Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107056
Sanshi Jia , Jianfei Fu , Wenfang Leng , Shengnan Cui , Binbo Zhao , Jiaqi Meng
Unlike skarn-type, volcanic rock-type and magmatic-type high-grade magnetite ore deposits, which often occur independently, banded iron formation (BIF)-type high-grade magnetite ore deposits usually exist as ore bodies within low-grade iron deposits. This metallogenic geological setting makes these deposits more difficult to discover. Consequently, the development and use of BIF-type high-grade magnetite ores are significantly restricted. Accordingly, this study focused on BIF-type high-grade magnetite ore bodies within the representative Qidashan and Jingxiatiekuang iron deposits of the Anshan-Benxi area. On the basis of the systematic analysis of the geological and geophysical characteristics of mineralization, the ground high-precision magnetic method, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) method combined with geophysical detection methods were adopted to identify and locate high-grade magnetite ore bodies within low-grade iron deposits. The ground high-precision magnetic method can be used to identify the boundary between the iron ore and host rock, while the ERT and AMT methods can be used to identify low-resistivity anomalies and their boundaries caused by the occurrence high-grade magnetite ore within low-grade iron ore deposits. Concurrently, the ERT and AMT datasets provide critical constraints for inverting residual magnetic anomalies attributable to high-grade magnetite ores. Moreover, these approaches enabled the separation of superimposed magnetic fields generated by coexisting low- and high-grade magnetite ores. This integrated approach facilitated the identification and location of BIF-type high-grade magnetite ore bodies within low-grade iron deposits. In the above described research, high-grade magnetite ore bodies outside the control of existing drilling projects in the Qidashan iron deposit and Jingxiatiekuang iron deposit were discovered, and geophysical methods were employed to verify the differences in formation mechanisms and geological characteristics involved in the mineralization processes of “desilicification and iron-enrichment” and “iron activation-reprecipitation and iron-enrichment” of BIF-type high-grade magnetite ores.
{"title":"Identification and location of high-grade iron deposits in the Anshan-Benxi area, China, using integrated geophysical techniques","authors":"Sanshi Jia , Jianfei Fu , Wenfang Leng , Shengnan Cui , Binbo Zhao , Jiaqi Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unlike skarn-type, volcanic rock-type and magmatic-type high-grade magnetite ore deposits, which often occur independently, banded iron formation (BIF)-type high-grade magnetite ore deposits usually exist as ore bodies within low-grade iron deposits. This metallogenic geological setting makes these deposits more difficult to discover. Consequently, the development and use of BIF-type high-grade magnetite ores are significantly restricted. Accordingly, this study focused on BIF-type high-grade magnetite ore bodies within the representative Qidashan and Jingxiatiekuang iron deposits of the Anshan-Benxi area. On the basis of the systematic analysis of the geological and geophysical characteristics of mineralization, the ground high-precision magnetic method, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) method combined with geophysical detection methods were adopted to identify and locate high-grade magnetite ore bodies within low-grade iron deposits. The ground high-precision magnetic method can be used to identify the boundary between the iron ore and host rock, while the ERT and AMT methods can be used to identify low-resistivity anomalies and their boundaries caused by the occurrence high-grade magnetite ore within low-grade iron ore deposits. Concurrently, the ERT and AMT datasets provide critical constraints for inverting residual magnetic anomalies attributable to high-grade magnetite ores. Moreover, these approaches enabled the separation of superimposed magnetic fields generated by coexisting low- and high-grade magnetite ores. This integrated approach facilitated the identification and location of BIF-type high-grade magnetite ore bodies within low-grade iron deposits. In the above described research, high-grade magnetite ore bodies outside the control of existing drilling projects in the Qidashan iron deposit and Jingxiatiekuang iron deposit were discovered, and geophysical methods were employed to verify the differences in formation mechanisms and geological characteristics involved in the mineralization processes of “desilicification and iron-enrichment” and “iron activation-reprecipitation and iron-enrichment” of BIF-type high-grade magnetite ores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107056"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107051
Yuan Zhao, Fengqin Ran, Bo Peng, Dabo Feng, Yang Yang, Jingrui Han, Yongkun Dai
LCT-type granitic pegmatites represent a major global source of lithium, although their magmatic evolution and rare-metal enrichment mechanisms remain contentious. Owing to its structural flexibility and capacity to incorporate diverse trace elements, tourmaline effectively records magma-fluid evolution through its major-trace element and boron isotopic compositions, and thus serves as an excellent tracer for rare-metal migration and enrichment. Based on detailed petrographic observations, we present integrated major- and trace-element concentrations and boron isotope data for tourmaline from granites and associated pegmatites in the Ke’eryin district. Tourmaline from the Ke’eryin granite-pegmatite system defines a continuous evolutionary trend from schorl to elbaite: most grains are magmatic schorl, whereas magmatic-hydrothermal Li-rich tourmaline occurs exclusively in Li-rich pegmatites. Substitution mechanisms, combined with tourmaline δ11B signatures, indicate a predominantly continental crustal source and a pegmatite-forming environment that evolved from relatively reduced, low-salinity conditions to more oxidizing, saline regimes. Magmatic tourmaline exhibits limited intra-crystal δ11B variation (Δ11B < 0.8 ‰), whereas magmatic–hydrothermal Li-rich tourmaline shows significantly greater isotopic shifts (Δ11B > 2.0 ‰) that partially overlap the magmatic range, reflecting overprinting of tourmaline boron isotope compositions by late fluid exsolution. Rayleigh fractionation modeling indicates that transfer of ∼20 % of the total boron budget into an exsolved fluid phase optimally promotes strong lithium enrichment and ore formation in the residual melt-fluid system. Integrated mineralogical, geochemical, and boron isotopic evidence demonstrates that both early melt-melt immiscibility in the granitic magma and later melt–fluid immiscibility in pegmatitic melts collectively controlled the efficient concentration and mineralization of Li and other rare metals in the Ke’eryin LCT-type pegmatites.
{"title":"The contribution of two-stage immiscibility for the formation of lithium-rich pegmatite: Insights from tourmaline in the Ke’eryin region","authors":"Yuan Zhao, Fengqin Ran, Bo Peng, Dabo Feng, Yang Yang, Jingrui Han, Yongkun Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>LCT-type granitic pegmatites represent a major global source of lithium, although their magmatic evolution and rare-metal enrichment mechanisms remain contentious. Owing to its structural flexibility and capacity to incorporate diverse trace elements, tourmaline effectively records magma-fluid evolution through its major-trace element and boron isotopic compositions, and thus serves as an excellent tracer for rare-metal migration and enrichment. Based on detailed petrographic observations, we present integrated major- and trace-element concentrations and boron isotope data for tourmaline from granites and associated pegmatites in the Ke’eryin district. Tourmaline from the Ke’eryin granite-pegmatite system defines a continuous evolutionary trend from schorl to elbaite: most grains are magmatic schorl, whereas magmatic-hydrothermal Li-rich tourmaline occurs exclusively in Li-rich pegmatites. Substitution mechanisms, combined with tourmaline δ<sup>11</sup>B signatures, indicate a predominantly continental crustal source and a pegmatite-forming environment that evolved from relatively reduced, low-salinity conditions to more oxidizing, saline regimes. Magmatic tourmaline exhibits limited intra-crystal δ<sup>11</sup>B variation (Δ<sup>11</sup>B < 0.8 ‰), whereas magmatic–hydrothermal Li-rich tourmaline shows significantly greater isotopic shifts (Δ<sup>11</sup>B > 2.0 ‰) that partially overlap the magmatic range, reflecting overprinting of tourmaline boron isotope compositions by late fluid exsolution. Rayleigh fractionation modeling indicates that transfer of ∼20 % of the total boron budget into an exsolved fluid phase optimally promotes strong lithium enrichment and ore formation in the residual melt-fluid system. Integrated mineralogical, geochemical, and boron isotopic evidence demonstrates that both early melt-melt immiscibility in the granitic magma and later melt–fluid immiscibility in pegmatitic melts collectively controlled the efficient concentration and mineralization of Li and other rare metals in the Ke’eryin LCT-type pegmatites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107054
Hong-Yang Bai , He Wang , Song Zhang , Xiao-Yu Zhang , Bao-Zhang Zhu , Kun-Yu Wang , Liang Huang
The Dahongliutan–Bailongshan ore field is a popular site for lithium deposit exploration and research in China. This area is located in the eastern part of the West Kunlun orogenic belt and can be divided into the Dahongliutan ore field and the Bailongshan ore field. The Xuefengling lithium polymetallic deposit is another large-scale lithium deposit in the Bailongshan ore field discovered in recent years. We observed many dual-phase H2O-bearing (L-type) inclusions in the Xuefengling Li-poor pegmatite, many dual-phase CO2-rich (C-type) inclusions and a few triple-phase CO2–H2O–NaCl (S-type) inclusions in the Li-rich pegmatite. This suggests that during lithium mineralization, with decreasing temperature, pressure, and CO2 and H2O–NaCl solubilities, CO2 gradually became saturated and exsolved from the fluid. Consequently, the fluid inclusions transition from a system with medium–low-salinity H2O–CO2–NaCl to one with medium–high-salinity H2O–NaCl and another with low-salinity H2O–CO2–NaCl.
The δ7Li values of Li-rich pegmatite (+1.3 ∼ +2.7 ‰) and Li-poor pegmatite (+6.1 ∼ +8.0 ‰) in Xuefengling indicate that the Li isotopes were fractionated during the formation of pegmatite in Xuefengling. The δ7Li values show an inverse trend relative to magmatic differentiation, with Li-rich pegmatites showing lower δ7Li values and Li-poor pegmatites showing higher δ7Li values. This trend is similar to that observed in pegmatites from the Bailongshan, Jiajika, and Dahongliutan deposits in the West Kunlun–Songpan–Ganzi belt, suggesting that lithium isotope fractionation occurred during incompatible silicate melt/fluid separation. The H–O isotopic analysis further indicates that the ore-forming fluids in Xuefengling likely originated from residual granitic melts produced by partial melting of continental crust. No significant external fluid input is observed during the early and main stages of mineralization. These results suggest that the ore-forming fluids in Xuefengling are primarily magmatic in origin, and the distinct δ7Li values are a result of fractionation during fluid evolution, providing insight into the processes of pegmatite genesis and fluid source.
{"title":"Fluid evolution and ore genesis of Xuefengling rare metal pegmatites: Evidence from fluid inclusions and H–O–Li isotopes","authors":"Hong-Yang Bai , He Wang , Song Zhang , Xiao-Yu Zhang , Bao-Zhang Zhu , Kun-Yu Wang , Liang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dahongliutan–Bailongshan ore field is a popular site for lithium deposit exploration and research in China. This area is located in the eastern part of the West Kunlun orogenic belt and can be divided into the Dahongliutan ore field and the Bailongshan ore field. The Xuefengling lithium polymetallic deposit is another large-scale lithium deposit in the Bailongshan ore field discovered in recent years. We observed many dual-phase H<sub>2</sub>O-bearing (L-type) inclusions in the Xuefengling Li-poor pegmatite, many dual-phase CO<sub>2</sub>-rich (C-type) inclusions and a few triple-phase CO<sub>2</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>O–NaCl (S-type) inclusions in the Li-rich pegmatite. This suggests that during lithium mineralization, with decreasing temperature, pressure, and CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O–NaCl solubilities, CO<sub>2</sub> gradually became saturated and exsolved from the fluid. Consequently, the fluid inclusions transition from a system with medium–low-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O–CO<sub>2</sub>–NaCl to one with medium–high-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O–NaCl and another with low-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O–CO<sub>2</sub>–NaCl.</div><div>The δ<sup>7</sup>Li values of Li-rich pegmatite (+1.3 ∼ +2.7 ‰) and Li-poor pegmatite (+6.1 ∼ +8.0 ‰) in Xuefengling indicate that the Li isotopes were fractionated during the formation of pegmatite in Xuefengling. The δ<sup>7</sup>Li values show an inverse trend relative to magmatic differentiation, with Li-rich pegmatites showing lower δ<sup>7</sup>Li values and Li-poor pegmatites showing higher δ<sup>7</sup>Li values. This trend is similar to that observed in pegmatites from the Bailongshan, Jiajika, and Dahongliutan deposits in the West Kunlun–Songpan–Ganzi belt, suggesting that lithium isotope fractionation occurred during incompatible silicate melt/fluid separation. The H–O isotopic analysis further indicates that the ore-forming fluids in Xuefengling likely originated from residual granitic melts produced by partial melting of continental crust. No significant external fluid input is observed during the early and main stages of mineralization. These results suggest that the ore-forming fluids in Xuefengling are primarily magmatic in origin, and the distinct δ<sup>7</sup>Li values are a result of fractionation during fluid evolution, providing insight into the processes of pegmatite genesis and fluid source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107054"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107052
Andongma Wanduku Tende, Martin D. Clark
Spatial predictive mapping is applied to lithium (Li) and rare earth element (REE) bearing pegmatites in the Orange River Pegmatite Belt of South Africa, through a multi-criteria predictive model utilizing five exploratory datasets for mineralized pegmatite occurrence. To assess data redundancy, the variance inflation factor (VIF) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were applied to assess statistical relationships among exploratory input data. To examine the relationship between the exploratory data and known mineral occurrences, a prediction area (P-A) plot analysis was conducted. To generate mineral predictive maps for mineralized pegmatites, the non-structural fuzzy decision support system (NSFDSS) model was employed, where receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to assess their accuracy. VIF and PCC indicated low correlation among predictive variables, while P-A plot analysis showed moderate to strong spatial associations between target and exploratory data, ranging from 0.52 for alteration data to 0.74 for distance to host rock. The NSFDSS model identified high-potential zones for Li and REE bearing pegmatites in the southeastern and central parts of the study area. Validation using ROC/AUC analysis demonstrated the model’s accuracy, with the various model types; semantic model, priority model, normalized model, and weighted normalized model achieving 81.7%, 82.0%, 81.8%, and 82.0%, respectively. The accuracy scores achieved by these models suggests that the NSFDSS approach using these exploratory datasets is effective to support regional scale exploration of Li and REE bearing pegmatites in the Orange River Pegmatite Belt.
{"title":"Spatial predictive mapping of lithium and rare earth element pegmatites using the non-structural fuzzy decision support system: Example from the Orange River Pegmatite Belt, South Africa","authors":"Andongma Wanduku Tende, Martin D. Clark","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial predictive mapping is applied to lithium (Li) and rare earth element (REE) bearing pegmatites in the Orange River Pegmatite Belt of South Africa, through a multi-criteria predictive model utilizing five exploratory datasets for mineralized pegmatite occurrence. To assess data redundancy, the variance inflation factor (VIF) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were applied to assess statistical relationships among exploratory input data. To examine the relationship between the exploratory data and known mineral occurrences, a prediction area (P-A) plot analysis was conducted. To generate mineral predictive maps for mineralized pegmatites, the non-structural fuzzy decision support system (NSFDSS) model was employed, where receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to assess their accuracy. VIF and PCC indicated low correlation among predictive variables, while P-A plot analysis showed moderate to strong spatial associations between target and exploratory data, ranging from 0.52 for alteration data to 0.74 for distance to host rock. The NSFDSS model identified high-potential zones for Li and REE bearing pegmatites in the southeastern and central parts of the study area. Validation using ROC/AUC analysis demonstrated the model’s accuracy, with the various model types; semantic model, priority model, normalized model, and weighted normalized model achieving 81.7%, 82.0%, 81.8%, and 82.0%, respectively. The accuracy scores achieved by these models suggests that the NSFDSS approach using these exploratory datasets is effective to support regional scale exploration of Li and REE bearing pegmatites in the Orange River Pegmatite Belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107053
H. Mvondo , M. Legault , S. Rajhi
The Preissac–Lacorne area, within the Archean Abitibi granite–greenstone belt, hosts numerous Li-enriched and Li-poor aplite–pegmatites. Both suites are strongly peraluminous, calc-alkaline, late- to post-tectonic composite intrusions cutting through the monzogranite–granodiorite suite and associated volcano-sedimentary sequences along the Manneville Fault System (MFS). The Li-enriched aplite–pegmatites, products of at least two distinct mineralizing events, are more highly differentiated (K/Rb = 18) than their Li-poor counterparts (K/Rb = 26) and contain three generations of spodumene formed through magmatic to magmatic–hydrothermal processes. Both suites likely represent multiple generations of aplite–pegmatites, including those derived from the S-type Lamotte monzogranite and those formed by shear zone-controlled anatexis along the MFS. Field observations indicate that shear-related partial melting of metasedimentary and granodioritic rocks generated Li-poor aplite–pegmatites, whereas partial melting of the monzogranite under similar conditions produced Li-enriched varieties. Overall, both suites appear genetically linked to episodic activation of the MFS prior to and during the waning stages of regional deformation.
{"title":"Petrography, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of Li-enriched and Li-poor aplite–pegmatites in the Preissac–Lacorne area, Abitibi subprovince, Canada","authors":"H. Mvondo , M. Legault , S. Rajhi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Preissac–Lacorne area, within the Archean Abitibi granite–greenstone belt, hosts numerous Li-enriched and Li-poor aplite–pegmatites. Both suites are strongly peraluminous, calc-alkaline, late- to post-tectonic composite intrusions cutting through the monzogranite–granodiorite suite and associated volcano-sedimentary sequences along the Manneville Fault System (MFS). The Li-enriched aplite–pegmatites, products of at least two distinct mineralizing events, are more highly differentiated (K/Rb = 18) than their Li-poor counterparts (K/Rb = 26) and contain three generations of spodumene formed through magmatic to magmatic–hydrothermal processes. Both suites likely represent multiple generations of aplite–pegmatites, including those derived from the S-type Lamotte monzogranite and those formed by shear zone-controlled anatexis along the MFS. Field observations indicate that shear-related partial melting of metasedimentary and granodioritic rocks generated Li-poor aplite–pegmatites, whereas partial melting of the monzogranite under similar conditions produced Li-enriched varieties. Overall, both suites appear genetically linked to episodic activation of the MFS prior to and during the waning stages of regional deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107050
Jiří Zachariáš , Percy Clark , Martin Köhler
The Tisová deposit, a Besshi-type Cu-(Co) VMS deposit, is situated in the Bohemian Massif near the Czech-German border. It experienced blueschist facies metamorphism (∼13 kbar, ∼530 °C) during Variscan subduction (∼360–335 Ma). Hosted by Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary rocks, the deposit includes three stratiform ore horizons: pyrite-rich (upper), pyrrhotite-rich (middle and lower), with chalcopyrite distributed throughout. In addition to the major sulfides, the following minor phases (arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite ≫ cobaltite > ullmanite > costibite ≫ gersdorffite) and trace phases (native bismuth, bismuthinite, Pb-Sb sulfosalts, cassiterite) occur. Very rare phases are Au-Ag-Hg alloy, electrum, canfieldite, and Ag-rich tetrahedrite. Metamorphic overprinting produced intense foliation, the formation of siderite impregnations and veinlets, and the recrystallization of the ore. Mining (1970–1989) yielded 561 kt of ore (0.6 % Cu). Supplementary data indicate 0.12–4.32 g/t Au, 4–20 g/t Ag, with Co as a potential by-product. Detailed mineralogical studies reveal seven arsenopyrite generations, indicating complex metamorphic recrystallization (from ∼13 kbar, ∼500 °C down to 2–3 kbar, 300–400 °C), wide variations in arsenic content (∼27.3 to ∼37.3 at% As) and admixture (up to 6.9 wt% Co, 3.7 wt% Ni, 9.3 wt% Sb). Four pyrite generations were identified, showing evidence of Co mobilization and late-stage crystallization of Bi- and Sb-bearing phases during retrograde metamorphism. Sphalerite-pyrrhotite-pyrite thermobarometry indicates ∼5 kbar, 530 °C, differing from barren-rock estimates of (∼13 kbar, potentially due to fluid-mediated resetting. These findings enhance understanding of the deposit’s tectonothermal evolution and its implications for Co mobility under metamorphic processes.
{"title":"Tracing the origin and P-T metamorphic history of the VMS Besshi-type Tisová deposit, Czech Republic: Evidence for Co, As and Sb mobility","authors":"Jiří Zachariáš , Percy Clark , Martin Köhler","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tisová deposit, a Besshi-type Cu-(Co) VMS deposit, is situated in the Bohemian Massif near the Czech-German border. It experienced blueschist facies metamorphism (∼13 kbar, ∼530 °C) during Variscan subduction (∼360–335 Ma). Hosted by Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary rocks, the deposit includes three stratiform ore horizons: pyrite-rich (upper), pyrrhotite-rich (middle and lower), with chalcopyrite distributed throughout. In addition to the major sulfides, the following minor phases (arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite ≫ cobaltite > ullmanite > costibite ≫ gersdorffite) and trace phases (native bismuth, bismuthinite, Pb-Sb sulfosalts, cassiterite) occur. Very rare phases are Au-Ag-Hg alloy, electrum, canfieldite, and Ag-rich tetrahedrite. Metamorphic overprinting produced intense foliation, the formation of siderite impregnations and veinlets, and the recrystallization of the ore. Mining (1970–1989) yielded 561 kt of ore (0.6 % Cu). Supplementary data indicate 0.12–4.32 g/t Au, 4–20 g/t Ag, with Co as a potential by-product. Detailed mineralogical studies reveal seven arsenopyrite generations, indicating complex metamorphic recrystallization (from ∼13 kbar, ∼500 °C down to 2–3 kbar, 300–400 °C), wide variations in arsenic content (∼27.3 to ∼37.3 at% As) and admixture (up to 6.9 wt% Co, 3.7 wt% Ni, 9.3 wt% Sb). Four pyrite generations were identified, showing evidence of Co mobilization and late-stage crystallization of Bi- and Sb-bearing phases during retrograde metamorphism. Sphalerite-pyrrhotite-pyrite thermobarometry indicates ∼5 kbar, 530 °C, differing from barren-rock estimates of (∼13 kbar, potentially due to fluid-mediated resetting. These findings enhance understanding of the deposit’s tectonothermal evolution and its implications for Co mobility under metamorphic processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107050"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107031
Mingying Tang , Xuanxuan Li , Xin Wang , Lisha Sun , Tongzheng Wei , Lei Hua , Zhanchun Zou , Siwei Qin , Yun Meng , Shen Fang , Baixiang Fu , Feiyang Ye
<div><div>Porphyry deposits represent a major global source of copper, gold, and molybdenum. Exploration for these deposits significantly contributes to increasing available mineral resources and mitigating resource scarcity. Propylitization, recognized as typical and extensively distributed alteration zones within porphyry mineralization systems, is characterized by chlorite and epidote, whose geochemical features can serve as indicators for identifying mineralization centers or assessing mineralization intensity. Notably, the significance of the distal and proximal indicators for various elements in chlorite has been extensively investigated. The Qibaoshan ore field in Wulian is located in the eastern of the North China Craton and hosts polymetallic deposits with potential for porphyry–epithermal mineralization. This study focuses on the widespread chlorites that are present in the mining area (including the Hongshigang, Zhanglaozhuang, and Yaotou ore zones) and employs major and trace element geochemical analyses to investigate the patterns of spatial elemental variations and their implications for locating mineralization centers. Three types of chlorite are present, including Chl1, which is formed by the replacement alteration; Chl2, which is distributed as disseminated hydrothermal deposits; and Chl3, which occurs in vein-like structures. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that the chlorite is predominantly composed of Mg-chlorite and Fe-chlorite. The negative correlations between major elements indicate that the element substitutions in the chlorite primarily follow the Fe-Mg, Tschermak, and Dioctahedron—Trioctahedron substitution mechanisms. The elemental contents are influenced mainly by fluid composition, temperature, redox state, and pH conditions. The trace elements of Chl2, which is hydrothermally disseminated, were analyzed. Trace element data reveal that the V contents (394.56–192.32 and 142.01 ppm) and the V/Ni ratios (5.99–5.12 and 1.85) gradually decrease, whereas the Mn contents (623.41–1762 and 3787.61 ppm) gradually increase from the Zhanglaozhuang to the Hongshigang and Yaotou ore zones. The spatial distribution patterns of V, Mn, and V/Ni ratios are consistent with the characteristics of propylitic alteration zones in porphyry systems, suggesting that the Zhanglaozhuang or Jinxiantou ore zone may represent a potential center of hydrothermal mineralization. Additionally, the geological temperatures for the hydrothermal alterations in the three ore zones were calculated as 291 °C for Zhanglaozhuang, 280 °C for Hongshigang, and 262 °C for Yaotou, further verifying that the Zhanglaozhuang or Jinxiantou ore zone is closer to the center of hydrothermal mineralization. Furthermore, Mg and Si exhibit distal indicator characteristics from the Zhanglaozhuang to the Hongshigang and Yaotou (Mg from 7.71 % to 8.92 % and 16.48 %, Si from 26.32 % to 27.22 % and 28.39 %, respectively), whereas Li, B, and Sc are enriched near the minerali
{"title":"Chlorite geochemistry and its indicative significance for mineral exploration in the Qibaoshan ore field, Wulian, Shandong Province, China","authors":"Mingying Tang , Xuanxuan Li , Xin Wang , Lisha Sun , Tongzheng Wei , Lei Hua , Zhanchun Zou , Siwei Qin , Yun Meng , Shen Fang , Baixiang Fu , Feiyang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porphyry deposits represent a major global source of copper, gold, and molybdenum. Exploration for these deposits significantly contributes to increasing available mineral resources and mitigating resource scarcity. Propylitization, recognized as typical and extensively distributed alteration zones within porphyry mineralization systems, is characterized by chlorite and epidote, whose geochemical features can serve as indicators for identifying mineralization centers or assessing mineralization intensity. Notably, the significance of the distal and proximal indicators for various elements in chlorite has been extensively investigated. The Qibaoshan ore field in Wulian is located in the eastern of the North China Craton and hosts polymetallic deposits with potential for porphyry–epithermal mineralization. This study focuses on the widespread chlorites that are present in the mining area (including the Hongshigang, Zhanglaozhuang, and Yaotou ore zones) and employs major and trace element geochemical analyses to investigate the patterns of spatial elemental variations and their implications for locating mineralization centers. Three types of chlorite are present, including Chl1, which is formed by the replacement alteration; Chl2, which is distributed as disseminated hydrothermal deposits; and Chl3, which occurs in vein-like structures. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that the chlorite is predominantly composed of Mg-chlorite and Fe-chlorite. The negative correlations between major elements indicate that the element substitutions in the chlorite primarily follow the Fe-Mg, Tschermak, and Dioctahedron—Trioctahedron substitution mechanisms. The elemental contents are influenced mainly by fluid composition, temperature, redox state, and pH conditions. The trace elements of Chl2, which is hydrothermally disseminated, were analyzed. Trace element data reveal that the V contents (394.56–192.32 and 142.01 ppm) and the V/Ni ratios (5.99–5.12 and 1.85) gradually decrease, whereas the Mn contents (623.41–1762 and 3787.61 ppm) gradually increase from the Zhanglaozhuang to the Hongshigang and Yaotou ore zones. The spatial distribution patterns of V, Mn, and V/Ni ratios are consistent with the characteristics of propylitic alteration zones in porphyry systems, suggesting that the Zhanglaozhuang or Jinxiantou ore zone may represent a potential center of hydrothermal mineralization. Additionally, the geological temperatures for the hydrothermal alterations in the three ore zones were calculated as 291 °C for Zhanglaozhuang, 280 °C for Hongshigang, and 262 °C for Yaotou, further verifying that the Zhanglaozhuang or Jinxiantou ore zone is closer to the center of hydrothermal mineralization. Furthermore, Mg and Si exhibit distal indicator characteristics from the Zhanglaozhuang to the Hongshigang and Yaotou (Mg from 7.71 % to 8.92 % and 16.48 %, Si from 26.32 % to 27.22 % and 28.39 %, respectively), whereas Li, B, and Sc are enriched near the minerali","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107041
Chan Li , Qun Yang , Wen-liang Xu , Yun-sheng Ren , Zhi-bo Ge , Xue-feng Sun , Hao-zhe Li , Si-tong Chen , Yao-heng Fang , Wen-tan Xu , Bin Wang
<div><div>Northeast (NE) China is characterized by a predominance of Mesozoic deposits and a scarcity of Paleozoic deposits. The Paleozoic deposits are mainly distributed along the Xar Moron–Changchun–Yanji suture zone, which holds significant importance for studying the Paleozoic tectonic evolution and mineralization processes of the region. The Shizui Cu-polymetallic deposit in Jilin Province, NE China, is the first recognized late Paleozoic Cu-polymetallic deposit along the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The mineralization process can be divided into three stages: the skarn stage, the early quartz-sulfide stage, and the late quartz-sulfide stage. The early quartz-sulfide stage is the major stage of Cu mineralization. The metallic minerals developed in the deposit are dominated by magnetite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. In-situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data indicate that in magnetite, Si<sup>4+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup> mainly enter the magnetite lattice through isomorphous substitution of Fe<sup>3+</sup>, rather than in the form of micro-inclusions of silicate minerals. Elements such as Pb, Zn, Ag, and Bi exist in chalcopyrite as micro-inclusions, while Au, Ag, Pb, and Sb in pyrite are mainly present in the form of solid solutions. In addition, magnetite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite all exhibit hydrothermal origin. Using the magnetite T<sub>Mg-Mag</sub> geothermometer, the average T<sub>Mg-Mag</sub> temperatures of the two generations of magnetite (Mag1 and Mag2) are calculated to be 596 °C and 468 °C, respectively. The δ<sup>34</sup>S values of sulfides range from −3.8 ‰ to −1.3 ‰, with an average of −1.9 ‰, suggesting deep-source magmatic sulfur or mantle sulfur. The Pb isotope compositions of sulfides (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 18.457–18.516, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.592–15.672, and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 38.251–38.517) are consistent with those of monzogranite (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 18.386–19.006, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.547–15.624, and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 38.348–38.667). The S-Pb isotope results indicate that the ore materials are mainly derived from the magmas forming the monzogranite. During the late Paleozoic, magmatic fluids underwent reactions with carbonate wall rocks under high oxygen fugacity (<em>f</em>O<sub>2</sub>) conditions, forming magnetite containing Si and Al. As the sulfur fugacity (<em>f</em>S<sub>2</sub>) in the hydrothermal system increased, the elevated concentration of HS<sup>−</sup> drove the precipitation of sulfides such as chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, ultimately forming the Shizui skarn-type Cu-polymetallic deposit. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the Shizui Cu-polymetallic deposit is an early Permian skarn-type deposit, and the ore-forming materials are similar to that of the skarn-type Cu-polymetallic
{"title":"Ore genesis of the late Paleozoic Shizui Cu-polymetallic deposit in central Jilin Province, Northeast China: Constraints from geochemistry of magnetite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite","authors":"Chan Li , Qun Yang , Wen-liang Xu , Yun-sheng Ren , Zhi-bo Ge , Xue-feng Sun , Hao-zhe Li , Si-tong Chen , Yao-heng Fang , Wen-tan Xu , Bin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northeast (NE) China is characterized by a predominance of Mesozoic deposits and a scarcity of Paleozoic deposits. The Paleozoic deposits are mainly distributed along the Xar Moron–Changchun–Yanji suture zone, which holds significant importance for studying the Paleozoic tectonic evolution and mineralization processes of the region. The Shizui Cu-polymetallic deposit in Jilin Province, NE China, is the first recognized late Paleozoic Cu-polymetallic deposit along the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The mineralization process can be divided into three stages: the skarn stage, the early quartz-sulfide stage, and the late quartz-sulfide stage. The early quartz-sulfide stage is the major stage of Cu mineralization. The metallic minerals developed in the deposit are dominated by magnetite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. In-situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data indicate that in magnetite, Si<sup>4+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup> mainly enter the magnetite lattice through isomorphous substitution of Fe<sup>3+</sup>, rather than in the form of micro-inclusions of silicate minerals. Elements such as Pb, Zn, Ag, and Bi exist in chalcopyrite as micro-inclusions, while Au, Ag, Pb, and Sb in pyrite are mainly present in the form of solid solutions. In addition, magnetite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite all exhibit hydrothermal origin. Using the magnetite T<sub>Mg-Mag</sub> geothermometer, the average T<sub>Mg-Mag</sub> temperatures of the two generations of magnetite (Mag1 and Mag2) are calculated to be 596 °C and 468 °C, respectively. The δ<sup>34</sup>S values of sulfides range from −3.8 ‰ to −1.3 ‰, with an average of −1.9 ‰, suggesting deep-source magmatic sulfur or mantle sulfur. The Pb isotope compositions of sulfides (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 18.457–18.516, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.592–15.672, and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 38.251–38.517) are consistent with those of monzogranite (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 18.386–19.006, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.547–15.624, and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 38.348–38.667). The S-Pb isotope results indicate that the ore materials are mainly derived from the magmas forming the monzogranite. During the late Paleozoic, magmatic fluids underwent reactions with carbonate wall rocks under high oxygen fugacity (<em>f</em>O<sub>2</sub>) conditions, forming magnetite containing Si and Al. As the sulfur fugacity (<em>f</em>S<sub>2</sub>) in the hydrothermal system increased, the elevated concentration of HS<sup>−</sup> drove the precipitation of sulfides such as chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, ultimately forming the Shizui skarn-type Cu-polymetallic deposit. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the Shizui Cu-polymetallic deposit is an early Permian skarn-type deposit, and the ore-forming materials are similar to that of the skarn-type Cu-polymetallic","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107034
Giulia Domenighini , Benjamin F. Walter , Gregor Markl , Simona Ferrando , Matthew Steele-MacInnis , Licia Santoro
The Punta Corna vein system (PC), located within the Western Alpine meta-ophiolites, is characterized by a five-element vein type mineralization including Fe-Co-Ni arsenides preceded and followed by a typical base-metal sulfide mineralization, comprising tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena. Three distinct hydrothermal stages were recognized: Sulfide stage I, Arsenide stage and Sulfide stage II. Microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusion assemblages from Sulfide stage I allowed to constrain fluid A (surface-derived, sulfate-bearing, ∼27.3 wt% total salinity and 140 °C homogenization temperature) and fluid B (deep-seated, methane-bearing, 18.8 wt% total average salinity and 163 °C homogenization temperature). The Arsenide stage is characterized by the presence of fluid C (deep-seated, ∼19 wt% total average salinity and 156 °C homogenization temperature) and fluid D (deep-seated, ∼13 wt% total average salinity and 230 °C homogenization temperature). Fluids B and C are inferred to represent the same fluid, with and without methane, respectively. The absence of methane in fluid C is interpreted as its consumption during arsenide formation by reduction.
This detailed fluid inclusion study revealed evidence of pre-ore methane, which has been proposed as a reducing agent, important in the formation of five-element mineralization. This finding has two important implications: (i) it constrains the shift from a hydrothermal system precipitating base metal sulfides to a five-element one through the mixing of a metal-bearing fluid and a highly reduced methane-bearing fluid, and (ii) it records the presence of an oxidized sulfate-bearing brine and the reduced-metal bearing fluid in the crustal rocks, which mixed and thus formed the five-element mineralization. Crucial to this process is the role of late-Alpine brittle tectonics, which, through the development of two main fault systems, enhanced rock permeability allowing the input of different fluids in the active hydrothermal system.
{"title":"Late-alpine five-element mineralization in the Punta Corna vein system (Western Alps): evolution of methane-bearing crustal fluids and their role to arsenide precipitation and ore-deposit metallogeny","authors":"Giulia Domenighini , Benjamin F. Walter , Gregor Markl , Simona Ferrando , Matthew Steele-MacInnis , Licia Santoro","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Punta Corna vein system (PC), located within the Western Alpine <em>meta</em>-ophiolites, is characterized by a five-element vein type mineralization including Fe-Co-Ni arsenides preceded and followed by a typical base-metal sulfide mineralization, comprising tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena. Three distinct hydrothermal stages were recognized: Sulfide stage I, Arsenide stage and Sulfide stage II. Microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusion assemblages from Sulfide stage I allowed to constrain fluid A (surface-derived, sulfate-bearing, ∼27.3 wt% total salinity and 140 °C homogenization temperature) and fluid B (deep-seated, methane-bearing, 18.8 wt% total average salinity and 163 °C homogenization temperature). The Arsenide stage is characterized by the presence of fluid C (deep-seated, ∼19 wt% total average salinity and 156 °C homogenization temperature) and fluid D (deep-seated, ∼13 wt% total average salinity and 230 °C homogenization temperature). Fluids B and C are inferred to represent the same fluid, with and without methane, respectively. The absence of methane in fluid C is interpreted as its consumption during arsenide formation by reduction.</div><div>This detailed fluid inclusion study revealed evidence of pre-ore methane, which has been proposed as a reducing agent, important in the formation of five-element mineralization. This finding has two important implications: (i) it constrains the shift from a hydrothermal system precipitating base metal sulfides to a five-element one through the mixing of a metal-bearing fluid and a highly reduced methane-bearing fluid, and (ii) it records the presence of an oxidized sulfate-bearing brine and the reduced-metal bearing fluid in the crustal rocks, which mixed and thus formed the five-element mineralization. Crucial to this process is the role of late-Alpine brittle tectonics, which, through the development of two main fault systems, enhanced rock permeability allowing the input of different fluids in the active hydrothermal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107034"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107039
Wange Du, Yiwei Song, Ke Yang, Kang Yan, Yongbao Gao, Liyong Wei
The Huayagou gold deposit, a newly discovered large-scale gold deposit (2023) in the West Qinling Orogen, hosts estimated resource of ∼ 20 t Au with an average grade of ∼ 1.69 g/t. This study investigates the ore-forming processes linked to quartz-sericite-pyrite veinlets. The combined methods of geological observations, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, in-situ trace element and sulfur isotopes of pyrite were carried out. Four distinct pyrite generations are identified. Py1 exhibits distinctive core-rim textures and elevated concentrations of Co and Ni, indicating direct crystallization from metallogenic hydrothermal fluids. The repeated bright rims show dissolution-reprecipitation structures, suggesting reaction with later hydrothermal fluids. Py2 displays porous texture and abundant arsenopyrite inclusions, with high trace element concentrations (Ag, Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, As). This implies gold supersaturation triggered by rapid fluid boiling. Py3 preserves external dimensions of Py2 but sharp boundaries and cluster inclusion, formed via replacement through dissolution-reprecipitation of pre-existing pyrite. Trace elements (Au, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Sb, Bi, Te) decrease from Py2 to Py3, reflecting remobilization during coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR). Py4 is overgrowing on Py3 with high Co, Ni, and As concentrations, alongside diverse mineral assemblages, indicating Au mineralization triggered by fluid mixing. The sulfur isotopes of pyrite consistently range between 12.15‰ and 15.28‰, but decrease subsequently in Py4, indicating fluid superimposition in open space. A genetic model is proposed here for gold mineralization process, and thus benefits the regional gold exploration.
{"title":"Gold mineralization processes of the Huayagou gold deposit, West Qinling Orogen: Constraints from textures, in-situ sulfur isotopes and trace element compositions of pyrite","authors":"Wange Du, Yiwei Song, Ke Yang, Kang Yan, Yongbao Gao, Liyong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Huayagou gold deposit, a newly discovered large-scale gold deposit (2023) in the West Qinling Orogen, hosts estimated resource of ∼ 20 t Au with an average grade of ∼ 1.69 g/t. This study investigates the ore-forming processes linked to quartz-sericite-pyrite veinlets. The combined methods of geological observations, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, in-situ trace element and sulfur isotopes of pyrite were carried out. Four distinct pyrite generations are identified. Py1 exhibits distinctive core-rim textures and elevated concentrations of Co and Ni, indicating direct crystallization from metallogenic hydrothermal fluids. The repeated bright rims show dissolution-reprecipitation structures, suggesting reaction with later hydrothermal fluids. Py2 displays porous texture and abundant arsenopyrite inclusions, with high trace element concentrations (Ag, Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, As). This implies gold supersaturation triggered by rapid fluid boiling. Py3 preserves external dimensions of Py2 but sharp boundaries and cluster inclusion, formed via replacement through dissolution-reprecipitation of pre-existing pyrite. Trace elements (Au, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Sb, Bi, Te) decrease from Py2 to Py3, reflecting remobilization during coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR). Py4 is overgrowing on Py3 with high Co, Ni, and As concentrations, alongside diverse mineral assemblages, indicating Au mineralization triggered by fluid mixing. The sulfur isotopes of pyrite consistently range between 12.15‰ and 15.28‰, but decrease subsequently in Py4, indicating fluid superimposition in open space. A genetic model is proposed here for gold mineralization process, and thus benefits the regional gold exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107039"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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