Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Elemental mobility patterns and metallogenic implications of the Tongshan porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Heilongjiang Province, NE China","authors":"Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Guiqing Xie ,&nbsp;Qiaoqiao Zhu ,&nbsp;Chenglin Bai ,&nbsp;Hui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantifying element mobility within the well-defined alteration zones of porphyry Cu systems is critical for reconstructing metallogenesis and defining exploration vectors. This study integrates whole-rock geochemistry and chlorite mineral chemistry to constrain fluid-rock interaction processes in the Tongshan porphyry Cu deposit. Chlorite geothermometry indicates that the Chlorite-Epidote ± Muscovite mineral assemblages occurred at 280–320 °C, with compositional variations (e.g., SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO and MgO) tracking the physicochemical evolution of ore-forming fluids. Chlorite crystallization might be elevated fluid pH, thereby exerting a primary control on the mobility of trace elements such as Fe, Mg, Cr, As, and Sr. Mass-balance calculations reveal that intense hydration (LOI gains up to + 56 %) induced rock volume expansion and pressure reduction, likely triggering fluid boiling and subsequent metal precipitation. The propylitic zone is identified as the primary host for ore deposition in the deposit, exhibiting extreme Cu enrichment (up to + 5423 %) that contrasts with widespread REE depletion (−27.4 % to −77.3 %). This geochemical decoupling reflects the differential stability of metal complexes, wherein high-temperature fluids mobilized REEs while promoting the destabilization and precipitation of Cu. A robust geochemical footprint was also identified, in which W, Bi, Tl, Zr, and Hf strongly correlate with Cu (R² &gt; 0.56). These elements, combined with the distinct REE depletion pattern, serve as effective vectoring indicators for targeting concealed orebodies. These findings in this study establish a comprehensive element-mobility framework that elucidates metal enrichment mechanisms in the propylitic zone and provides a practical geochemical toolkit for exploration in the Tongshan porphyry Cu deposit and analogous porphyry systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107076"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical fingerprints of ore-forming fluids in skarn copper systems: Implications for evaluating mineralization mechanisms and potential","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Pei Ni ,&nbsp;Guo-Guang Wang ,&nbsp;Jun-Ying Ding ,&nbsp;Jun-Yi Pan ,&nbsp;Jian-Ming Cui ,&nbsp;Yao-Hui Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tongshan skarn copper deposit is situated in the North Wuyi area of South China.</div><div>Three distinct paragenetic stages have been identified: the pre-mineralization prograde stage, the <em>syn</em>-mineralization retrograde stage, and the post-mineralization carbonate stage. This study systematically conducted fluid inclusion petrography on gangue minerals from different stages, identifying three typical types of fluid inclusions: brine inclusions, vapor-rich inclusions, and liquid-rich inclusions. These inclusions were subsequently subjected to detailed microthermometry and LA-ICP-MS composition analysis. The analytical results show that in the pre-mineralization stage, garnet-hosted brine inclusions and vapor-rich inclusions exhibit homogenization temperatures of 455–529 °C and 470–535 °C, with salinities of 30.5–35.2 wt% NaCl equiv. and 1.74–3.06 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. Liquid-rich inclusions in <em>syn</em>-mineralization stage quartz have homogenization temperatures of 290–400 °C and salinities of 0.88–9.21 wt% NaCl equiv. In the post-mineralization stage, calcite-hosted liquid-rich inclusions show homogenization temperatures of 122–221 °C and salinities of 0.70–4.96 wt% NaCl equiv. The marked decrease in fluid inclusion homogenization temperature and salinity values from the pre-mineralization to <em>syn</em>-mineralization stage suggests the involvement of meteoric water. Additionally, the depletion of major elements such as Rb, Na, and K in the <em>syn</em>-mineralization fluids correlates with the declining temperature, further supporting the notion of meteoric water dilution. These observations indicate that the mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water was instrumental in facilitating metal precipitation. Moreover, the elevated Ca/K ratios observed in mineralizing fluids associated with quartz imply substantial interaction between fluids and calcareous rock. In line with this, retrograde alteration assemblages (chlorite ± epidote), formed through fluid–rock interaction, are closely spatially associated with sulfide mineralization. This relationship underscores fluid–rock interaction as another critical mechanism driving metal precipitation. Comparative analysis of the fluid geochemical characteristics in global porphyry-skarn copper systems reveals that mineralized systems have higher Cu/Na ratios and moderate Cs/Na ratios, whereas barren systems exhibit lower Cu/Na ratios and higher Cs/Na ratios. The mineralization potential of these systems may primarily depend on the copper content in the early exsolved fluids from the granitic parental magma. The level of parental magma fractionation appears not to enhance the initial copper endowment in these systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107099"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The indicative significance of apatite in the Ganfang region for lithium mineralization","authors":"Ke Huang ,&nbsp;Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Chunli Guo ,&nbsp;Xinghua Ma ,&nbsp;JianZhong Niu ,&nbsp;Junxing Zhao ,&nbsp;Fangyang Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaochi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granite-related Li-Nb-Ta deposits, characterized by extensive albitization within plutons, represent a novel lithium resource. The Ganfang area, one of the important granite-type lithium deposits in South China, features a vertical lithological sequence from top to bottom of stockscheider, albitized granite, and K-feldspar granite. The ore-bearing stratum is dominated by albitized granite. Our study focuses on elucidating the connection between magmatic differentiation, hydrothermal alteration, and lithium mineralization in albitized granites. By analyzing geochemical trends in apatite from stockscheiders, pegmatite veins, and altered granites, we aim to unravel the petrogenetic and metallogenic mechanisms of rare metal lithium. Apatite serves as a geochemical tracer, recording the intensity of fluid alteration processes and their impact on lithium enrichment. The U-Pb dating results (142.2–143.2 Ma and 128.8 Ma) of apatite from the stockscheiders and pegmatite vein show that mineralization in the Ganfang area occurred during the Late Yanshanian period and associated with the melting of the lower crust. Strontium (Sr), (La/Yb) N, and (La/Sm) N can indicate that mineralization in this area is closely associated with fluid activity. Our findings highlight distinct differences in trace element contents of apatite between upper ore-bearing albitized granite and lower barren K-feldspar granite, with specific trace element ratios (e.g., Ge-Ga, Ce/Pb-Th/U, ΣREE + Y-Mn/Fe, and Sr/Y-ΣLREE) serving as indicators of metallogenic potential. The ore-bearing albitized granite exhibits high concentrations of Ga and Ge, with a strong positive correlation between the two elements, this phenomenon may be related to the hydrothermal metasomatism of topaz. In addition, the ore-bearing granite exhibits relatively high Ce/Pb, light rare earth element (LREE), and total rare earth elements plus yttrium (ΣREE + Y) contents. This study indicates that lithium mineralization in the Ganfang area is closely linked to multistage fluid activity in a sealed-system, with a formation process involving the upward dissolution of Na and Li-rich fluids to form stockscheider, and followed by downward migration to replace fresh monzonite granites, forming ore-bearing albitized granite and barren K-feldspar granite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis of the Bingzhou rare metal pegmatites, West Kunlun: Implications for regional exploration","authors":"Liang Huang ,&nbsp;He Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin-Heng Liu ,&nbsp;Hong-Yang Bai ,&nbsp;Kun-Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Song Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the petrogenesis and evolution of lithium-rich pegmatites is crucial for regional exploration. The world-class Dahongliutan–Bailongshan orefield hosts seven large to super-large lithium deposits distributed around the Bailongshan granite complex. However, its petrogenesis remains controversial, and most previous studies have focused on the northern deposits (e.g., Dahongliutan, Bailongshan, Xuefengling), with limited attention to the southern deposits. These limitations collectively hinder regional exploration efforts. This study addresses this gap by focusing on the Bingzhou lithium deposit, located on the southern side of the Bailongshan granite complex. Geochronology, REE geochemistry, and in-situ Nd isotopic analyses of monazite, along with the geochronology of columbite–tantalite group minerals, were conducted to constrain the emplacement ages, material sources, and genetic relationships between the granites and pegmatites. This study aims to utilize these findings to guide regional exploration. U–(Th)–Pb dating of monazite and columbite-tantalite group minerals constrains the emplacement ages to ca. 212.7 Ma for the two-mica granites, ca. 206.1–205.4 Ma for the spodumene-absent pegmatites, and ca. 207.2–206.7 Ma for the spodumene-bearing pegmatites. The close temporal relationship between the two-mica granites and pegmatites, as well as their spatial proximity observed in the field, suggests a genetic link between the two-mica granites and pegmatites. The εNd(t) values of monazite from the two-mica granite, spodumene-absent pegmatite, and spodumene-bearing pegmatite are similar (–10.0 to –8.0) and are consistent with the whole-rock εNd(t) values of Triassic Bayanharshan Group metapelites (–11.5 to –7.1). These characteristics indicate that metapelites are the source rocks of the two-mica granites, while the pegmatites represent the products of fractional crystallization of the two-mica granitic magma. The systematic variations in the Sm/Nd ratio and Eu anomaly coefficient in monazite, along with their strong positive correlation with lithium content, further suggest that fractional crystallization is the key process in the formation of rare metal pegmatites. The Bingzhou deposit shares similar metallogenic ages, material sources, and petrogenetic characteristics with its northern counterparts, reinforcing the exploration potential of the southern orefield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mafic magma injection as a driver for the formation of Au-rich porphyry–hydrothermal systems in thickened crustal setting","authors":"Chen-Hao Luo ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Haijun Yu ,&nbsp;Anlin Liu ,&nbsp;Ruoyu Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gold-rich mineralization in porphyry systems, including porphyry-type and related hydrothermal deposits, generally requires Au-enriched magmas, followed by efficient hydrothermal extraction and precipitation. While moderately oxidized magmas with delayed sulfide saturation are typically favorable in thin-crust settings, the Yao’an Au–polymetallic deposit, associated with Cenozoic alkaline magmatism at the western margin of the Yangtze Craton, represents a distinctive exception. The orebody morphology and alteration zoning suggest mineralization of this deposit is characteristic of a hydrothermal vein-type rather than a typical porphyry system. Geochemical evidence from this study shows that the felsic porphyries in the deposit underwent early sulfide saturation, while Fe isotope and zircon oxybarometry results indicate that they were characterized by high oxidation states (δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.14–0.59 ‰; ΔFMQ + 2.89 to +3.41). Such conditions were unfavorable for Au enrichment, consistent with the low and stable Au contents (3.11–4.61 ppb) in the peripheral intrusions. Exsolved fluids from these magmas produced specularite-dominated orebodies but likely hindered effective chalcophile metal retention. Thus, this magmatic–hydrothermal stage was unlikely to solely form an economic deposit. Instead, the subsequent emplacement of mafic ultrapotassic dikes likely played an important role in facilitating further Au enrichment. Mineralogical and geochemical evidence indicates they became sulfide-saturated and host elevated Au (up to 64.1 ppb). They also display light Fe isotope signatures (δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.05–0.07 ‰), implying a relatively low oxidation state. We propose that these mafic magmas intruded into oxidized felsic porphyries, triggering sulfide breakdown, metal remobilization, and promoting further Au concentration in the orebodies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SWIR spectroscopy and mineral chemistry of Li-bearing micas in NW Jiangxi: Implications for the genesis and exploration of granite-related Li deposits","authors":"Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiandong Sun ,&nbsp;Longming Li ,&nbsp;Feipeng Fan ,&nbsp;Guangfu Xing ,&nbsp;Liancun Xiu ,&nbsp;Weimin Guo ,&nbsp;Kai Yang ,&nbsp;Haili Li ,&nbsp;Xuehui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The granite-related Li deposit has emerged as a significant source of lithium metal globally, thanks to advancements<!--> <!-->in the metallurgical process of Li-bearing micas. The total proven Li₂O reserve of granite-type in the Northwest Jiangxi of China is over 9.2 Mt. To gain deeper insights into the evolution, enrichment mechanisms, and exploration indicators of Li-rich micas, short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS analyses were conducted at the Dagang Li deposit, the Yashan Li-Nb-Ta deposit, and the Ganfang prospecting area. Obvious zoning textures were observed in the white mica of Dagang and Ganfang, with a compositional shift from magmatic Li-Fe mica and zinnwaldite in the core to post-magmatic hydrothermal Li-Fe mica at the edge. Meanwhile,<!--> <!-->Yashan’s white micas show core-rim textures, with the core dominated by magmatic lepidolite with minor altered Li-Fe mica on the rim. The Li, Si, Rb, and F contents of all white micas show similar varied trends, indicating comparable geochemical behaviors, with Li showing a positive linear relationship with Si. The substitution of Li for Al and Fe in the octahedral site played a crucial role in the Li supernormal enrichment during the granitic fractionation and evolution. However, post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration can potentially decrease the Li grade. Notably,<!--> <!-->the Yashan granite exhibits a higher degree of evolution compared to the Dagang and Ganfang granites. The coupling of the SWIR parameters with the chemical composition of Li-rich micas holds the potential for establishing exploration indicators for Li. Specifically, the Li-rich mica exhibits distinctive absorption at 550 and 960 nm, along with a lower Al-OH absorption peak position (Pos2200) than common muscovite. The absorption depth at 960 nm can be used to assess Li enrichment and identify lepidolite, while the Pos2200 value can reflect the substitution relationship between Li and Al.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107086"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of the Paleoproterozoic Heiyuting Fe deposit in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Constraints from geochronology and geochemistry","authors":"Xiao-Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Yu-Bo Ma ,&nbsp;Xiu-Ling Zhao ,&nbsp;Li-Xing Li ,&nbsp;Hou-Min Li ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Dai ,&nbsp;Xuan Wu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yang Fan ,&nbsp;Xi-Long Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rock series are widely distributed and hosts several iron deposits. The Heiyuting iron (Fe) deposit is hosted by typical Paleoproterozoic leptite of the Li’eryu Formation and represents a key example for constraining the mineralization process of Paleoproterozoic iron deposits within the Liaohe Group. This type of deposit has great exploration potential, but the precise timing of iron mineralization, the sources of ore-forming materials, and iron mineralization processes remain unclear. We conducted zircon and monazite U-Pb geochronology together with monazite electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to constrain iron mineralization. Zircon cores from the migmatitic granite yield an age of 2174 ± 23 Ma, representing protolith formation, whereas the rims yield 1892 ± 14 Ma, consistent with ∼ 1900 Ma granulite-facies metamorphism. Monazite grains associated with magnetite yielded an age of 1848 ± 5 Ma, constraining Fe mineralization and coinciding with regional partial melting (1870–1840 Ma). Monazites observed under back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging show embayed structures and concentric coronas composed of apatite, allanite, and epidote. Based on the major-, trace-, and REE-element compositions of monazite, a metamorphic-hydrothermal origin is suggested. We propose that the apatite-allanite-epidote coronas developed on early-formed monazite through disequilibrium reactions with F-Ca-Fe-Si-Al-rich fluids during the retrograde metamorphic stage. The Li’eryu Formation and the 2.2–2.1 Ga magmatism provided the primary sources of iron. The iron was subsequently concentrated by hydrothermal activity during late metamorphism-anatexis at ∼ 1850 Ma. Our results refine the age, source, and mechanisms of iron mineralization in the Heiyuting Fe deposit, provide geochronological and geochemical constraints for similar deposits, and highlight the role of regional metamorphism-anatexis in polymetallic enrichment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling late cretaceous Sn mineralization in the southern Baoshan Block, SW China: evidence from U–Pb dating and trace element analysis of cassiterite in the Dalong deposit","authors":"Chuanyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Meng Yang ,&nbsp;Jianze Sha ,&nbsp;Wanting Li ,&nbsp;Haijun Yu ,&nbsp;Shusheng Yang ,&nbsp;Yongyan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Baoshan Block is considered an integral part of the northern continuation of the world-class Southeast Asian Sn Belt. Its exceptional metallogenic geological settings make it a prime focus for Sn prospecting and exploration. In recent years, several Sn deposits have been successively discovered in the northern Baoshan Block, with formation ages clustering around 77–76 Ma, consistent with the metallogenic peak (∼80 Ma) of the Southeast Asian Sn Belt. However, despite its intermediary position, owing to the lack of outcrops of Late Cretaceous granites, Sn deposits in the southern Baoshan block remain unexplored. The scarcity of reliable geochronological data in this area severely constrains genetic models for mineralization and hinders effective exploration planning. This study presents the first high-precision cassiterite U-Pb ages (77.0 ± 1.4 Ma and 78.6 ± 4.2 Ma) for the newly discovered Dalong Sn deposit in the southern Baoshan Block, which was previously attributed to Triassic magmatism. Cassiterite from the Dalong deposit is enriched in Ti, W, and Fe, but depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, and Mn, with high Nb/Ta ratios (3.16–545, with an average of 7.26). These geochemical signatures, combined with deposit geological characteristics, support a model in which the Dalong Sn deposit is a hydrothermal vein system sourced from Late Cretaceous concealed granites, formed during Neo-Tethyan subduction-induced back-arc extension. The results reveal that among the four Sn mineralization episodes in the Tengchong-Baoshan Block (Early Cretaceous: 124–118 Ma; Late Cretaceous: 79–69 Ma; Early Eocene: 52–47 Ma; and Oligocene: 33–22 Ma), the Late Cretaceous Sn mineralization was spatially the most extensive, forming a coherent belt from the Southeast Asian Sn Belt northward through the Baoshan Block (both southern and northern parts) and into the Tengchong Block. We propose that future ore exploration in the Baoshan Block should prioritize the concealed Late Cretaceous granites and associated Sn mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D mineral prospectivity modeling for concealed gold deposits based on 3DCNN and numerical modeling of ore-forming process in the Wuhe area, Anhui Province, China","authors":"Xiaohui Li ,&nbsp;Shengfei Ye ,&nbsp;Feng Yuan ,&nbsp;Deyuan Meng ,&nbsp;Jiajia Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuhuang Miao ,&nbsp;Ying Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiangling Li ,&nbsp;Can Ge ,&nbsp;Chaojie Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Wuhe area is located in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), adjacent to the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt. It is considered an extension of the Zhaoyuan–Yexian gold belt to the west of the Tan–Lu Fault Zone. However, only a limited number of small- to medium-sized deposits have been discovered thus far in the Wuhe area. Recently, three-dimensional mineral prospectivity modeling (3DMPM) has become a powerful tool for targeting deep concealed deposits. The generation of 3D predictive maps associated with mineralization is a crucial step in 3DMPM. The numerical modeling of ore-forming process has gradually been integrated into 3DMPM. Numerical modeling can provide useful predictive information for 3DMPM. However, better ways to integrate these additional 3D predictive maps during 3DMPM require further exploration and research. Besides, the 3D convolutional neural network (3DCNN) model has demonstrated excellent data fusion capabilities when applied to 3DMPM for Skarn-type ore deposits. However, the application of 3DCNN in mineral prospectivity modeling for lode gold deposits has not yet been explored. Therefore, this study initially adopts the implicit 3D geological modeling method to build 3D geological models. Subsequently, 3D spatial analysis and numerical modeling are employed to generate 3D predictive maps. Finally, a 3DCNN model incorporating a spatial attention mechanism and an Inception module (MSAM-3DCNN) is employed to integrate the 3D predictive maps and delineate several highly prospective areas for future exploration. The high prospectivity areas not only delineate the data-driven deposits but also include the other deposits in the Wuhe area which demonstrates that the methods employed in this paper can map the mineral prospectivity of lode gold deposits efficiently. Numerical modeling can provide a series of 3D maps that significantly enhance the effectiveness of the 3DMPM, especially in modeling the potential mineralization of the lode gold deposits, where 3D predictive maps are limited. The MSAM-3DCNN model has significant advantages in multi-source predictive data integration compared to the Logistic Regression (LR) and Random Forest (RF) models, particularly by integrating more 3D maps generated by numerical modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107075"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the Kalatage mafic intrusions associated with Fe–Ti oxide ores in the Eastern Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt","authors":"Yu Shi ,&nbsp;Yu-Wang Wang ,&nbsp;Lie-Meng Chen ,&nbsp;Guo-Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Qi-Gui Mao ,&nbsp;Cheng-Biao Leng ,&nbsp;Shui-Long Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small-scale layered mafic intrusions hosting Fe–Ti oxide ores within orogenic belts are unconventional, and their geodynamic background, petrogenesis and metallogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this issue, our study focuses on investigating two recently discovered layered mafic Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions from Eastern Tianshan belt in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions are characterized as layered gabbro, intricately composed of alternating strata of hornblende gabbro and gabbro. Notably, the Fe–Ti oxide ores are specifically hosted within the basal sections of the hornblende gabbro layers. The zircon U–Pb dating yields an age of 307.9 ± 4.0 Ma for the Shaxi gabbro, which is coeval with the Shaxinan intrusion and Late Carboniferous mafic magmatism in East Tianshan. Both intrusions are tholeiitic and exhibit enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba and U), and high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb and Zr) with obvious positive Eu anomalies. The Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions have limited ranges of the εNd_(t) values from 1.78 to 1.86 and 2.07 to 2.29 respectively but a relatively high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i from 0.7072 to 0.7075 and from 0.7067 to 0.7069, respectively. In combination with previous studies, our new geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the parental magmas of the Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions likely originated from the partial melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, a process that was likely initiated by the influx of hot, rising asthenospheric melts. The Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions display highly differentiated chemical signatures, indicating their parental magmas underwent intense fractional crystallization, leading the residual melts enriched in ore-forming elements and H₂O. During ascent and emplacement, these magmas likely assimilated country rocks of the Xingxingxia Group, introducing additional H₂O and CO₂ into the system. This contamination elevated magmatic oxygen fugacity and played a key role in the formation of Fe–Ti oxide deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107071"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}