Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Magmatic characteristics and oxygen fugacity variations in the Eocene Yulong porphyry copper belt","authors":"Xiaoyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuanchuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhusen Yang ,&nbsp;Yanrui Dong ,&nbsp;Jinchao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yulong porphyry copper belt (YPCB) is characterized by collisional porphyry deposits with varying scales of mineralization and elemental compositions that exhibit a north-to-south gradient. However the factors controlling the diversity of mineralization within the YPCB remain unclear. Oxygen fugacity is a critical factor in porphyry mineralization, significantly influenced by magma crystallization differentiation and fluid saturation during the evolution of porphyry magmas. Accurately assessing the oxygen fugacity of the magma is essential for a comprehensive evaluation of its mineralization characteristics. This study focuses on a range of porphyry deposits within the YPCB, including the small Hengxingcuo Cu–Mo deposit, the superlarge Yulong Cu–Mo deposit, the medium Zhanaga and Mangzong Cu–Mo deposits, the medium Mamupu Cu–Au deposit, and the large Bada Cu–Au deposit, arranged from north to south. This study integrates recent whole-rock geochemical analyses, Sr-Nd isotopic measurements, zircon U–Pb dating, trace element data, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of hornblende to (1) explore the origin and evolution of porphyritic magma with varying metallogenic characteristics, (2) constrain the variations in magma oxygen fugacity and their impact on metal enrichment. Our findings indicate that the mineralized porphyries in the YPCB belong to high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series, with elevated Sr/Y (27.69–224.87) and (La/Yb)_N (11.29–68.56) ratios, most of which are classfied as adakitic magmas. The analyzed mineralized porphyries display (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i values ranging from 0.7060 to 0.7073 and Ɛ_Nd(t) values between −3.8 and −1.0, positioning them above the mixing line of the depleted asthenospheric mantle (MORB) and enriched mantle EMⅡ. These mineralized porphyries in the YPCB are derived from similar source regions, where potassium-rich magmas form through partial melting of the enriched mantle EMⅡ, interacting with adakitic magmas generated from the melting of the lower crust. This interaction leads to the formation of high-potassium adakitic magmas within the belt, while the magma source region undergoes metasomatism from fluids and melts derived from subducted slabs. Oxygen fugacity calculations for zircon and hornblende in the fertile porphyries of the YPCB suggest that relatively high oxygen fugacity is advantageous for mineralization. However, an increase in oxygen fugacity does not always correspond to larger scales of mineralization. By comparing the oxygen fugacity of magma at different stages of evolution in individual ore deposits, it is observed that as the magmas evolve, oxygen fugacity tends to increase, potentially due to the release of fluids during magma differentiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106459"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nickel distribution in soils and its relationship with lithology, mineralization and geochemical landscape across mainland China","authors":"Dongsheng Liu,&nbsp;Xueqiu Wang,&nbsp;Lanshi Nie,&nbsp;Bimin Zhang,&nbsp;Jian Zhou,&nbsp;Hanliang Liu,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel, a vital component in stainless steel and the new energy industry, presents a double-edged sword. While its demand soars, its status as a potentially toxic element raises concerns about potential human health risks. This study establishes the first-ever national baselines for nickel in Chinese transported soils, crucial for both mineral exploration and environmental monitoring.</div><div>The China Geochemical Baselines (CGB) project collected 3,382 top and 3,380 deep transported soil samples across mainland China at a density of 1 sample per 3,000 km², and determined nickel concentration using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Influence factors of nickel geochemical patterns including lithology, mineralization, and geochemical landscape were summarized in this paper. Mafic rocks and felsic rocks control the large area of rich-nickel in southwest China and poor-nickel area in southeast China, respectively, demonstrating that lithology dominantly influenced geochemical pattern of nickel at large scale. Marine sedimentary and weathering nickel deposits exhibit a moderate to strong correlation with nickel-rich regions, in contrast to magmatic nickel deposits which show a weaker association, suggesting low-density geochemical mapping could be a suitable exploration strategy for identifying marine sedimentary and weathering nickel resources. Weathering-induced enrichment play an important role in elevating nickel concentration within Karst geochemical landscape in southwest China, demonstrating that geochemical landscape can influence nickel concentration at regional scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ elemental and sulfur isotopic variations of Au-bearing iron–sulfides from the Alin Au deposit in the Shuixie Cu–Co Orefield, western Yunnan Province, SE Tibet: Insights into enrichment processes of invisible Au","authors":"Guo Li,&nbsp;Chuan Dong Xue,&nbsp;ZhiJun Feng,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;AiYing Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Shuixie Cu–Co ore field, located in the southwestern part of the Lanping Meso-Cenozoic Basin, SE Tibetan Plateau, is a well-known structure-controlling polymetallic ore concentration area. Recently, several independent and associated Au-rich orebodies have been discovered, most of which are hosted in iron–sulfides (arsenopyrite and pyrite) in the form of invisible Au. The mechanism of Au enrichment remains unclear. Based on typical orebodies in the Alin Au deposit, this study presents fine microtextural features and a dataset of in situ elemental and sulfur isotopic variations in iron–sulfides. Iron–sulfides are characterized by alternately precipitated pyrite and arsenopyrite with core- and rim-crystalline textures. Which can be divided into four generations of pyrite (PyI₁–PyI₄) and arsenopyrite (ApyI₁–ApyI₄), corresponding to precipitation pulses 1–4, respectively. The earliest crystallized iron–sulfides had low concentrations of Au, which considerably increased starting with pulse 2. The Au contents in pulses 2 and 3 were distinctly lower than those in pulse 4. Au was primarily incorporated into the iron sulfide lattice structure in the form of (Au⁺). The iron–sulfides have a narrow range and homogeneous δ³⁴S values, suggesting a magmatic origin. We propose the following key suggestions: the lower the deviation from the stoichiometric level, the higher the Au enrichment in iron–sulfides; high concentrations of invisible Au exist coeval with the precipitating iron–sulfides; and Au mineralization originates from episodic influxes of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. These insights provide a novel perspective on Cu–Co and associated Au mineralization in the Shuixie Cu–Co ore field and similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailed characterisation of the fluids responsible for orogenic gold mineralisation at Imonga-Saramabila (Maniema) in the Karagwe-Ankole Belt, DR Congo","authors":"Inge Cools ,&nbsp;Stijn Dewaele ,&nbsp;Chantal Peiffert ,&nbsp;Philippe Muchez","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106461","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Western Domain (WD) of the Karagwe-Ankole Belt (KAB) in the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa is part of a metallogenic province rich in elements such as Nb-Ta-Sn-W-Li-Be-Au, which are essential for high-tech and green industries. In contrast to the Sn, W and Nb-Ta mineralisation, the characteristics and source of the Au mineralising fluids are largely unknown. Therefore, the Imonga gold prospect in the WD of the KAB in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) was studied to investigate the gold mineralising fluids.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The host rocks at Imonga are deformed and intensely altered, dominantly by dolomitisation and chloritisation. Metamorphism is characterised by foliation development (e.g. mica-schist) and post-foliation andalusite porphyroblasts. In total, four vein generations were distinguished. Most important for the mineralisation is the post-foliation second vein generation (V2), composed of mainly quartz and ferroan-dolomite, with the gold in close association with sulfides. The subsequent post-foliation third vein generation (V3) is composed of mainly ferroan-calcite and quartz, and is inferred to post-date V2 by cross-cutting relationships. This vein generation is also associated with sulfides, but no gold mineralisation was observed. The characterisation of the mineralising fluid in both vein generations was performed through extensive fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, LA-ICP-MS and modelling to deduce the fluid characteristics, source and formation conditions of the mineralisation. Both vein generations (V2 and V3) are characterised by a low saline (3.1–7.0 eq.&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;wt.%&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;NaCl) H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-NaCl-KCl-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluid with a wide range in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; composition, indicating varying degrees of fluid rock interactions during metamorphism. This fluid composition corresponds to a typical metamorphic origin of the orogenic gold mineralising fluid. Individual fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS data for Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr and Ba were compared with the typical composition of sedimentary, metamorphic and magmatic fluids in the literature. The elemental compositions correspond with those of a metamorphic fluid and resemble those found in other studies on orogenic gold deposits. The low concentrations of Rb and Cs (as well as Sr and Ba) indicate that there has been no influence of a magmatic fluid. The fluids have a density between 0.74 and 0.94 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. For a formation temperature window of 350–400 °C (based on the occurrence of andalusite porphyroblasts, the type of quartz deformation and the total homogenisation temperatures of fluid inclusions), a pressure window of 75–250 MPa is derived corresponding to a formation depth of 7.6–9.6 km. The gold was likely transported as gold-sulfur complexes, as indicated by the presence of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in the fluid inclusions. Precipitation of the gold could have occurred due to the destab","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting semi-massive Sulfides: Textures of sulfide-silicate interactions in magmatic sulfide deposits","authors":"Dominic Raisch,&nbsp;Sebastian Staude,&nbsp;Gregor Markl","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction of sulfide melt with silicate melt or partially molten country rock produces a wide variety of textures that can appear similar to net-textured sulfides which originate from accumulation of sulfide melt within the host intrusion and therefore occur in different areas within the orebody. This similarity in textures can cause misidentification during exploration and could cause confusion and wrong financial decisions. Therefore, these semi-massive sulfide textures were investigated in detail and partly redefined. They comprise (1) net, (2) infiltration, (3) disaggregation, and (4) emulsion textures.</div><div>Net-textured sulfides form by sulfide melt infiltrating into existing silicate cumulate thereby replacing interstitial silicate melt resulting in a continuous matrix of sulfides enclosing magmatic cumulate silicates. Silicates like pyroxenes display the highest X_Mg values of all textures and are occasionally sector-zoned. Contrary, infiltration, disaggregation and emulsion textures form by the infiltration of sulfide melt into the country rock by partial melting. Infiltration textures form during the initial process and are therefore defined by refractory fragments of country rock with abundant peritectic phases with additional minor amounts of anatectic melt enclosed in a continuous matrix of magmatic sulfides. Disaggregation textures represent the refractory end-stage and are defined as single grains or clusters of high thermal stability silicate crystals derived from the country rock suspended in magmatic sulfides. Macroscopically, this texture can look identical to net-textured sulfides, but can be distinguished by the lack of magmatic silicates, such as olivine, by elevated Ni and Mn contents plus lower X_Mg values of pyroxenes and by different luminescence colours of plagioclase in the disaggregation texture. The newly formed buoyant and immiscible silicate melt is less dense than the sulfide melt resulting in upward counter migration and the formation of the emulsion texture when frozen in. Depending on the ratio of the two melts, this texture may appear as a fine-grained droplet emulsion or as a connected bicontinuous emulsion, but both types have the same defining characteristics, such as high levels of eutectic intergrowths, newly formed skeletal and euhedral silicate crystals, and they contain high levels of hydrous silicates.</div><div>The newly crystallized pyroxenes in the emulsion texture exhibit the highest Ni and Mn contents and lowest X_Mg values compared to all other textures, and in addition, plagioclase again shows different luminescence colours. Where the newly formed silicate melt is trapped, it can form pegmatoidal pockets displaying the same features as the emulsion textures, but with less sulfides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106457"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological characteristics and geochronology of the Huayagou Au deposit, Western Qinling: Implication for regional ore genesis","authors":"Fei Teng ,&nbsp;Kang Yan ,&nbsp;Ke Yang ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Liyong Wei ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Teng ,&nbsp;Haomin Guo ,&nbsp;Yuanhe Tang ,&nbsp;Guoying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Huayagou gold deposit, situated at Longnan-Fengtai mineral field (LMF) within the Western Qinling Orogen (WQO) of central China, is a newly identified deposit, representative of major deposits within Gansu section that hold significant geological and economic value. Its geological similarities to major deposits in Fengtai district underscore its importance for advancing regional mining exploration and metallogenic studies. However, the lack of robust geochronological data and detailed geological characterization hampers our comprehensive understanding of the deposit’s genesis and regional metallogenic significance. To address this, research was carried out, involving detailed geological and mineralogical examination of ore samples from the Huayagou and subsequently robust chronology. Two distinct stages of mineralisation have been identified based on mineral association. The U-Pb dating of hydrothermal apatite that is closely associated with mineralisation yielded a ²⁰⁷Pb-corrected age of 205 ± 23 Ma (MSWD = 0.4) on Tera-Wasserburg concordia diagram, interpreted as the timing for primary mineralisation event. Microscopic and geochemical analyses confirmed the hydrothermal origin of apatite, which intergrows with arsenopyrite and gold, providing a reliable chronological framework for the deposit’s formation. These findings align with the 230–210 Ma mineralisation period established for major deposits in the LMF, such as Pangjiahe, Baguamiao, and Shuangwang. The ca. 248 Ma and ca. 163 Ma ages obtained from in situ Rb-Sr of sericite correspond to two rapid regional cooling events, possibly caused by uplifting and related metamorphism. Integrating these results into the regional geological context, we classify the Huayagou deposit as an orogenic gold deposit. This deposit, like others in the LMF, supports the spatial zoning model correlating uplift rates and erosion intensities with the distribution of epizonal, mesozonal, and hypozonal orogenic deposits across the western, central, and eastern regions of the field, respectively. The Late Triassic period in the WQO, characterized by the transition from subduction to collision to post-collision extension of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, was a key phase for tectonic-magmatic activity and large-scale, multi-stage ore formation. Our findings reinforce this metallogenic framework and suggest significant potential for further gold exploration in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical raw material potential of porphyry copper-gold deposits in the Golden Triangle, northwest British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Christopher J.M. Lawley ,&nbsp;Duane C. Petts ,&nbsp;Well-Shen Lee ,&nbsp;Yamila Cajal ,&nbsp;Carlos Carrasco-Godoy ,&nbsp;Ian H. Campbell ,&nbsp;Joanna Dlugosz ,&nbsp;Kyle P. Larson ,&nbsp;Dany Savard ,&nbsp;Ingrid Kjarsgaard ,&nbsp;Bram I. van Straaten","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porphyry deposits are major sources of copper, gold, molybdenum, and silver globally. However, the potential for critical raw materials (CRM) to be mined as by-products (e.g., antimony, bismuth, platinum group elements, and tellurium) at these deposits is poorly understood. Herein we present results from a lithogeochemical survey (n = 331), detailed mineralogy, and trace element mapping to characterize the concentrations of CRM and their deportment within the Golden Triangle, northwest British Columbia, Canada. We demonstrate that the host rocks to porphyry copper-gold (i.e., Galore Creek, Copper Canyon, KSM, Dok, Yeti, and Burgundy) and epithermal gold-silver (i.e., Brucejack) deposits were derived from oxidized and water-rich parental melts that suppressed sulphide crystallization, resulting in the pre-enrichment of CRM relative to other arc rocks globally. The structural juxtaposition, local thickening, and preservation of these prospective source rocks is likely one of the factors contributing to the mineral district’s exceptional gold and CRM endowment. Multiple analytical methods (e.g., aqua-regia, four-acid, fusion) for the same samples further demonstrate that the highest Bi (39 ppm), Pd (460 ppb), Sb (375 ppm), and Te (15 ppm) concentrations are associated with sulphide and/or other non-resistate minerals within the most hydrothermally altered samples. Detailed mineralogy and trace element mapping by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) reveals that CRM within the Golden Triangle are hosted by at least 58 different minerals. We apply these results to estimate the contained CRM at the Galore Creek and KSM deposits and to discuss their potential to be recovered as by-products. Lithogeochemical results are also applied to predict the mineral potential of different igneous suites within the Golden Triangle based on their CRM concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallogenic mechanism of Ankou gold deposit in the Qixia-Penglai Gold Belt, Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from sericite Ar-Ar geochronology, H-O isotope, and in-situ trace element of pyrite","authors":"Ming Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Tan ,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Ziqing Yan ,&nbsp;Shushan Zhao ,&nbsp;Changyong Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106471","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jiaodong Peninsula is home to the largest gold district in China, encompassing significant deposits within the Qixia-Penglai Gold Belt, renowned for the presence of visible gold. Nonetheless, the timing of deposit formation and the intricate processes of gold transport and precipitation mechanisms remain subjects of ongoing debate. To deepen the comprehension of these processes, sericite geochronological analysis, fluid inclusion micro-thermometry, H-O isotope students, and trace element pyrite geochemical analysis were undertaken at the Ankou deposit. &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;Ar/&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt;Ar dating of three representative deposits in the Ankou-Heilangou ore field limits the mineralization to a tight age range of 118–120 Ma. Our study identifies four distinct stages of ore-forming, namely the pyrite-quartz stage (Stage 1), the quartz-pyrite stage (Stage 2), the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage (Stage 3), and the quartz-calcite stage (Stage 4). The fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures range from 227 to 372 °C, 217 to 334 °C, 168 to 306 °C, and 106 to 265 °C, respectively. Salinities recorded during these stages are predominantly below 10 wt% NaCl equivalent; H-O isotope analysis of the main metallogenic stage (Stages 2 and 3) yielded δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;H2O&lt;/sub&gt; values ranging from +5.2 ‰ to +7.2 ‰ and +4.5 ‰ to +7.4 ‰, alongside δD&lt;sub&gt;SMOW&lt;/sub&gt; ranges from −94.6 ‰ to −83.0 ‰ and −95.8 ‰ to −87.7 ‰, respectively. Meanwhile, these results support a model of mineralization originating by incremental mixing of meteoric and magmatically-sourced fluids, with gold precipitation linked to fluid boiling and immiscibility reactions. From micro-textural observations, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, and geochemical analysis, ten sub-generations of pyrite were identified. Stage 1 pyrites (Py1-1, Py1-2, and Py1-3) tracing records changes in As and Au concentrations, mineralogical capture, and hydrothermal alteration processes. Stage 2 pyrites (Py2-1, Py2-2, Py2-3a, and Py2-3b) indicate an obvious cored-mantle-edge structure, and the outer edge of the pyrite exhibits oscillatory BSE-bright and -dark reactions rims linked to similar changes in Au and As concentrations, consistent with pressure fluctuations and fluid immiscibility. Furthermore, Stage 3 pyrite (Py3-1, Py3-2, and Py3-3) exhibits comparable BSE-bright and dark zonation patterns, reflecting Au and As variability triggered by fluid pulsing. These findings reveal that the ore-forming fluids within the Ankou gold deposit exhibit characteristics identical to those found in mesothermal deposits. The ore-forming fluids are primarily derived from magmatic water, with a small amount of meteoric water added in the process of the main metallogenic stages. Furthermore, gold was probably transported at Ankou in the form of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; complexes","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143289837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore-forming fluid evolution and gold precipitation mechanism at Huangjindong gold deposit, southern China: Insights from fluid inclusions and trace elements in quartz","authors":"Jiu-Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Li-Qiang Yang ,&nbsp;Si-Chen Sun ,&nbsp;Rong-Hua Li ,&nbsp;Xue Gao ,&nbsp;Paul Olin ,&nbsp;Lei Shu ,&nbsp;Qi-Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Gang Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The representative Huangjindong gold deposit with &gt;80 t gold is controlled by the NNE-NE-trending Changsha-Pingjiang Fault, in the central Jiangnan Orogen, south China. Petrography, microthermometry and Laser Raman studies of fluid inclusions in quartz from the deposit show that (1) two types of fluid inclusions are present (Type 1 H₂O-CO₂ inclusions, Type 2 aqueous inclusions) in all three stages. The homogenization temperature decreased through time with 330 ∼ 192 °C, 253 ∼ 180 °C and 232 ∼ 161 °C for the three stages, respectively; (2) The initial ore-forming fluids belong to CO₂-NaCl-H₂O system, with H₂O-CO₂-CH₄-bearing volatile gas, medium to high temperature (192 ∼ 330 °C), low-salinity (2.2 ∼ 8.9 wt% NaCl eqv.) and low density (0.745 ∼ 0.988 g/cm³). <em>In-situ</em> LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis of quartz of different stages show that the <em>syn</em>-gold auriferous quartz has higher trace element contents and mineral inclusions compared to the pre- and post-gold barren quartz. The initial deeply-sourced fluids migrated to the EW-NWW-trending third-order faults related to the EW-NWW-trending anticlines and synclines, forming large-scale milky barren quartz veins during the pre-gold stage at ≥330 ∼ 192 °C. During the mineralization, the characteristics of disseminated, quartz-sulfide veins and brecciate ores, phase separation characteristics showed by fluid inclusions, and the high content of trace elements indicate that fluid immiscibility and fluid-wallrock interaction triggered the instability of <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> and precipitation of Au, forming gray auriferous quartz-polysulfides veins that overprinted the early barren quartz veins at ≥253 ∼ 180 °C. Minor white quartz-carbonate veins formed under relatively lower temperature of ≥232 ∼ 161 °C and pressure marking the end of the ore-forming hydrothermal event.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106444"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospecting model and deep mineralization predictions for the Lamasu-Saibo copper deposit based on combined geological and geophysical exploration information","authors":"Ziang Ye ,&nbsp;Lingling Gao ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Li ,&nbsp;Chuan Chen ,&nbsp;Fang Xia ,&nbsp;Shunda Li ,&nbsp;Yasheng Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of the Lamasu-Saibo copper deposit in the western Tianshan region of Xinjiang, China, has filled a significant gap of large porphyry-skarn-type copper deposits in the region. This discovery holds great significance for prospecting and exploring efforts in the western Tianshan region. The spatial distribution of the Lamasu-Saibo copper deposit is controlled by fault zones and the intrusion of medium-acidic granitic rocks, and its formation is closely related to magmatic activity, making it a crucial prospecting indicator for mining areas. To identify the spatial distribution of ore-controlling fault zones and intermediate-acid granitic intrusive rocks, a combination of high-precision magnetic surveys and magnetotelluric (MT) soundings based on regional and geological characteristics were used. Both high-precision magnetic surveys and MT soundings indicated the presence of deep-seated, medium-acidic rocks within the mining area. At present, the Chagankol fault system and some east–west trending faults are believed to be the primary ore-controlling structures in this mining area. These structures serve as pathways for deep-seated magmas and ore-forming fluids, creating a favorable environment for mineralization. Analysis of the ore-forming model of this deposit with respect to its geological-geophysical characteristics served as the basis for a prospective model for porphyry-skarn-type copper deposits in the Lamasu-Saibo area. Based on this prospective model and existing drilling data, the spatial distribution of the main orebodies in the deep underground mining area was determined. In summary, this study identified three anomalous zones. Zones I and II, on the basis of available exploration results, located within 1000 m of the subsurface, exhibit promising prospects for mineral exploration, while Zone III also showed good exploration potential. These findings provide valuable guidance for future prospecting efforts in the Lamasu-Saibo copper deposit and serve as a reference for the exploration of porphyry-skarn-type copper deposits in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}