Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Integrated geological and geophysical approaches to map structural controls of chromite deposits associated with ultramafic–mafic complexes of the Ingasana in the southwestern Blue Nile metallogenic province, SE Sudan","authors":"Salah Alshareef ,&nbsp;Xiangyun Hu ,&nbsp;Jiahao Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Liang ,&nbsp;Shengbo Liu ,&nbsp;Yong Li ,&nbsp;Harith F. Alkhafaji ,&nbsp;Fayez Harash ,&nbsp;Wakeel Hussain ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Mohamed-Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ingasana Mafic-Ultramafic Complex (IMUC) located in the southwestern Blue Nile region of Sudan, hosts significant chromite deposits of considerable economic importance. Although some preliminary studies have been conducted, however important genetic details, such as integrated geophysical and geological analyses, have not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of field features, petrography, and Integrated geophysical surveys in the ore prospect areas of the IMUC for the first time. The aim was to clarify the geological structures and metallogenic characteristics of the region, particularly focusing on the boundaries of rock units associated with chromite deposits. The results from the three-dimensional gravity inversion analysis identify the boundaries between different rock types, including subsurface density variations and major shear zones, revealing that most known mineralization sites are closely associated with structural features and the fault system of the area. Exploratory drill holes (D.H.) of different depths confirm the subsurface occurrence of thin chromite with serpentinite as ven bodies within the ultramafic rocks of Ingasana.On the other hand, Petrological Examinations (P.E.) results identify boundaries between other rocks. These findings further suggest that areas with high-density anomalies are the most favorable for hosting chromium, whereas regions covered with clay rocks exhibit the opposite potential. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical role of fault zones as conduits for magma and mineralizing fluids, emphasizing their significance in controlling the emplacement of mafic–ultramafic rocks and associated mineralization. The integration of geophysical and geological data not only enhances our understanding of the structural framework but also provides a robust basis for future exploration, guiding targeted prospecting efforts for chromite and other related mineral deposits in the IMUC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106441"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scandium distribution in the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, China: A multi-scale geochemical perspective","authors":"Shuang-Liang Liu ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu ,&nbsp;Hong-Rui Fan ,&nbsp;Alan R Butcher ,&nbsp;Yann Lahaye ,&nbsp;Radoslaw M. Michallik ,&nbsp;Ester M. Jolis ,&nbsp;Sari Lukkari ,&nbsp;Kui-Feng Yang ,&nbsp;Qi-Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng-Jie Qiu ,&nbsp;Hai-Dong She","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scandium (Sc) is a dispersed element in average continental crust but can accumulate in carbonatite systems. In the Bayan Obo carbonatite deposit, China, substantial Sc₂O₃ resources have been estimated; however, the occurrence and spatial distribution of Sc remain poorly understood, impeding efforts to explore and extract these resources. This study presents novel results of geochemical, mineral and textural mapping from 270 systematically collected field samples and 13 representative laboratory samples, revealing the Sc distribution at various scales, from deposit down to mineral, within this complex carbonatite system.</div><div>Whole-rock analyses identified Sc anomalies (over 100 ppm) along the lithological contacts between the ore-hosting dolomite intrusion and the surrounding slate/schist. The banded/massive ores and vein-type ores exhibit variable yet relatively high Sc contents, ranging from 2 to 378 ppm (average 67.6 ppm) and 91 to 273 ppm (average 153 ppm), respectively. In contrast, slate/schist shows lower Sc levels (1–218 ppm, average 38.2 ppm), while the ore-hosting dolomite has consistently medium to low Sc contents (17–77 ppm, average 34.0 ppm). Micro-scale analyses reveal that aegirine and Na-amphibole are common Sc carriers in all rock types except slate/schist, in which mica and ilmenite are the major Sc-bearing minerals. Sc-rich domains (over 0.3 wt% Sc₂O₃) are detected in polished thin sections, in which three individual Sc minerals, i.e., thortveitite, aegirine-jervisite solid solution, and bazzite, are documented for the first time in this deposit. Variations in chemical composition and microtexture in these Sc minerals indicate a multi-stage Sc mineralization process. These findings suggest that hydrothermal alteration is the primary mechanism for Sc enrichment in this carbonatite system, laying a solid foundation for future resource utilization of the Bayan Obo deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fertile Cu-Mo magmatism in southern Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Metallogenic belt, Western Yunnan: Constraints from the Chang’anchong deposit","authors":"Peiling Feng ,&nbsp;Dong Yang ,&nbsp;Song Lin ,&nbsp;Zhihong Kang ,&nbsp;Hongbo Zheng ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Bing Yu ,&nbsp;Yongbin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with the calc-alkaline rocks of subduction-related porphyry deposits, the genesis of the shoshonitic felsic intrusions associated with collision-related porphyry deposits in that Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Metallogenic Belt remains controversial. Chang’anchong Cu–Mo orebodies from this belt occur mostly in contact skarn and internal alteration zones between quartz monzonite and limestone, and provide an ideal case for the abovementioned controversy. Zircon U–Pb dating and previous molybdenite Re–Os age confirm the coeval formation of the Chang’anchong magmatism and mineralization at ∼35.2 Ma. The ore-related quartz monzonite is identified as shoshonitic I-type granite, characterized by low-K hornblende occurrences, and moderate SiO₂ (65.46 ∼ 69.37 %), high K₂O (4.96 ∼ 5.82 %), and low A/CNK (0.96 ∼ 1.01). Furthermore, its geochemical profile enriched LILEs and LREEs, depleted HFSEs and HREEs, with high Sr/Y ratios (47 ∼ 65), moderate Nb/Ta ratios (10.8 ∼ 12.4) and Mg^# of 48 ∼ 55 distinguishes it from adkite or adakite-like rocks but previously defined shoshonitic felsic intrusion. The quartz monzonite is characterized by low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70713 ∼ 0.70729), ε_Nd(t) values (−5.7 ∼ −5.5) and ε_Hf(t) values (−3.4 ∼ −0.3) with T_DM2(Nd) of 1.29 ∼ 1.31 Ga and T_DM2(Hf) of 1.14 ∼ 1.34 Ga, suggesting a magma source derived from thickened lower-crust mixted with Neoproterozoic subduction-contaminated mantle-derived materials. The high LILEs contents, log(<em>f</em>_O2) values, thermometry and Sr/Y values suggest that Chang’anchong quartz monzonite formed under conditions of water-rich, moderate-high temperature (∼800 °C) and oxygen fugacity within the garnet stability field for porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization. Together with previous research on regional tectono-magmatic activities, we infer that Chang’anchong shoshonitic granite was generated in the transtensional tectonic setting triggered by asthenosphere upwelling during the late-collision of the India and Eurasian plates, creating favorable conditions for porphyry mineralization in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Metallogenic Belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tungsten prospectivity mapping using multi-source geo-information and deep forest algorithm","authors":"Yue Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Sun ,&nbsp;Kaixing Wu ,&nbsp;Jingwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenbin Pu ,&nbsp;Bo Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) using multi-source geo-information and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is an effective and increasingly accepted tool for delineating and prioritizing potential targets for further mineral exploration. In this study, the extraction and integration of multi-source data, including geological, geochemical, geophysical, and remote sensing data, are conducted to yield fifteen evidential layers, based on which the deep forest (DF) model, an ensemble learning framework with deep architecture suitable for addressing complex classification tasks, is trained together with benchmarked random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN) models, to map the tungsten prospectivity in southern Jiangxi Province (SJP). The results indicate that the DF model is the optimal predictor based on its comprehensively superior performance on classification precision, generalization ability and predictive efficiency. The DF model achieves the second-best classification performance with high values of accuracy (0.8648), sensitivity (0.8314), specificity (0.8972), and Kappa value (0.7293), and showcases the sub-optimal generalization performance indicated by its high AUC value of the test set (mean AUC of 0.9460) and the low measured overfitting degree of 0.0511. In addition, the DF model exhibits high predictive efficiency regarding a higher success-rate within a smaller target area, which is a primary concern in practical mineral exploration. The prospectivity map was generated by the DF model combined with consideration of uncertainty measurement. The delineated low-risk and high-potential targets occupy only 3.98% of the study area, yet contain 48.31% of the known deposit sites. The DF model benefits from the characteristic cascade architecture, ensemble learning strategy and strong interpretability. Specifically, the introduction of the derived features from the second layer of the cascade structure enhances the capability of the DF model in capturing complex patterns in high-dimensional and multi-source geo-information datasets. The interpretability analyses highlight the significant contributions of geochemical anomalies, proximity to Yanshanian intrusions, and density of fault intersections on model output, which can be linked to the ore-forming processes and specific geological setting of the tungsten mineral system in SJP, thus providing interpretable guidance for future exploration in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis and mineralization processes of the Hua’aobaote Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic deposit in Inner Mongolia: Constraints from in situ sulfur isotopes and trace elements in pyrite","authors":"Hu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Lü ,&nbsp;Shuyi Dong ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Li ,&nbsp;Hairui Sun ,&nbsp;Banglu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jilong Han ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Wange Du ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Haiming Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hua’aobaote Pb–Zn–Ag deposit in the Southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) was recently discovered, and its orebodies occur in Permian tuffaceous siltstone, sandstone, siltstone, and slate and are strictly controlled by faults. The aim of this study is conduct trace element and sulfur isotope analyses of pyrite to accurately delineate the mineralization process from magmatic to hydrothermal stages, enhancing the understanding of the genesis of the deposit. The research findings reveal that the mineralization process can be categorized into three stages: pyrite + quartz (Py1), quartz + pyrite + arsenopyrite + chalcopyrite + cassiterite + pyrrhotite + galena + sphalerite + silver minerals (Py2), and quartz + pyrite + arsenopyrite + marcasite + calcite (Py3). Within these stages, Py1 displays the highest concentrations of Se and Ni (averages of 352.05 ppm and 28.71 ppm), whereas other trace elements are relatively scarce. Conversely, the total trace element contents in Py2 and Py3 significantly increase, particularly those of Cu, Sn, Ag, Pb, Zn, Bi, Mn, As, and Sb. Notably, Py2 has the highest concentrations of Co (average of 20.39 ppm), Bi (average of 14.34 ppm), and Sn (average of 17.78 ppm), whereas Py3 is characterized by a uniquely high Mn concentration (average of 154.34 ppm). The δ³⁴S values for pyrite, ranging from −2.96 ‰ to 1.55 ‰, are characteristics of deep magma sources. Py1 is distinguished by high Se and low As contents, elevated Se/As and Co/Sb ratios, and comparatively low Sb/Bi and As/Ag ratios. These characteristics suggest that Py1 comprises magmatic pyrite and hydrothermal pyrite, formed through the evolution of porphyry-type magmatic fluids. In contrast, Py2 and Py3 are hydrothermal pyrites that have high As and low Se contents, low Se/As and Co/Sb ratios, and high Sb/Bi and As/Ag ratios. These features indicate their formation in an epithermal environment, likely resulting from interactions between magmatic fluids and host rocks or meteoric water. An analysis of mineral assemblages, trace elements, and sulfur isotopes indicates that the mineralization occurred from mid- to high-temperature, mid-sulfidation porphyry magmatic fluids to low-temperature, low-sulfidation hydrothermal fluids, indicating that the ore-forming materials originated predominantly from porphyry magma. Accordingly, the Hua’aobaote deposit is categorized as a distal, mid- to low-temperature, mid- to low-sulfidation epithermal vein deposit linked to a porphyry-type magmatic–hydrothermal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Newly discovered veinlet-disseminated type scheelite mineralization in the deep-seated biotite monzogranite from the giant Zhuxi deposit: Implications for source and evolution of ore-forming fluid","authors":"Yanshen Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Pan ,&nbsp;Baoshun Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coexistence of multiple types of tungsten (W) mineralization is a hallmark of giant W deposits. The Zhuxi deposit in South China, the largest W deposit globally, contains 4.22 Mt of WO₃. Here, we investigate newly identified scheelite-bearing biotite monzogranite from the Zhuxi deposit, analyzing the elemental compositions and Sr isotopic signatures of scheelite and apatite coexisting within veinlets hosted in the biotite monzogranite. Micropetrographic relationships and rare earth element (REE) compositions in minerals indicate that apatite crystallized earlier than scheelite. Using the Rayleigh distillation model, our simulations indicate that the ore-forming fluids underwent approximately 10 % apatite-dominated fractional crystallization prior to scheelite crystallization. The apatites exhibit homogeneous ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.71743 to 0.71921, suggesting that the ore-forming fluids inherited their Sr isotopic signatures from both the parental magma and Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of scheelite, ranging from 0.71689 to 0.71820, are consistent with those of scheelite from other occurrences within the Zhuxi deposit. This similarity indicates that ore-forming fluids across the Zhuxi deposit were derived from common sources. This study also compiled compositional data for scheelite from various occurrences in the Zhuxi deposit reported in the literature, dividing them into four types: (type-I) scheelite overprinting massive prograde skarn, (type-II) scheelite overprinting prograde skarn veinlets, (type-III) scheelite hosted in quartz–muscovite veins within marble, and (type-IV, analyzed in this study) scheelite in veinlets within biotite monzogranite. The type-IV scheelite exhibits REE contents (mean: 83 ppm) and Y/Ho ratios (mean: 33) comparable to those of the ore-forming granites in the Zhuxi deposit. In contrast, the other three types display significantly lower REE contents and higher Y/Ho ratios, suggesting that the fluids responsible for type-I, −II, and −III scheelite crystallization underwent varying degrees of fluid evolution and interaction. Our systematic investigation of various occurrences of scheelite within the Zhuxi deposit reveals that the significant variations in composition of scheelites may be influenced by factors such as the assemblage of coexisting minerals, the host rock properties, and the intensity of fluid-rock interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and trace element occurrence in molybdenite (MoS2) from the Dexing ore field: Implications for the differential enrichment of rhenium","authors":"Zhi Ren ,&nbsp;Cheng-Biao Leng ,&nbsp;Yiping Yang ,&nbsp;Jiajie Chen ,&nbsp;Andong Wang ,&nbsp;Shuilong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rhenium (Re), a critical metal of significant importance to national security and military strategies, has garnered extensive attention in recent years. Most of the world’s rhenium is extracted from molybdenite in porphyry deposits. As the primary host-mineral of Re, molybdenite (MoS₂) is a layered sulfide mineral featuring two hexagonally coordinated sulfur layers enclosing a molybdenum layer. Molybdenite, a mineral commonly found in hydrothermal ore deposits, is similar to other layered minerals in that it exhibits polytypism. Nevertheless, the nanoscale distribution and enrichment mechanisms of rhenium (Re) within molybdenite remain largely enigmatic. This research utilizes high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), in combination with the nanobeam techniques, to explore the occurrence and variable enrichment of rhenium (Re) in molybdenite extracted from the Fujiawu and Tongchang deposits within the Dexing ore field, eastern China, where notably diverse average rhenium contents are observed. The molybdenite polytypes identified in the Dexing ore field encompass 2<em>H</em>₁ and 2<em>H</em>₁ + 3<em>R</em>, whereas those from Fujiawu are categorized as 2<em>H</em>₁ and 2<em>H</em>_d, and those from Tongchang as 2<em>H</em>₁, 3<em>R</em> and 2<em>H</em>_d and 3<em>R</em>_d. The disordered molybdenite from the Dexing ore field formed under non-equilibrium conditions, with molybdenite from Fujiawu displaying a higher degree of orderliness compared to that from Tongchang. Rhenium is found adsorbed on the surface of molybdenite from the Dexing ore field in the form of Re-S complexes. By comparing the trace element compositions and microstructures of molybdenite from the Fujiawu and Tongchang deposits, we ascribe the differential enrichment of Re predominantly to the microstructures of molybdenite, the impurity content of ore-forming fluids, the rates of cooling and crystallization during molybdenite formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the thermal persistence of silver acetate: Implication for the role of organic acids in metallic mineralization","authors":"Zhiyong Ni ,&nbsp;Yanjing Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Shi ,&nbsp;Haifei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interaction between organic and inorganic fluids can facilitate formation of mineral deposits. Organic acids are common in oilfield brines, and their decomposition can generate H₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ that are abundant in fluid inclusions from hydrothermal mineral deposits. However, little research has been performed on the interaction between organic acid-bearing solution and metals. This study insights into the role of organic acids in metal transportation by examining the thermal persistence of silver acetate at high temperatures and pressures using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. The experimental results indicate that silver acetate becomes more persistent at higher pressure at the same temperature. The presence of pyrite facilitates the decomposition of silver acetate at temperatures of 150–330 °C under geothermal gradient of 25 °C/km. Our thermodynamic modeling results also show that organic matter could generate silver acetate and acetic acid at high temperature and pressure, furthermore, silver acetate remain stable and maintain higher concentrations under a lower geothermal gradient with temperatures below 500 °C and pressure above 500 MPa. These observations accord with the geologic fact that large-scale orogenic-type mineralization of Ag, Au and Cu generally occurred in the post-orogenic thermal extension. They also consist with the numerous observations of CO₂ − H₂O inclusions, the carbonate and hydroxylic alterations in the orogenic-type mineral deposits, and the widespread presence of pyrite formed during earlier mineralization stages. This research provides new understanding of organic–inorganic interaction during hydrothermal mineralization, orogeny and thermal evolution of sedimentary basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The control of various combinations of fluid processes on Au-Te enrichment: Insights from the giant Dongping Au-Te deposit","authors":"Gao-Hua Fan ,&nbsp;Xiao-Dong Deng ,&nbsp;Zhan-Ke Li ,&nbsp;Bo Zu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Te-rich gold ores are important potential targets for the Te recovery and their formation is usually the results of different fluid processes, including fluid boiling, mixing and fluid-rock interaction. However, how the various combinations of these processes control Te enrichment together with Au remains poorly understood. The giant Dongping Au-Te deposit in the North China Craton provides an excellent opportunity to investigate this question. Here, we present major, trace element, and S isotope compositions of three generations of pyrite (Py-1, Py-2a, and Py-2b) at Dongping, based on the detailed petrographic observations. The results show that Te and Au occur mainly as solid solution in pre-ore Py-1, distinct from their existence mostly in form of mineral inclusion in Py-2a of <em>syn</em>-ore veining stage. These two styles of occurrence are suggested for Py-2b in <em>syn</em>-ore disseminated gold ores. In addition, trace element mapping reveals a coupling characteristic between Te and Au. When combining the results presented here and previous data, such enrichment behaviors of Te and Au are proposed to be related to different degrees of various combinations of fluid processes. Pre-ore fluids forming Py-1 are under a condition of high temperature and <em>f</em>_O2, and thus contain high Te concentrations (HTeO₃^– and/or TeO₃^2–) and low Au concentrations (Au(HS)₂^–). Gentle boiling during the Py-1 formation decreased the loss of Te to vapor phase, thereby causing the co-enrichment of Te and Au in liquid-rich fluids. Meanwhile, high As concentrations facilitated the co-incorporation of Te and Au into Py-1 as solid inclusions. Vigorous fluid mixing at the onset of Py-1 formation cannot trigger the precipitation of Te because of high temperature and <em>f</em>_O2. HTe^– and/or Te₂^2– are dominant for Te transport in reduced fluids of <em>syn</em>-ore stage. During the formation of Py-2a, a process involving Te-rich metallic melts scavenging Au from ore fluids could account for the co-enrichment of Te and Au. This process was activated by fluid oxidation caused by vigorous processes of fluid boiling and mixing. The deficient As concentrations likely led to the scarce occurrence of Te and Au as solid inclusions in Py-2a. The oxidation of fluids systems induced by igorous boiling and fluid-rock interaction was responsible for the co-enrichment of Te and Au in Py-2b, which also invoked Te-rich metallic melts. The moderate As concentrations may explain some Te and Au as solid solution in Py-2b.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 106464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatism and mineralization of the Niuxingba Ag–Pb–Zn deposit in the eastern Nanling metallogenic belt, South China: Constrains from zircon U–Pb and sphalerite Rb–Sr dating, geochemistry and H–O–S–Pb isotope geochemistry","authors":"Tian-wen Chen ,&nbsp;Shi-jiong Han ,&nbsp;Yan-chen Yang ,&nbsp;Gen-wen He ,&nbsp;Zhao-yang Song ,&nbsp;Zi-jian Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Niuxingba deposit, a recently discovered large-scale Ag–Pb–Zn deposit in the eastern Nanling metallogenic belt (NMB), South China, contains proven metal reserves of 124,982 tons Pb, 291,585 tons Zn, and 488.3 tons Ag. The orebodies mainly consist of vein-like sulfides, and occur in the volcanoclastic sedimentary rocks of Neoproterozoic Kuli Formation. The Ag–Pb–Zn orebodies yielded a sphalerite Rb-Sr isochronal age of 158.6 ± 2.2 Ma. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating revealed that the ore-related granodiorite porphyry was formed at 160.7 ± 1.9 Ma, suggesting the Late Jurassic magmatism and mineralization. Ore-related granodiorite porphyry at Niuxingba exhibits light hydrothermal alterations with loss on ignition values (LOI) of 4.62 %–7.07 %. The fluid immobile elements indicate that it is geochemically akin to the granitoids linked to Pb–Zn polymetallic mineralization in the NMB, and genetically belongs to weakly peraluminous high-K I-type granite. The Hf isotope compositions indicate that the magma probably originated from the partial melting of low crustal basement, with a minor contribution from juvenile crustal melts. H–O isotope characteristics indicate a magmatic source for ore-forming fluids, with less input from meteoric water. Additionally, the narrow δ³⁴S values (−3.8 ‰ to −0.3 ‰) of sulfides from mineralization stages II and IV are consistent with other Pb–Zn polymetallic deposits in the Shi-Hang Belt, suggesting a magmatic source. The Pb isotopic data indicate the ore-forming materials at Niuxingba derived from a crust-mantle mixing source. Combined with the regional tectonic setting, we propose that the Niuxingba deposit is a magmatic-hydrothermal deposit that formed in an extensional setting related to Paleo-Pacific plate subduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106467"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143290083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}