Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"SWIR spectroscopy and mineral chemistry of Li-bearing micas in NW Jiangxi: Implications for the genesis and exploration of granite-related Li deposits","authors":"Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiandong Sun ,&nbsp;Longming Li ,&nbsp;Feipeng Fan ,&nbsp;Guangfu Xing ,&nbsp;Liancun Xiu ,&nbsp;Weimin Guo ,&nbsp;Kai Yang ,&nbsp;Haili Li ,&nbsp;Xuehui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The granite-related Li deposit has emerged as a significant source of lithium metal globally, thanks to advancements<!--> <!-->in the metallurgical process of Li-bearing micas. The total proven Li₂O reserve of granite-type in the Northwest Jiangxi of China is over 9.2 Mt. To gain deeper insights into the evolution, enrichment mechanisms, and exploration indicators of Li-rich micas, short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS analyses were conducted at the Dagang Li deposit, the Yashan Li-Nb-Ta deposit, and the Ganfang prospecting area. Obvious zoning textures were observed in the white mica of Dagang and Ganfang, with a compositional shift from magmatic Li-Fe mica and zinnwaldite in the core to post-magmatic hydrothermal Li-Fe mica at the edge. Meanwhile,<!--> <!-->Yashan’s white micas show core-rim textures, with the core dominated by magmatic lepidolite with minor altered Li-Fe mica on the rim. The Li, Si, Rb, and F contents of all white micas show similar varied trends, indicating comparable geochemical behaviors, with Li showing a positive linear relationship with Si. The substitution of Li for Al and Fe in the octahedral site played a crucial role in the Li supernormal enrichment during the granitic fractionation and evolution. However, post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration can potentially decrease the Li grade. Notably,<!--> <!-->the Yashan granite exhibits a higher degree of evolution compared to the Dagang and Ganfang granites. The coupling of the SWIR parameters with the chemical composition of Li-rich micas holds the potential for establishing exploration indicators for Li. Specifically, the Li-rich mica exhibits distinctive absorption at 550 and 960 nm, along with a lower Al-OH absorption peak position (Pos2200) than common muscovite. The absorption depth at 960 nm can be used to assess Li enrichment and identify lepidolite, while the Pos2200 value can reflect the substitution relationship between Li and Al.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107086"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of the Paleoproterozoic Heiyuting Fe deposit in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton: Constraints from geochronology and geochemistry","authors":"Xiao-Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Yu-Bo Ma ,&nbsp;Xiu-Ling Zhao ,&nbsp;Li-Xing Li ,&nbsp;Hou-Min Li ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Dai ,&nbsp;Xuan Wu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yang Fan ,&nbsp;Xi-Long Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rock series are widely distributed and hosts several iron deposits. The Heiyuting iron (Fe) deposit is hosted by typical Paleoproterozoic leptite of the Li’eryu Formation and represents a key example for constraining the mineralization process of Paleoproterozoic iron deposits within the Liaohe Group. This type of deposit has great exploration potential, but the precise timing of iron mineralization, the sources of ore-forming materials, and iron mineralization processes remain unclear. We conducted zircon and monazite U-Pb geochronology together with monazite electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to constrain iron mineralization. Zircon cores from the migmatitic granite yield an age of 2174 ± 23 Ma, representing protolith formation, whereas the rims yield 1892 ± 14 Ma, consistent with ∼ 1900 Ma granulite-facies metamorphism. Monazite grains associated with magnetite yielded an age of 1848 ± 5 Ma, constraining Fe mineralization and coinciding with regional partial melting (1870–1840 Ma). Monazites observed under back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging show embayed structures and concentric coronas composed of apatite, allanite, and epidote. Based on the major-, trace-, and REE-element compositions of monazite, a metamorphic-hydrothermal origin is suggested. We propose that the apatite-allanite-epidote coronas developed on early-formed monazite through disequilibrium reactions with F-Ca-Fe-Si-Al-rich fluids during the retrograde metamorphic stage. The Li’eryu Formation and the 2.2–2.1 Ga magmatism provided the primary sources of iron. The iron was subsequently concentrated by hydrothermal activity during late metamorphism-anatexis at ∼ 1850 Ma. Our results refine the age, source, and mechanisms of iron mineralization in the Heiyuting Fe deposit, provide geochronological and geochemical constraints for similar deposits, and highlight the role of regional metamorphism-anatexis in polymetallic enrichment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling late cretaceous Sn mineralization in the southern Baoshan Block, SW China: evidence from U–Pb dating and trace element analysis of cassiterite in the Dalong deposit","authors":"Chuanyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Meng Yang ,&nbsp;Jianze Sha ,&nbsp;Wanting Li ,&nbsp;Haijun Yu ,&nbsp;Shusheng Yang ,&nbsp;Yongyan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Baoshan Block is considered an integral part of the northern continuation of the world-class Southeast Asian Sn Belt. Its exceptional metallogenic geological settings make it a prime focus for Sn prospecting and exploration. In recent years, several Sn deposits have been successively discovered in the northern Baoshan Block, with formation ages clustering around 77–76 Ma, consistent with the metallogenic peak (∼80 Ma) of the Southeast Asian Sn Belt. However, despite its intermediary position, owing to the lack of outcrops of Late Cretaceous granites, Sn deposits in the southern Baoshan block remain unexplored. The scarcity of reliable geochronological data in this area severely constrains genetic models for mineralization and hinders effective exploration planning. This study presents the first high-precision cassiterite U-Pb ages (77.0 ± 1.4 Ma and 78.6 ± 4.2 Ma) for the newly discovered Dalong Sn deposit in the southern Baoshan Block, which was previously attributed to Triassic magmatism. Cassiterite from the Dalong deposit is enriched in Ti, W, and Fe, but depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, and Mn, with high Nb/Ta ratios (3.16–545, with an average of 7.26). These geochemical signatures, combined with deposit geological characteristics, support a model in which the Dalong Sn deposit is a hydrothermal vein system sourced from Late Cretaceous concealed granites, formed during Neo-Tethyan subduction-induced back-arc extension. The results reveal that among the four Sn mineralization episodes in the Tengchong-Baoshan Block (Early Cretaceous: 124–118 Ma; Late Cretaceous: 79–69 Ma; Early Eocene: 52–47 Ma; and Oligocene: 33–22 Ma), the Late Cretaceous Sn mineralization was spatially the most extensive, forming a coherent belt from the Southeast Asian Sn Belt northward through the Baoshan Block (both southern and northern parts) and into the Tengchong Block. We propose that future ore exploration in the Baoshan Block should prioritize the concealed Late Cretaceous granites and associated Sn mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D mineral prospectivity modeling for concealed gold deposits based on 3DCNN and numerical modeling of ore-forming process in the Wuhe area, Anhui Province, China","authors":"Xiaohui Li ,&nbsp;Shengfei Ye ,&nbsp;Feng Yuan ,&nbsp;Deyuan Meng ,&nbsp;Jiajia Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuhuang Miao ,&nbsp;Ying Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiangling Li ,&nbsp;Can Ge ,&nbsp;Chaojie Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Wuhe area is located in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), adjacent to the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt. It is considered an extension of the Zhaoyuan–Yexian gold belt to the west of the Tan–Lu Fault Zone. However, only a limited number of small- to medium-sized deposits have been discovered thus far in the Wuhe area. Recently, three-dimensional mineral prospectivity modeling (3DMPM) has become a powerful tool for targeting deep concealed deposits. The generation of 3D predictive maps associated with mineralization is a crucial step in 3DMPM. The numerical modeling of ore-forming process has gradually been integrated into 3DMPM. Numerical modeling can provide useful predictive information for 3DMPM. However, better ways to integrate these additional 3D predictive maps during 3DMPM require further exploration and research. Besides, the 3D convolutional neural network (3DCNN) model has demonstrated excellent data fusion capabilities when applied to 3DMPM for Skarn-type ore deposits. However, the application of 3DCNN in mineral prospectivity modeling for lode gold deposits has not yet been explored. Therefore, this study initially adopts the implicit 3D geological modeling method to build 3D geological models. Subsequently, 3D spatial analysis and numerical modeling are employed to generate 3D predictive maps. Finally, a 3DCNN model incorporating a spatial attention mechanism and an Inception module (MSAM-3DCNN) is employed to integrate the 3D predictive maps and delineate several highly prospective areas for future exploration. The high prospectivity areas not only delineate the data-driven deposits but also include the other deposits in the Wuhe area which demonstrates that the methods employed in this paper can map the mineral prospectivity of lode gold deposits efficiently. Numerical modeling can provide a series of 3D maps that significantly enhance the effectiveness of the 3DMPM, especially in modeling the potential mineralization of the lode gold deposits, where 3D predictive maps are limited. The MSAM-3DCNN model has significant advantages in multi-source predictive data integration compared to the Logistic Regression (LR) and Random Forest (RF) models, particularly by integrating more 3D maps generated by numerical modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107075"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the Kalatage mafic intrusions associated with Fe–Ti oxide ores in the Eastern Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt","authors":"Yu Shi ,&nbsp;Yu-Wang Wang ,&nbsp;Lie-Meng Chen ,&nbsp;Guo-Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Qi-Gui Mao ,&nbsp;Cheng-Biao Leng ,&nbsp;Shui-Long Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small-scale layered mafic intrusions hosting Fe–Ti oxide ores within orogenic belts are unconventional, and their geodynamic background, petrogenesis and metallogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this issue, our study focuses on investigating two recently discovered layered mafic Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions from Eastern Tianshan belt in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions are characterized as layered gabbro, intricately composed of alternating strata of hornblende gabbro and gabbro. Notably, the Fe–Ti oxide ores are specifically hosted within the basal sections of the hornblende gabbro layers. The zircon U–Pb dating yields an age of 307.9 ± 4.0 Ma for the Shaxi gabbro, which is coeval with the Shaxinan intrusion and Late Carboniferous mafic magmatism in East Tianshan. Both intrusions are tholeiitic and exhibit enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba and U), and high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb and Zr) with obvious positive Eu anomalies. The Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions have limited ranges of the εNd_(t) values from 1.78 to 1.86 and 2.07 to 2.29 respectively but a relatively high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i from 0.7072 to 0.7075 and from 0.7067 to 0.7069, respectively. In combination with previous studies, our new geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the parental magmas of the Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions likely originated from the partial melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, a process that was likely initiated by the influx of hot, rising asthenospheric melts. The Shaxi and Shaxinan intrusions display highly differentiated chemical signatures, indicating their parental magmas underwent intense fractional crystallization, leading the residual melts enriched in ore-forming elements and H₂O. During ascent and emplacement, these magmas likely assimilated country rocks of the Xingxingxia Group, introducing additional H₂O and CO₂ into the system. This contamination elevated magmatic oxygen fugacity and played a key role in the formation of Fe–Ti oxide deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107071"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ sulfur isotopic and thermodynamic constraints on the magmatic evolution and Metallogenesis of the Jinchuan Ni–Cu sulfide Deposit, China","authors":"Zhenjiang Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Yannan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The world-class Jinchuan magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit in China represents a globally significant source for nickel (Ni) and platinum-group elements (PGEs). However, the sulfur source and the magmatic evolution responsible for ore formation in the Jinchuan intrusion remain controversial. Field evidence for crustal marble assimilation, along with oxygen fugacity (relative to the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer, ΔFMQ) estimates from olivine-spinel (−2.1 – +2.4) and olivine-sulfide oxybarometry (−1.1 – +0.3), suggests a redox transition from reduced to oxidized conditions during early-stage magma evolution. This interpretation is further corroborated by thermodynamic modeling using rhyolite-MELTS. Major element compositional variations within the intrusion, combined with thermodynamic simulations, indicate that magma evolution was dominated by olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene crystallization. Our modeling further implies that the lower crustal assimilation, followed by incorporation of ∼ 10 – 15 % marble, played a critical role in the deposit’s formation. NanoSIMS analyses of magmatic sulfide ores reveal a broad δ³⁴S range (−5.3 ‰ to + 4.5 ‰; n = 56). We interpret this variability as resulting from the combined effects of magma redox state transition, magmatic-hydrothermal fluid activity, and potential incorporation of crustal sulfur during the main metallogenic stage. In contrast, Cr-spinel-hosted sulfide inclusions preserve mantle-like sulfur isotope signatures (δ³⁴S =  − 2.0 ‰ to + 2.1 ‰; n = 18) and restricted S/Se ratios (2,007 – 4,860). These observations suggest minimal external sulfur contribution during the early differentiation sequence of the Jinchuan parental magma. Numerical modeling reveals that during the redox state transition, the sulfur solubility contrast between magma liquidus and orthopyroxene crystallization temperatures increases dramatically from 0.01 wt% to 0.15 wt% (sulfide saturation), even 0.24 wt% (sulfate saturation). This significant enhancement in sulfur solubility substantially reduces the magma volume required for deposit formation. Collectively, our findings propose that redox state transitions in magmatic systems could serve as a critical mechanism for enhancing the mineralization potential of parental magmas to form Ni-Cu sulfide deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107038"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of the Luanchuan serpentine jade, East Qinling, China: Insights from petrology, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology","authors":"Cun Zhang ,&nbsp;Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Xuhuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Nan Ma ,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhu ,&nbsp;Rongbin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107090","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Luanchuan jade deposit in the East Qinling Orogen, central China provides crucial clues to the tectonic evolutionary processes of the southern margin of the North China Block (NCB). The jade is primarily composed of serpentine jade with subordinate associated nephrite/tremolite jade, where the former is distinctly in contact with metamorphosed gabbro. Significant debate remains, however, regarding the jade types’ spatial and temporal distribution and genesis. In this study, we integrate petrography, X-ray powder diffraction, geochemistry, S-Sr isotopes, and zircon U-Pb geochronology to elucidate the mineralogy, mineralisation processes, and tectonic setting of major serpentine jade occurrences. Our findings indicate that the ore bodies primarily underwent serpentine alteration, characterised by the mineral assemblage serpentine (antigorite)–dolomite–calcite–diopside–chlorite–pyrite. Pyrite shows a narrow range of δ&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S value from 3.4 to 5.6 ‰, coupled with a Co/Ni ratio varying between 1.83 and 12.6, indicative of a magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Whole-rock geochemistry of the jade samples is characterised by a strongly negative Eu anomaly, a slight Ce anomaly, enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs), flat heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) patterns, along with significant U and Th enrichments, but depletion in Rb, Ba, Nb, and other trace elements. These characteristics indicate a close genetic link between the serpentine jade and its host dolomitic marble. Geochemical characteristics (Th/U, δU, and δCe ratios) indicate that the jade was formed in an oxidized environment, while the whole-rock Sr/Ba, Zr/Hf, and Nb/Ta ratios depict its formation in an alkaline formation environment. The &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr values in the jade samples range from 0.706459 to 0.709109, typical of marine Sr components pointing to inheritance from metasedimentary components. Zircon U-Pb dating of the metagabbro yields a concordant age of 860 ± 8 Ma (interpreted as the crystallisation age) revealing a significant mid-Neoproterozoic magmatic event. In contrast, U-Pb dating of metamorphic zircon (with Th/U ratios of 0.02–0.24) from the jade (serpentinised marble) yields an upper intercept age of 1924 ± 14 Ma. The date is interpreted as corresponding to a Paleoproterozoic tectono-thermal event that triggered the regional metamorphism of marine carbonate rocks into dolomitic marble. Integrated geological investigations reveal that the Mg and Ca at the Luanchuan serpentine jade were primarily derived from dolomitic marble. While the sources of SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O were associated with both metamorphic fluids and mafic magmatism, further confirmed by the comparatively close ratios of Eu/Sm and Sm/Nd between the metagabbro and samples of the Luanchuan serpentine jade. Our study emphasizes that the serpentine jade deposit primarily formed through multiple tectonic episodes, during which basic magmatic-hydrothermal fluids int","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107090"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sm-Nd geochronology of the Hoxbulak Zn-Pb deposit in Xinjiang (NW China) and its link to Paleogene Mississippi Valley-type mineralization in the Tethyan domain","authors":"Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaochong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Cheng ,&nbsp;He Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits are the most important global source of Pb and Zn, yet their genesis and timing remain central questions in economic geology. Direct geochronological constraints are often difficult to obtain due to the general absence of suitable datable minerals, hindering the understanding of ore-forming processes and regional metallogenic models. The Hoxbulak Zn-Pb deposit in Xinjiang, a typical sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposit in the southwestern Tianshan Mountains of the Central Asian metallogenic domain, has long been controversial with respect to its genetic type and mineralization age, primarily focusing on whether it is related to adjacent Permian magmatism and whether it formed syngenetically or epigenetically. In this study, we conducted precise Sm-Nd isochron dating of sphalerite, galena, and associated calcite/dolomite from the main mineralization stage, yielding a mineralization age of 55 ± 2 Ma. This result indicates that the deposit formed during the Paleogene and shows no genetic relationship with the neighboring Permian Hoxbulak pluton (261.5 ± 2.7 Ma; 273.6 ± 2.0 Ma and 274.8 ± 1.5 Ma), supporting its classification as an epigenetic Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit. Integrated regional structural analysis suggests that this mineralization event was likely controlled by transpression tectonics triggered during the initial India-Eurasia collision (∼60–50 Ma). Our findings demonstrate that the Hoxbulak deposit represents a critical northwestern extension of the Tethyan MVT metallogenic belt (spanning Yunnan-Tibet-Xinjiang) and serves as its easternmost component within the Central Asian metallogenic domain—linking the classic Tethyan MVT system with the interior of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. This study provides important constraints for exploring Paleogene MVT-type Zn-Pb deposits in Late Paleozoic carbonate formations of the South Tianshan, offering significant insights into the metallogenic patterns of Zn-Pb deposits in the junction zone between the Tethyan and Central Asian orogenic belts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107092"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indium distribution and substitution mechanisms in the skarn mineralization process of world-class Dulong Sn–Zn–In deposit, Yunnan Province (Southwest China)","authors":"Liang Li ,&nbsp;Shucheng Tan ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu ,&nbsp;Jingxian Meng ,&nbsp;Jianyu Yang ,&nbsp;Yuguo Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiaohu He ,&nbsp;Jiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Hailong He ,&nbsp;Qinghe Yan ,&nbsp;Hui Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a representative deposit of indium (indium)-rich skarn mineralization systems, the Dulong world-class Sn-Zn-In deposit offers an ideal natural laboratory for investigating the occurrence patterns, spatial distribution, and substitution mechanisms of indium through systematic <em>in-situ</em> analysis using EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. Our analytical results reveal significant and selective enrichment of indium in minerals, governed by complex substitution mechanisms. Indium preferentially concentrates in sphalerite, cassiterite, and chalcopyrite, while other minerals (e.g., magnetite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite) exhibit anomalously elevated indium contents. However, the predominance of sphalerite in the deposit inhibits the formation of discrete indium mineral phases. The incorporation of indium primarily occurs through isomorphic substitution involving multiple coupled mechanisms, including: (i) (Cu, Ag)⁺ + In³⁺ ↔ 2(Zn, Fe)²⁺ in sphalerite and chalcopyrite; (ii) In³⁺ ↔ Fe³⁺ in cassiterite and chalcopyrite; (iii) In³⁺ + Sn⁴⁺ ↔ Fe²⁺ + (Nb, Ta)⁵⁺ in cassiterite; (iv) Ag⁺ + Sn²⁺ + In³⁺ ↔ 3Zn²⁺ in chalcopyrite. During skarn mineralization processes, the distribution and enrichment of indium are principally controlled by four key factors: (i) crystallographic constraints of host minerals, (ii) physicochemical properties of ore-forming fluids, (iii) thermodynamic conditions, and (iv) specific substitution mechanisms. Indium preferentially partitions into minerals with tetrahedral coordination sites and those formed under high-temperature conditions. Furthermore, sulfur-rich hydrothermal systems with elevated sulfur fugacity demonstrate enhanced indium enrichment capacity. Temporally, indium enrichment exhibits distinct stage-specific characteristics, with principal concentration occurring in oxide-stage cassiterite and early sulfide-stage Fe-rich sphalerite and chalcopyrite developed under high sulfur fugacity conditions. We provide critical insights into the microscale occurrence states and atomic-scale substitution mechanisms of indium in the Dulong deposit. By systematically elucidating the geochemical behavior and enrichment processes of indium during skarn mineralization, our findings advance the understanding of critical metal enrichment mechanisms and expand the theoretical framework of skarn deposit formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107085"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated gravity and magnetic data for epithermal deposit target area identification: A case study from the Shuangjianzishan Region, Inner Mongolia","authors":"Zhengyuan Jia,&nbsp;Luofan Xiong,&nbsp;Gang Zhang,&nbsp;Guibin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In deep-seated and concealed mineral exploration, variations in ore-forming systems lead to significant differences in geophysical responses, driven by contrasting structural and petrophysical characteristics. For instance, epithermal deposits typically occur as veins or disseminated bodies, and their scale, geometry, and spatial distribution strongly influence gravity and magnetic anomalies. Consequently, single-method geophysical approaches often fail to accurately delineate prospecting targets. This study investigates the Shuangjianzishan ore district in southeastern Inner Mongolia, China, using a combination of multi-scale edge detection and 3D gravity and magnetic inversion to analyze ore-forming processes and assess mineral prospectivity. Laboratory measurements of rock physical properties were used to establish quantitative relationships between density and magnetic susceptibility, providing a foundation for lithological discrimination. Multi-scale edge detection revealed structural boundaries and ore-controlling faults at various depths. The three-dimensional density and susceptibility models derived from the inversion of gravity and magnetic data, when integrated with petrophysical statistical analysis, enabled the identification of key lithological units such as ore-hosting strata and intrusive rocks. A 3D lithological model was constructed, from which a conceptual epithermal mineralization model was derived to guide exploration targeting. The results show that major structural boundaries align with known faults, and the inversion models correlate well with confirmed ore bodies. Several delineated prospective zones coincide with known mineralization, confirming the reliability of the proposed method. Additionally, five previously unidentified high-potential zones were recognized. This study enhances the understanding of the genesis of the Shuangjianzishan deposit and offers an effective technical framework for exploring similar concealed epithermal systems in the southeastern Greater Khingan Range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107073"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}