the Kavokta deposit is a typical dolomite-related nephrite deposit, and the formation of nephrite at the contact between the granitoids and dolomitic marble resulted in the retention of some relic minerals from the granitoids and the crystallization of multiple generations of minerals of various sizes. We propose a model of n
软玉主要由细粒透闪石-放光石聚集体组成，通常产于花岗岩/花岗闪长岩与白云岩大理岩的接触处。以往的研究大多集中在软玉矿床的矿物学、地球化学、年龄和成矿流体等方面。然而，软玉的详细形成过程尚不清楚，特别是软玉中是否存在细粒透闪石聚集体，以及花岗岩类是否可以直接被软玉取代。Kavokta软玉矿床是俄罗斯最大的白云岩相关软玉矿床，是研究软玉矿床形成的理想目标，因为它含有花岗岩类的遗迹矿物组合和软玉形成过程中结晶的多代矿物。本研究采用背散射电子（BSE）成像、TESCAN综合矿物分析（TIMA）、x射线荧光光谱（XRF）、电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）、电子探针显微分析（EPMA）、激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）和同位素比值质谱（IRMS）等方法，对Kavokta软玉矿床的成因进行了全面的观察和分析。软玉中的火成岩矿物（磷灰石、allanite、钛矿、钍矿、金红石、钛铁矿）是成矿流体对花岗岩类交代作用后的遗迹。软玉中的残余火成岩矿物，连同交代的透辉石和透辉石，以及其他多阶段矿物组合（如绿帘石、透闪石、滑石、蛇纹石-滑石、辉绿石-绿泥石、透闪石-滑石），记录了岩浆、接触变质、进、退交代阶段。这表明，软玉与细粒透闪石是由粗粒透闪石聚集体相继取代而形成的。绿色和白色软玉样品具有相似的稀土和微量元素特征，其特征为中度负Eu异常，U富集，Nb耗竭。热液锆石赋存于靠近花岗岩寄主的绿软玉中。样品的全岩Zr含量分别为43和31 ppm，锆石的206Pb/238U年龄为343.9±1.2 Ma (n = 10, MSWD = 2.3)，与围岩花岗岩年龄相近。氧、氢同位素资料表明，成矿流体以大气降水为主，岩浆水和白云岩脱碳产生的CO2也很可能对成矿流体有贡献。总的来说，Kavokta矿床是一个典型的与白云岩有关的软玉矿床，软玉形成于花岗岩类与白云岩大理岩的接触处，导致花岗岩类中的一些残留矿物被保留下来，形成了多代大小不一的矿物结晶。我们提出了一种软玉形成模型，其中花岗岩和白云岩大理岩均被成矿流体交代，导致软玉形成，随后粗粒透闪石再结晶为细粒软玉。
{"title":"Genesis of nephrite-bearing magnesian skarns in the Kavokta deposit, Vitim region, eastern Buryatia, Russia: Evidence from petrography, geochemistry, and zircon U–Pb ages and δ18O values","authors":"Yuting Yang , Xiaoxue Lu , Evgeniy V. Kislov , Feng Bai , Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nephrite consists predominantly of fine-grained tremolite–actinolite aggregates and typically occurs at the contact between granite/granodiorite and dolomitic marble. Most previous studies have focused on the mineralogy, geochemistry, age, and ore-forming fluids of nephrite deposits. However, the detailed formation processes of nephrite remain unclear, particularly in terms of the occurrence of fine-grained tremolite aggregates in nephrite and whether granitoids can be directly replaced by nephrite. The Kavokta nephrite deposit is the largest dolomite-related nephrite deposit in Russia and is an ideal target for investigating the formation of nephrite deposits because it contains a relic mineral assemblage derived from granitoids and multiple generations of minerals that crystallized during nephrite formation. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive set of observations and analyses, including back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging, TESCAN integrated mineral analysis (TIMA), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS), and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), to constrain the genesis of the Kavokta nephrite deposit. The igneous minerals (e.g., apatite, allanite, titanite, thorite, rutile and ilmenite) in the nephrite are relics after metasomatism of the granitoids by ore-forming fluids. The relic igneous minerals, along with the metasomatic grossular and diopside, and other multi-stage mineral assemblages (e.g., epidote, tremolite, and talc; serpentine–talc; phlogopite–chlorite; tremolite–chlorite; and tremolite–talc) in the nephrite, record magmatic, contact metamorphic, and prograde and retrograde metasomatic stages. This suggests that the nephrite with fine-grained tremolite formed by the successive replacement of coarse-grained tremolite aggregates. Both green and white nephrite samples have similar rare earth and trace element features, characterized by moderate negative Eu anomalies, U enrichment, and Nb depletion. Hydrothermal zircons occur in two samples of green nephrite collected near the host granitoids. The samples have whole-rock Zr contents of 43 and 31 ppm, and the zircons yield a concordant <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U age of 343.9 ± 1.2 Ma (n = 10; MSWD = 2.3), similar to the age of the host granitoids. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data indicate the ore-forming fluids in this deposit were predominantly meteoric water, very possibly with contributions from magmatic water and CO<sub>2</sub> derived by dolomite decarbonation. In general, the Kavokta deposit is a typical dolomite-related nephrite deposit, and the formation of nephrite at the contact between the granitoids and dolomitic marble resulted in the retention of some relic minerals from the granitoids and the crystallization of multiple generations of minerals of various sizes. We propose a model of n","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107059
Lei Wang , Runsheng Han , Yan Zhang , Yi Chen , Dianwen Liu
Revealing trace element distribution from primary sulfide deposition to supergene oxidation is crucial for understanding the geochemical behavior of trace elements during supergene processes. Combining mineralogical and petrographic observations with electron probe micro-analysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we investigate the distribution of trace elements in primary sulfide ores and secondary non-sulfide ores from the Qingshan carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, Southwest China. This study focuses on Cd, Ag, and Ge. Cadmium is primarily enriched in sphalerite, whereas Ag is mainly present in galena and goethite. Germanium is enriched in sphalerite (up to 1393 ppm), hemimorphite (up to 679 ppm), willemite (up to 1223 ppm), and goethite (up to 142 ppm). The trace element signature of sphalerite, together previously reported sulfur isotope data, suggests that the Qingshan deposit is a Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit. In addition, we provide chemical and mineralogical evidence for the mobility and redistribution of trace elements during supergene processes. Cadmium is released from sphalerite and migrates offsite, rather than preferentially being retained in supergene oxidative minerals. Silver released from galena is incorporated into goethite. Germanium is redistributed from its original host, sphalerite, to supergene products, including Zn-silicate minerals (hemimorphite and willemite) and goethite. This study highlights that the supergene zone of MVT deposits has potential for integrated mineral resource recovery, particularly for the critical metal Ge.
{"title":"Trace element distribution from sulfide deposition to supergene oxidation: A case study from the Qingshan carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, SW China","authors":"Lei Wang , Runsheng Han , Yan Zhang , Yi Chen , Dianwen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Revealing trace element distribution from primary sulfide deposition to supergene oxidation is crucial for understanding the geochemical behavior of trace elements during supergene processes. Combining mineralogical and petrographic observations with electron probe micro-analysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we investigate the distribution of trace elements in primary sulfide ores and secondary non-sulfide ores from the Qingshan carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, Southwest China. This study focuses on Cd, Ag, and Ge. Cadmium is primarily enriched in sphalerite, whereas Ag is mainly present in galena and goethite. Germanium is enriched in sphalerite (up to 1393 ppm), hemimorphite (up to 679 ppm), willemite (up to 1223 ppm), and goethite (up to 142 ppm). The trace element signature of sphalerite, together previously reported sulfur isotope data, suggests that the Qingshan deposit is a Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit. In addition, we provide chemical and mineralogical evidence for the mobility and redistribution of trace elements during supergene processes. Cadmium is released from sphalerite and migrates offsite, rather than preferentially being retained in supergene oxidative minerals. Silver released from galena is incorporated into goethite. Germanium is redistributed from its original host, sphalerite, to supergene products, including Zn-silicate minerals (hemimorphite and willemite) and goethite. This study highlights that the supergene zone of MVT deposits has potential for integrated mineral resource recovery, particularly for the critical metal Ge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107059"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107039
Wange Du, Yiwei Song, Ke Yang, Kang Yan, Yongbao Gao, Liyong Wei
The Huayagou gold deposit, a newly discovered large-scale gold deposit (2023) in the West Qinling Orogen, hosts estimated resource of ∼ 20 t Au with an average grade of ∼ 1.69 g/t. This study investigates the ore-forming processes linked to quartz-sericite-pyrite veinlets. The combined methods of geological observations, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, in-situ trace element and sulfur isotopes of pyrite were carried out. Four distinct pyrite generations are identified. Py1 exhibits distinctive core-rim textures and elevated concentrations of Co and Ni, indicating direct crystallization from metallogenic hydrothermal fluids. The repeated bright rims show dissolution-reprecipitation structures, suggesting reaction with later hydrothermal fluids. Py2 displays porous texture and abundant arsenopyrite inclusions, with high trace element concentrations (Ag, Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, As). This implies gold supersaturation triggered by rapid fluid boiling. Py3 preserves external dimensions of Py2 but sharp boundaries and cluster inclusion, formed via replacement through dissolution-reprecipitation of pre-existing pyrite. Trace elements (Au, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Sb, Bi, Te) decrease from Py2 to Py3, reflecting remobilization during coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR). Py4 is overgrowing on Py3 with high Co, Ni, and As concentrations, alongside diverse mineral assemblages, indicating Au mineralization triggered by fluid mixing. The sulfur isotopes of pyrite consistently range between 12.15‰ and 15.28‰, but decrease subsequently in Py4, indicating fluid superimposition in open space. A genetic model is proposed here for gold mineralization process, and thus benefits the regional gold exploration.
{"title":"Gold mineralization processes of the Huayagou gold deposit, West Qinling Orogen: Constraints from textures, in-situ sulfur isotopes and trace element compositions of pyrite","authors":"Wange Du, Yiwei Song, Ke Yang, Kang Yan, Yongbao Gao, Liyong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Huayagou gold deposit, a newly discovered large-scale gold deposit (2023) in the West Qinling Orogen, hosts estimated resource of ∼ 20 t Au with an average grade of ∼ 1.69 g/t. This study investigates the ore-forming processes linked to quartz-sericite-pyrite veinlets. The combined methods of geological observations, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, in-situ trace element and sulfur isotopes of pyrite were carried out. Four distinct pyrite generations are identified. Py1 exhibits distinctive core-rim textures and elevated concentrations of Co and Ni, indicating direct crystallization from metallogenic hydrothermal fluids. The repeated bright rims show dissolution-reprecipitation structures, suggesting reaction with later hydrothermal fluids. Py2 displays porous texture and abundant arsenopyrite inclusions, with high trace element concentrations (Ag, Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, As). This implies gold supersaturation triggered by rapid fluid boiling. Py3 preserves external dimensions of Py2 but sharp boundaries and cluster inclusion, formed via replacement through dissolution-reprecipitation of pre-existing pyrite. Trace elements (Au, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Sb, Bi, Te) decrease from Py2 to Py3, reflecting remobilization during coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR). Py4 is overgrowing on Py3 with high Co, Ni, and As concentrations, alongside diverse mineral assemblages, indicating Au mineralization triggered by fluid mixing. The sulfur isotopes of pyrite consistently range between 12.15‰ and 15.28‰, but decrease subsequently in Py4, indicating fluid superimposition in open space. A genetic model is proposed here for gold mineralization process, and thus benefits the regional gold exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107039"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号