Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Revealing mineralization process of the Lehong carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposit: Insights from in-situ LA-ICP-MS analysis and fluid inclusion study of dolomite","authors":"Haobo Jia ,&nbsp;Dengfei Duan ,&nbsp;Junqin Wang ,&nbsp;Changqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Sun ,&nbsp;Guowen Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Kong ,&nbsp;Yue Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits account for approximately 20% of global Zn-Pb resources. Understanding the fluid evolution and the source of metallogenic materials in these deposits is crucial for advancing exploration and the development of Pb and Zn resources. As a common gangue mineral in carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, dolomite is ideal for tracing the detailed evolution of ore-forming processes. While previous studies on fluid evolution in Zn-Pb deposits on carbonate minerals has been limited. The Lehong Zn-Pb deposit, a typical large-scale deposit in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou metallogenic belt, is characterized by a close association between dolomite and sulfides during the mineralization period, with distinct growth zoning under cathodoluminescence. Therefore, we selected the Lehong deposit as the focus of this study. This research employed in-situ LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis, fluid inclusion studies to investigate dolomite from different mineralization stages.</div><div>The paragenetic sequence of the Lehong deposit was divided into Pre-Ore, Ore, and Post-Ore stages, with an additional Cu mineralization event identified. Dolomite exhibited complex zoning patterns that reflect fluid-rock interactions, meteoric water input, replenishment of ore-forming fluid, and sulfide crystallization. Spatial analysis revealed a decreasing influence of ore-forming fluid and an increasing impact of meteoric water with distance from the massive ore zones. Temporally, the waning of ore-forming fluid and the increasing influx of meteoric water led to the development of low-temperature, low-salinity fluid (166.5 °C, 5.32 wt% NaCl equivalent) during the post-ore stage. Trace element data indicated that sulfide minerals deplete corresponding metals in dolomite, while Cu and Zn-Pb associated dolomite exhibit higher metal concentrations compared to barren ones. Additionally, we propose a mineralization process model for the Lehong deposit, which enhances the understanding of both its geology and mineralization processes. Overall, this study highlights the potential of using dolomite as a geochemical tracer to reconstruct fluid evolution and ore-forming processes in carbonate-hosted deposits, providing valuable insights for mineral exploration strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of alkaline magmas and enrichment of rare earth elements: Insights from the geochemistry of apatite in the Saima alkaline igneous complex, Liaodong Peninsula, China","authors":"Rui-Xin Fu ,&nbsp;Ning-Bo Li ,&nbsp;He-Cai Niu ,&nbsp;Xu Zhao ,&nbsp;Yan Zhao ,&nbsp;Pan Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth element (REE) mineralization related to alkaline magmas is an important source of REEs, and some deposits are enriched in heavy REEs (HREEs). However, the mechanisms of HREE enrichment in alkaline igneous rocks are unclear. In this study, we conducted petrographic, U–Pb geochronological, and <em>in situ</em> elemental and isotopic analyses of apatite in the Saima alkaline igneous complex, Liaodong Peninsula, China, the aim was to constrain the HREE geochemical behavior during alkaline magma evolution. The Saima complex consists of hornblende–pyroxene syenite, biotite syenite, syenite, nepheline syenite, and lujavrite (in order of magmatic evolution). Apatite U–Pb geochronology has yielded Late Triassic (hornblende–pyroxene syenite: 223 ± 5 Ma; biotite syenite: 220 ± 3 Ma; syenite: 219 ± 6 Ma; nepheline syenite: 219 ± 10 Ma) ages. Apatite in the hornblende–pyroxene syenite, biotite syenite, and syenite has similar geochemical compositions and textures, contains melt inclusions, and is classified as type Ⅰ apatite that formed in a purely magmatic system. Two types of apatite occur in the nepheline syenite. The type Ⅱ apatite has high Sr/Y and non-chondritic Y/Ho ratios, contains melt inclusions and scarce fluid inclusions, and is formed in a H₂O-saturated magmatic system. The type Ⅲ apatite is characterized by abundant fluid inclusions and has higher Sr contents, Th/U ratios, and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios than the other apatite types. It has lower light REE (LREE) contents and higher HREE contents as compared with the type Ⅱ apatite and is formed by the reaction of type Ⅱ apatite with Cl-rich fluids. The calculated REE patterns of the equilibrium melt, based on <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>REE</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>apatite</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> values, are different from the corresponding whole-rock geochemical data. This finding, combined with the results of a Rayleigh fractionation model, indicates that a crystal mush accumulation model can explain the generation of the Saima complex. The enrichment of volatile components (e.g., H₂O) and crystal accumulation during the evolution of the magma mush were key controls on the anomalous HREE enrichment in the evolved rocks of the complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-mineralization processes and preservation of porphyry deposits controlled by regional tectonic events: A comparative low-temperature thermochronology study of the Hadamiao and Bilihe porphyry Au deposits, north China","authors":"Tianyao Fu ,&nbsp;Wenbo Li ,&nbsp;Xueyuan Qiao ,&nbsp;Fanghua Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiuyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Baoxin Wang ,&nbsp;Martin Danišík","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-mineralization processes are closely linked to the preservation conditions of porphyry deposits and play an important role in resource prospecting. In this study, we investigate the genetically coeval (late Permian) and spatially adjacent Hadamiao medium-scale and Bilihe large-scale porphyry Au deposits in the Xing’ an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt using low-temperature thermochronology. Zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) dating were employed to constrain the denudation history of the mineralized intrusions. The Hadamiao deposit yielded ZHe ages of 237.3–207.8 Ma and AFT ages of 216.0–202.0 Ma. In contrast, the Hadamiao deposit exhibited ZHe ages of 154.9–134.6 Ma and AFT ages of 143.5–125.7 Ma. The narrow time intervals between ZHe and AFT results for both deposits suggest relatively rapid erosion. Inverse modelling indicates that the Bilihe deposit experienced weaker exhumation and greater sedimentary burial compared to Hadamiao. Absence of epithermal alteration in the Hadamiao deposit represents the erosion of the high-grade Au mineralization. Two distinct uplift/erosion events were identified from the thermochronological data and inverse modelling, likely correlating with regional tectonic episodes: (1) a Middle to Late Triassic event associated with continental collision following the closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean, and (2) a Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceoustriggered by flat slab subduction and subsequent rollback of Paleo-Pacific Ocean slab. Finally, we propose that the northern part of Bainaimiao Arc has high potential for deep prospecting based on the observed erosion and stratigraphic distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106529"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of gold endowment and exploration maturity in selected South African goldfields using Zipf’s law, deposit density regression, and the USGS three-part quantitative mineral resource assessment: Toward sustaining gold production","authors":"Litshedzani Mutele ,&nbsp;Emmanuel John M. Carranza","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>South Africa hosts multiple Archean- to Proterozoic-aged goldfields, but its current gold production comes mainly from three terranes (i.e., Witwatersrand Goldfields, Amalia–Kraaipan Greenstone Belt and Barberton Greenstone Belt). A recent study indicated the potential depletion of reserves due to future production, lower resource-to-reserve conversion, and lack of exploration programs to delineate new resources. Aiming to encourage exploration activities and to sustain gold production, we assessed potential residual gold resource endowment, estimated the number of undiscovered gold deposits, and quantified exploration maturity within the selected goldfields using Zipf’s Law, the deposit density regression (DDR) technique, and the USGS three-part quantitative mineral resource assessment (3-part QMRA). Based on Zipf’s curve, the Sabie–Pilgrim’s Rest Goldfield (SPRG) is the most exploration-mature geologically-permissive tract (∼68 %) with residual ore tonnages of at least 8.29 Mt (in 11 deposits &gt; 0.50 Mt), followed by the Murchison (MGB) (∼45 %), Pietersburg (PGB) (∼45 %) and Amalia–Kraaipan Greenstone Belts (AKGB) (∼43 %) with residual ore tonnages of 2.17 Mt (in 3 deposits &gt; 0.60 Mt), 1.01 Mt (in 5 deposits &gt; 0.05 Mt) and 477 Mt (in 13 deposits &gt; 10 Mt), respectively. The DDR demonstrated that the AKGB and PGB have at least 1 undiscovered gold deposit at the 90th percentile but none for MGB and SPRG. The geologically-permissive tract for AKGB and PGB have a mean of at least 2 and 3 expected numbers (E(N)) of undiscovered gold deposits, respectively. The DDR also showed that the Sabie–Pilgrim’s Rest contains a median gold tonnage of 17.17 t (mean of 19.22 t), Murchison Greenstone Belt a median of 12.68 t (mean of 13.53 t), the Pietersburg Greenstone Belt a median of 0.16 t (mean of 2.06 t), and the Amalia–Kraaipan Greenstone Belt a median of 18.45 t (mean of 31.71 t). The USGS 3-part QMRA, only for SPRB and MGB, showed that these goldfields have at least 2 undiscovered deposits at the 90th percentile with mean ore tonnages of 0.79 Mt and 1.45 Mt, respectively. In these studied geologically-permissive tracts, the residual ore tonnages are likely an amalgamation of small- to medium-sized gold deposits, as the larger gold deposits have already been delineated. Most known gold deposits are also under-estimated compared to their expected gold endowment; hence, these estimated gold resources represent unexplored ore tonnages within known and undiscovered gold deposits. An effort is needed to delineate and develop the estimated undiscovered gold resources and increase the search spaces in all the studied geologically-permissive tracts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge graph construction with BERT-BiLSTM-IDCNN-CRF and graph algorithms for metallogenic pattern discovery: A case study of pegmatite-type lithium deposits in China","authors":"Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Mei-Ling Liu ,&nbsp;Ke-Yan Xiao ,&nbsp;Cheng Li ,&nbsp;Xu-Chao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to traditional geological data processing methods, knowledge graphs are more effective in calculating and processing the associated information and implicit geological knowledge within the data, helping to accurately grasp the underlying patterns and relationships of geological phenomena. To further optimize the semantic representation of geological text data and extract more detailed feature information, this study introduces the dilated convolutional neural network (IDCNN) layer into the Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model, constructing the Bert-BiLSTM-IDCNN-CRF framework for the precise extraction of lithium deposit named entities.This framework is then used to construct a knowledge graph for granite (pegmatite) lithium deposits in China. Experimental results demonstrate that the Bert-BiLSTM-IDCNN-CRF model exhibits excellent performance in processing Chinese geological text data, achieving a precision of 89%, a recall rate of 87%, and an F1 score of 88%. These results confirm the model's high effectiveness in geological named entity recognition and extraction tasks. Based on this, the study further employs centrality and similarity algorithms from graph theory to deeply analyze the metallogenic characteristics and potential patterns of lithium deposits. This analysis successfully identifies key influencing factors and core nodes for each lithium belt, providing a solid scientific foundation for subsequent lithium exploration target area delineation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotite and apatite geochemistry of granites from the Caledonian Debao Sn-Cu deposit, South China: Implications for petrogenesis and mineralization","authors":"Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Quan Ou ,&nbsp;Puliang Lv ,&nbsp;Wenlong Huang ,&nbsp;Yinqiao Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Debao Sn-Cu skarn deposit is a rare Caledonian granite-related Sn deposit in South China. The petrogenesis of the ore-related granites and the origin of the Sn-Cu mineralization in this deposit are still unclear. In this study, we present biotite and apatite chemical compositions, as well as apatite Nd isotopic compositions from the Debao porphyritic/equigranular biotite granites to constrain the petrogenesis and their potential roles in Sn-Cu mineralization. The two types of biotite granites have similar apatite ε_Nd(t) (–7.0 to –3.7) with Nd model ages (1743–1479 Ma). Combined with the relatively high apatite Y (1746–6852 ppm) and low biotite MgO (3.97–7.58 wt%) contents, the data suggest that the granites were crust-derived, including mainly Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks with some Neoproterozoic arc-related rocks input. The biotite Fe³⁺–Fe²⁺–Mg discrimination plot and the low apatite SO₃ content (≤0.04 wt%) suggest low oxygen fugacity (between the FMQ and NNO buffer). Halogen (F, Cl) compositions (relatively high F and low Cl contents) in the biotite and apatite from the Debao granites resemble those of Sn deposits in South China. Biotite from the porphyritic granite has lower Li-Rb-Nb-Ta but higher Ba-V-Co-Ni contents than the equigranular granite, whilst the apatite from the porphyritic granite has lower total rare earth element (ΣREE) content than that from the equigranular granite. For zoned apatite, the ΣREE content increases from the cores to the rims. These element variations are consistent with the magma fractionation trend. The porphyritic granite has lower biotite Sn content (6.69–41.4 ppm) than that of the equigranular granite (43.6–101 ppm), suggesting that magma fractionation is critical to Sn enrichment at Debao. Given that there is no addition of mafic magma and/or its derived fluids into the crust-derived reduced magma at Debao, and that there is no Cu-rich wallrocks at Debao, we inferred that fractionation of the probable S-poor, reduced biotite granitic magmatism at Debao could generate certain Cu enrichment and small-scale hydrothermal Cu mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apatite and zircon compositions as petrogenetic and metallogenic indicators for late Ordovician porphyries in the Songshunangou gold district, North Qilian orogenic belt (China)","authors":"Xuhui Wang ,&nbsp;Weizhe Wu ,&nbsp;Xinghai Lang ,&nbsp;Zuopeng Xiang ,&nbsp;Yulin Deng ,&nbsp;Zifeng Ye ,&nbsp;Weicai Dong ,&nbsp;Chao Luo ,&nbsp;Stephanie Lohmeier ,&nbsp;Hartwig E. Frimmel","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the factors that control Au mineralization in porphyry systems, we present new whole-rock and mineral (apatite, zircon) chemical data on fertile quartz-dioritic porphyries (QDP) and barren granodioritic porphyries (GDP) from the Songshunangou gold district in the North Qilian orogenic belt, China. High Sr/Y ratios and the presence of ubiquitous hornblende phenocrysts, as well as “gull-wing” whole-rock rare earth element (REE) patterns, indicate that magmatic fractionation of hornblende was the main process that accounted for the formation of fertile and barren magma batches. Mineral chemistry of zircon (i.e., Ce/Sm, Yb/Gd, Th/U, and Hf/Y ratios) indicates that the development of the GDP magma was likely controlled by hornblende, apatite, and titanite fractionation, whereas hornblende-dominated fractional crystallization explains the origin of the QDP magma. Application of zircon oxy-barometry yielded moderate oxidation states for both magmas, with ΔFMQ − 0.25 to ΔFMQ + 2.34 (av. ΔFMQ + 0.33) for the GDP, and ΔFMQ − 0.25 to ΔFMQ + 0.72 (av. ΔFMQ + 0.27) for the QDP, which are favorable for the mobilization and transport of Au. Whole-rock and apatite Sr/Y ratios, combined with the (Ce/Nd)/Y and (10000 × Eu/Eu*)/Y ratios of zircon, support that higher H₂O contents were associated with the QDP magma if compared to the GDP. Apatite in the GDP has low <em>X</em>_F/<em>X</em>_Cl ratios of 2.99–11.33, indicating crystallization from a volatile-undersaturated magma, with average melt Cl concentrations of 0.35 wt%. Apatite in the QDP with low <em>X</em>_F/<em>X</em>_Cl ratios (≤7.78) is interpreted to have crystallized from volatile-undersaturated magma with higher melt Cl concentrations (av. 0.42 wt%), whereas apatite with high <em>X</em>_F/<em>X</em>_Cl ratios (11.53–59.80) is interpreted to have crystallized after fluid exsolution. Our results confirm that moderate oxygen fugacity, high H₂O and Cl as well as early fluid exsolution, are prerequisites for porphyry Au mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical metals Ga and Ge enrichment in the last-stage and low-temperature sphalerite from the Guojiagou Zn-Pb deposit, western Qinling Orogen, NW China","authors":"Lihao Sun ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Yi Zheng ,&nbsp;Shixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Fangcheng Pu ,&nbsp;Yihan Wu ,&nbsp;Jiajian Lu ,&nbsp;Kai Ou ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Pengpeng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106494","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge) have been designated as globally critical metals, driven by their elevating demand and supply risks in high-tech industries such as solar energy, optoelectronics, and green energy. The Xicheng-Fengtai Orefield, situated within the Qinling Orogen of Northwest China, contains over 20 million tons of Zn-Pb metals and thereby is a world-class Zn-Pb orefield hosted in sedimentary rocks. Nevertheless, the potential for Ga and Ge resources in this region has yet to be comprehensively assessed. To investigate this matter further, we selected the representative Guojiagou Zn-Pb deposit to conduct an extensive series of field investigations complemented by micropetrograhic observations and advanced analytical techniques including electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). At the Guojiagou, sulfide mineralization precipitated from brine fluids transporting metals from the basement, resulting in over 3 Mt of Zn-Pb (with 3.34 % Zn and 1.26 % Pb), and was accompanied by extensive ankeritization, silicification, and calcitization. The multifaceted approach enabled us to elucidate mineral paragenesis, sphalerite generations, and their chemical compositions. Our analysis revealed three distinct types of sphalerite: 1) the earliest dark-brown Sp1 intergrown with ankerite; 2) the subsequent brownish-red Sp2 associated with massive pyrite; and 3) the later light-colored Sp3 linked with calcite veins. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses demonstrated that the last crystallized Sp3 exhibits significantly elevated concentrations of Ga (mean = 139.2 ppm) and Ge (mean = 160.9 ppm), surpassing those found in earlier stages: Sp1 (Ga mean = 20.0 ppm; Ge mean = 1.4 ppm) and Sp2 (Ga mean = 31.2 ppm; Ge mean = 4.6 ppm). Binary correlation diagrams for specific elements indicate that Ga integrates into sphalerite’s crystal lattice via Ga&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; + Cu&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ↔ 2Zn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; while Ge incorporates into its structure through mechanisms such as Ge&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt; + 2Ag&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ↔ 3Zn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; or Ge&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ↔ Cd&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; pathways. Furthermore, GGIMFis sphalerite geothermometer results suggest a decreasing trend in ore-forming temperatures from approximately 180–230 °C for earlier forms like Sp1 and Sp2 down to about 120–150 °C for late-stage Sp3. Concurrently, sulfur fugacity values logfS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exhibit a gradual decline from -15 to -10 for both early stages towards -22 to -14 for late-stage Sp3. The widespread occurrence of ankerite combined with low manganese concentrations, mainly ranging from 0 to 20 ppm, supports our assertion that the Guojiagou’s ore fluids were relatively oxidizing—these oxidizing fluids mixing with reduced sulfur generated through thermal reduction of sulfate minerals (TSR), ultimately leading to substantial precipitation of Zn-Pb ores across the site. Our novel findings regarding Ga and Ge concentrations—coupled with reserve es","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of pegmatite dikes based on remote sensing spectral library and WorldView-3 Data: A Case study in the central Altyn region of Xinjiang","authors":"Chenmeng Li ,&nbsp;Huadong Ma ,&nbsp;Chuan Chen ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Fang Xia ,&nbsp;Lingling Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Du ,&nbsp;Yongqi Hao ,&nbsp;Shunda Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The central Altyn region in Xinjiang is a prospective region for the mineralization of rare metals, such as lithium and beryllium, and is the target area for the exploration of rare metal deposits of the granitic pegmatite type in this study. However, harsh natural conditions complicate the effective identification of pegmatite dikes via conventional techniques, thereby limiting exploration. The narrowness of pegmatite dikes and aeolian sand cover presents challenge, yet remote sensing technology holds significant potential in this area. High spatial resolution data are essential, and a systematic remote sensing identification method has yet to be established. In this study, we established a spectral library of rocks and minerals in the research area and applied image enhancement techniques such as PCA, ICA, MNF, and band ratios to WorldView-3 imagery. By optimizing the display with RGB combinations, 764 pegmatite dikes were successfully identified, and five pegmatite dike group areas were delineated. A “dike-centered limited buffer” method for identifying mineralized pegmatite dikes was proposed. Using measured spectra combined with the spectral angle mapper (SAM) method, lithium-beryllium-bearing dikes were differentiated from non-lithium-beryllium-bearing dikes, and ultimately, 58 lithium-beryllium-bearing pegmatite dikes were identified. Field validation in Areas III, IV, and V indicates that the identification results align well with on-site observations. In this study, we significantly improved the accuracy of pegmatite dike identification in the central Altyn region, providing an effective remote sensing technique and theoretical support for rare metal exploration in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controls on metal distributions of the Fengzishan Zn–Pb deposit at the giant Jinding ore field in western Yunnan Province, SW China: Insights from field mapping and 3D geological modeling","authors":"JingKun Liu ,&nbsp;ChuanDong Xue ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;LiPeng Xue ,&nbsp;Rehana Ghazi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The world class Jinding Zn–Pb ore field, located in the Meso–Cenozoic Lanping Basin in western Yunnan Province, SW China, contains significant deposits that are primarily controlled by stratigraphy and structure. However, the migration pathways and driving mechanisms of ore-forming fluids are poorly understood, which limit the minerals exploration. Based on typical orebodies in the Fengzishan Zn–Pb deposit, this study used field mapping and three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling to depict the metal distribution and identify key ore-controlling structures. The results show that lead, zinc, and other base metals are concentrated in the hosting sandstones and breccia limestones of the Upper Triassic Sanhedong Formation. These rocks are located beneath the unconformity with the Miocene Jinding Group and within the hanging walls of NS-trending thrust faults and EW-trending tear faults. Oxidized metal-rich brines from the Jinding Group and reduced H₂S-rich fluids from the Sanhedong Formation migrate along the thrust and tear faults. Elevated Pb, Zn, Cd, and Ag concentrations and low Zn/Pb ratios were observed, suggesting multiple ore-forming fluid recharge events. We propose the following key suggestions: the spatial distributions of metals are controlled by the Jinding Group, the Sanhedong Formation, the unconformity between them, and the thrust and tear faults; the two-source fluids exhibit lateral and vertical flow through fault zones; and this migration is primarily driven by regional EW-trending compressive stresses. Based on regional geological data, the depths and adjacent areas of the Fengzishan and Nanchang deposits were identified as potential exploration targets for mineralization. These insights provide valuable perspectives for understanding the ore-forming processes of Jinding Zn–Pb ore field and similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}