Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Geochemical and geochronological constraints on granitoids from the Chambishi-Nkana Basin, Zambian Copperbelt","authors":"Hu Qiaofan ,&nbsp;Mo Jiangping ,&nbsp;Wei Zhiwei ,&nbsp;Qiu ZhengJie ,&nbsp;Fang Ke ,&nbsp;Zhou Shouyu ,&nbsp;Huang Xueqiang ,&nbsp;Liu Yaohui ,&nbsp;Liu Wei ,&nbsp;Li Jiacai ,&nbsp;Wang Ailin","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the granitic intrusions in the Chambishi-Nkana Basin of the Zambian Copperbelt, aiming to reveal their genesis, tectonic setting, emplacement age, and relationship with Cu-Co mineralization. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating shows that the Chambishi granite formed at approximately 1951 Ma, and the Nchanga granite crystallized at approximately 890 Ma. Geochemical analyses indicate that these rocks are peraluminous S-type granites, characterized by high A/CNK values (&gt;1.3), enrichment in light rare earth elements, and significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=21.38–38.28). Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic data suggest that the Chambishi granite originated from the mixing of mantle and crust-derived melts during the collision between the Bangweulu Block and the Tanzania Craton, while the Nchanga granite formed from crustal anatexis without significant mantle input in an intraplate rift environment associated with the breakup of Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic. Molybdenite Re-Os dating reveals that<!--> <!-->hydrothermal cross-cutting vein-type Cu-Mo mineralization<!--> <!-->occurred at approximately 496 Ma, coinciding with basin inversion during the late stage of the Lufilian collisional orogeny—this age only represents the timing of the late vein-type mineralization, not the entire mineralization history of the deposit. This study confirms that the late Lufilian orogeny provided tectonic channels for hydrothermal migration, and granitic intrusions provided favorable structural channels for hydrothermal migration, while tectonic-thermal effects of the late Lufilian orogeny supplied the necessary thermal driving force, jointly controlling the formation of hydrothermal cross-cutting vein-type Cu-Mo mineralization. The sedimentary layered Cu-Co mineralization is controlled by the Neoproterozoic sedimentary environment, and its specific formation age requires further dating of sulfides (e.g., carrollite) in the layered mineralization. By integrating geochronological and geochemical data, this research establishes a temporal framework for magmatic events, tectonic evolution, and mineralization in the Zambian Copperbelt, highlighting the critical control of regional tectonic-magmatic activities on Cu-Co mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced SOTEM survey for the exploration of low-sulphidation epithermal gold: Insights from Lvyuan, eastern Junggar, China","authors":"Weiying Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyin Ma ,&nbsp;Quanhui Guo ,&nbsp;Pengfei Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The investigation of low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits presents significant challenges due to their intricate geological frameworks and frequently obscured mineralization. This research details the implementation of the short-offset transient electromagnetic method (SOTEM) to concurrently invert resistivity and chargeability parameters within the Lvyuan Gold Deposit located in Eastern Junggar, China. Utilizing a grounded-wire source alongside dual-base-frequency transmission, high-fidelity electromagnetic data were collected across ten survey lines encompassing the No. 7 alteration zone. One-dimensional inversion of the transient electromagnetic responses elucidated detailed subsurface electrical structures to depths of approximately one kilometer, facilitating the identification of fault systems and alteration zones linked to gold mineralization. Measurements of rock physical properties substantiated that elevated chargeability values (&gt;20%) combined with moderate to low resistivity (&lt;300 Ω·m) are strongly indicative of hydrothermally altered lithologies, particularly those exhibiting pyritization and limonitization. Integration of these geophysical results with drilling data confirmed that mineralized bodies predominantly occur within shallow zones characterized by low resistivity and high chargeability proximal to fault structures. Consequently, four prospective target areas were delineated, underscoring the effectiveness of SOTEM in delineating alteration zones and informing subsequent exploration efforts for epithermal gold deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the Zarshuran gold deposit in northwest Iran resulted from the mixing of fertile magmatic fluids with basinal brines: Evidence from sulfide trace elements and sulfur isotopes","authors":"Shu Yang ,&nbsp;Hongrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiming Yang ,&nbsp;Pinghua Liu ,&nbsp;Mehraj Aghazadeh ,&nbsp;Zengqian Hou ,&nbsp;Tiannan Yang ,&nbsp;Zahra Badrzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zarshuran is the largest gold deposit in the Middle East. However, the sources of ore-forming materials at Zarshuran remain poorly understood. This study presents detailed descriptions of paragenetic sequence, in situ calcite U-Pb data, sulfide trace elements and sulfur isotope data to trace the sources of ore-forming materials and track the ore-forming processes. Calcite U-Pb results suggest the gold mineralization occurred during ca. 21–12.0 Ma. Five stages of mineralization can be divided at Zarshuran. They are characterized by pyrite grains with different textures. LA-ICP-MS analyses of the different types of pyrite demonstrate that Au is enriched in ore-stage Ⅰ, ore-stage Ⅱ, and late-ore stage. LA-ICP-MS analyses of the different types of sphalerite show an increasing trend for In and Sn contents but a decreasing trend for Ge and Tl contents from Sp1a to Sp1c. The S isotope compositions of sulfides from different stages yield positive values, suggesting these sulfides were precipitated by thermochemical sulfate reduction. Most δ³⁴S values of sulfide minerals of the ore-stages are in the ranges between magmatic sulfur and redbeds sulfates sulfur, suggesting contributions of magmatic and basinal materials during mineralization. The shift of δ³⁴S values during late-ore stage indicates the addition of Miocene seawater sulfates sulfur. We propose the Zarshuran gold mineralization was formed by mixing of magmatic fluids with basinal brines during the exhumation of the Iman Khan metamorphic core complex (MCC). The development of MCC and coeval fertile magmatism and basinal brine flow are important for exploration of Zarshuran-type gold ores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance of Permian Li-rich Karst bauxite in western Guangxi, China: Evidence from geochemistry, zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of contemporaneous-heterophase tuffaceous rocks","authors":"Jianqi Xu ,&nbsp;Baocheng Pang ,&nbsp;Guanghui Lu ,&nbsp;Chongjin Pang ,&nbsp;Jianwen Yang ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Yang ,&nbsp;Shuangqiu Yao ,&nbsp;Haipeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karst bauxite deposits are an important potential lithium resource, distinct from grantie-pegmatite, brine, and volcanic-sedimentary lithium. Pingguo Li-rich karst bauxite deposits in Youjiang Basin, South China represent major deposits hosted in the Heshan Formation deposited on the Late Permian carbonate platform. Contemporaneous-heterophase tuffaceous rocks of the Upper Permian Linghao Formation distribute widely surrounding the Pingguo Carbonate Platform. The tuffaceous rocks provide a definitive tracer for the provenance of Li-rich karst bauxite deposits. Integrated geochemical, zircon U-Pb chronology, and in situ Hf isotopic analyses reveal that both tuffaceous rocks and Pingguo Li-rich karst bauxite deposits formed synchronously at ∼ 259 Ma from the same source. The correlations of Zr-Hf, Nb-Ta, and Th/Sc-Zr/Sc confirm the genetic relation between tuffaceous rocks and Li-rich karst bauxite. Zircon trace elements fingerprint arc-related signature of the parent source. Critically, the Hf isotope compositions of the tuff (ε_Hf(t)≈-4.0, T_DM2≈1.5 Ga) indicate unequivocally with the Paleo-Tethyan magmatic arc, demonstrating that volcanic ash derived from Paleo Tethys. The provenance of Li-rich karst bauxite deposits in Pingguo Carbonate Platform was volcanic ash from Paleo-Tethyan arc. The volcanic ash covered the carbonate platform during the latest Middle Permian and early Late Permian and resulted in the formation of Li-rich karst bauxite, revealing the Paleo-Tethyan arc as the main source for the significant deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrophysical properties of the Lakkeh-Siah iron oxide-apatite mineralization and host rocks","authors":"Mohsen Shirkhani ,&nbsp;Majid Ghaderi ,&nbsp;Nematollah Rashidnejad-Omran","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the relationship between physical properties, metasomatism, and iron oxide-apatite (IOA) mineralization in the Lakkeh-Siah deposit, located in the Central Iran structural zone. The research integrates petrophysical, geochemical, and geophysical analyses to characterize rock units, assess mineralization controls, and develop an exploration model. The mineralized and metasomatized rocks exhibit higher density (avg. 3458 kg/m³) and magnetic susceptibility (up to 12,000 × 10⁻⁶ SI) than barren sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Calcic metasomatism (actinolite, tremolite, magnetite) enhances magnetic susceptibility, while argillic/sericitic alteration reduces it. Bivariate plots (density vs. susceptibility, Q-ratio) effectively discriminate lithologies and mineralization zones. Borehole logging confirms that high-grade iron zones correlate with elevated magnetic susceptibility and conductivity, influenced by sulfide presence. The study establishes a petrophysical database for exploration, demonstrating that integrated physical property analysis improves targeting accuracy in IOA deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits – A review (part 2): fluid, metal and sulfur sources and ore genesis","authors":"Roger G. Skirrow","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genetic models for the formation of iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits have been debated since recognition of the class, with proposed ore fluid origins ranging from non-magmatic basinal to magmatic-hydrothermal, with or without fluid mixing. This review reassesses previous models by synthesising and re-interpreting fluid geochemical and stable and radiogenic isotope data for IOCG deposits worldwide. These data are integrated with previously compiled information for 10 IOCG provinces to build a new and holistic model of IOCG deposit genesis.</div><div>Although many gaps in data remain, previous disparate models can be reconciled and key features of most major IOCG deposits explained by mixing of fluids sourced from both (meta)sedimentary ± (meta)volcanic basins and from magmas. The roles of these fluids as carriers of Cu-Au differ, however, between IOCG deposits in Precambrian orogenic to post-orogenic versus Mesozoic magmatic arc settings. Relatively limited fluid geochemical and isotope data for Mesozoic arc-hosted IOCG deposits are consistent with formation of most ores from Cu-Au-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids that mixed with Na-Ca-rich oxidised basin-derived brines.</div><div>In contrast, and based on variably comprehensive datasets, the Cu-Au ore fluids forming most IOCG deposits in Precambrian orogenic and post-orogenic settings are interpreted to have been Ca-Fe-Ba-rich evolved basin-derived brines ± metamorphic fluids that leached metals from Na-Ca-altered and mafic rock sequences. These generally low-sulfur fluids mixed with a second fluid, commonly of magmatic-hydrothermal origin, that carried sulfur and other volatiles (CO₂ ± P ± B ± F) as well as Fe and K ± Mo, to form most major IOCG deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zircon geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotopes of granites in the Yazigou skarn Cu–Pb–Zn deposit: Insights into Triassic skarn mineralization potential in the Qimantagh area, Qinghai Province, NW China","authors":"Jiale Wang ,&nbsp;Xiang Sun ,&nbsp;Changhai Luo ,&nbsp;Yong Fu ,&nbsp;Weiming Ma ,&nbsp;Tong Pei ,&nbsp;Ke Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Triassic period has been suggested to be the main metallogenic epoch in the Qimantagh area of Qinghai Province. However, the porphyry copper mineralization potential of this region remains poorly constrained. Here we present zircon U–Pb ages, trace-element data, and Hf isotopic compositions from granites in the Yazigou skarn Cu–Pb–Zn deposit. The zircon U–Pb age of the mineralization-related K-feldspar granitic porphyry at Yazigou is 230 ± 2 Ma, whereas the granodiorite yields an age of 416.7 ± 4.2 Ma. The K-feldspar granitic porphyry exhibits ε_Hf(t) values of -0.4 to +4.0 and two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) of 1.0–1.3 Ga, suggesting derivation from melting of Mesoproterozoic to crust, accompanied by minor contributions from mantle material. Zircon trace element signatures further indicate highly magmatic oxygen fugacity (ΔFMQ = +1.0 to +2.3), consistent with typical of oxidized skarn systems. The extremely low Eu anomalies (0.01–0.03) suggest that the magma system underwent intense plagioclase fractional crystallization, implying a low water content. Although the Yazigou deposit shares a similar magma source with other metallic deposits in the Qimantagh region, comparison with the Eu anomalies of Tibet porphyry Cu deposits suggests that the low water content resulted in its limited mineralization potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the trapping temperatures and pressures of high-internal pressure CO2-bearing boiling fluid inclusion assemblages in the carbonatite-related REE deposit at Weishan, Shandong Province, China","authors":"Shenghu Li ,&nbsp;Yuxin Xiong ,&nbsp;Dapeng Li ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Yu ,&nbsp;Taitao Liang ,&nbsp;Rongjun Li ,&nbsp;Zhiming Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangxian Ma ,&nbsp;Zengsheng Li ,&nbsp;Naijie Chi ,&nbsp;Yingyu Xue ,&nbsp;Guodong Chen ,&nbsp;Chuanyuan Zhuo ,&nbsp;Ge Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonatite-related rare earth element (REE) deposits are the world’s primary source of light REEs. The Weishan deposit in Shandong Province, China—ranked third in the country in rare earth oxide reserves—exemplifies such mineralization. Petrographic studies reveal abundant CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions in its high-grade ore bodies. Due to their high-internal pressure, these inclusions frequently decrepitate or leak when heated on conventional heating-freezing stages (e.g., the Linkam THMSG600) at atmospheric pressure, preventing the acquisition of total homogenization temperature (<em>T</em>_h,tot) data. This limitation has hindered understanding of the evolutionary process and thermodynamic properties of the ore-forming fluids. To address this, we employed a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) to perform high pressure microthermometry on CO₂-bearing boiling fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) from the Weishan deposit. By maintaining external pressure on the high-internal pressure fluid inclusions throughout heating, we successfully obtained the <em>T</em>_h,tots and introduced a newly established two fitted lines intersection method to correct the <em>T</em>_h,tots measured with the HDAC, minimizing the influence of external pressures on the measured <em>T</em>_h,tots. As a result, the trapping temperatures and pressures of the CO₂-bearing boiling FIAs in the Weishan deposit were determined to be 682–692 °C and 646–734 MPa, respectively. These results define the temperature and pressure conditions under which depressurization immiscibility and fluid exsolution occurred within the magmatic system, and confirmed the existence of CO₂-bearing supercritical fluids in the deposit. In the future, the experimental method established herein is well-suited for thermodynamic measurements of CO₂-bearing boiling FIAs in carbonatite-related REE deposits, which often contain high-internal pressure fluid inclusions with complex multicomponent system such as H₂O-Na₂SO₄-Na₂CO₃–CO₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore genesis of the Kuhsiah-e-Urmak base-metal epithermal deposit, Iran","authors":"Amirabbas Karbalaeiramezanali ,&nbsp;Faranak Feizi ,&nbsp;Alireza Jafari Rad ,&nbsp;Mohammad Lotfi ,&nbsp;David R. Lentz","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the mineralization characteristics and ore genesis of the Kuhsiah-e-Urmak area in the central Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt, Iran, through fluid inclusion and isotope analyses. The intrusive units in the region, which are hosted within a marginally older volcanic series, reflect a transitional geodynamic environment, with the Kuh-Ghadeh diorite (∼18 Ma) showing arc-related features and the Marfioun tonalite (∼18 Ma) displaying a mix of arc and slab break-off characteristics, indicating an evolution from arc-related to post-arc slab failure regimes. Mineralization at the Kuhsiah-e-Urmak deposit occurs in two stages: Stage 1 (hypogene), marked by chalcopyrite-pyrite-bornite-sphalerite-galena-tetrahedrite with quartz-calcite, and Stage 2 (hypogene to supergene), characterized by chalcocite-digenite-covellite-goethite-maghemite-malachite with hematite-limonite ± jarosite ± illite. Fluid inclusion studies reveal low- to intermediate-temperature (191–230°C) and low- to medium-salinity (4–8.5 wt%) Stage 1 fluids. Stable isotope results indicate that the strongly negative δ³⁴S values of sulfides and the significantly higher δ³⁴S values of barite reflect reduction of seawater- or evaporite-derived sulfate, rather than sulfur input from magmatic volatiles. The magnitude of sulfur isotope fractionation is inconsistent with thermochemical sulfate reduction and instead supports microbial sulfate reduction and/or multistage sulfur cycling as the dominant sulfur-generating processes<strong>.</strong> The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values further record extensive fluid–rock interaction with meteoric waters and limestones in the region. Fluid inclusion salinity–temperature trends exhibit a positive correlation, consistent with dilution of hydrothermal fluids by infiltrating meteoric water. Stage 1 mineralization was driven by high-temperature magmatic hydrothermal fluids, while Stage 2 resulted from progressive mixing with cooler meteoric waters at shallow crustal levels to supergene weathering. These findings classify the Kuhsiah-e-Urmak deposit as a low-sulfidation epithermal Cu (Ag–Pb–Zn) deposit, and highlight the dominant role of seawater- or evaporite-derived oxidized sulfur and meteoric water mixing in the evolution of its hydrothermal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids in the giant Dongping wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China: fluid inclusions and H–O isotopic constraints","authors":"Jie Tan ,&nbsp;Shi-Wen Yang ,&nbsp;Chang Xu ,&nbsp;Jian-Jun Lu ,&nbsp;Xi-Hui Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruo-Yan Kong ,&nbsp;Bin Yu ,&nbsp;Fa-Sheng Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten (W) is an indispensable strategic resource, and the wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit is an important W deposit type. However, the origin and delicate evolutionary process of the ore-forming fluids and the decisive mechanism of the wolframite precipitation for wolframite–quartz vein–type deposits still lack precise constraints. The Dongping W deposit is the sole giant wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China, with 214,000 tons of WO₃. Based on the cross-cutting relationships and petrographic observations, four alteration and ore-forming stages and corresponding quartz were identified: (Ⅰ) pre-ore alteration (e.g., biotitization, silicification, greisenization, and tourmalinization) (Qtz_Ⅰ), (Ⅱ) wolframite–quartz (Qtz_Ⅱ), (Ⅲ) quartz–sulfide (Qtz_Ⅲ), and (Ⅳ) fluorite–carbonate (Qtz_Ⅳ) stages. Three types of fluid inclusions can be identified: liquid–rich two–phase (Type Ⅰ), vapor–rich two–phase (Type Ⅱ), and liquid inclusions (Type Ⅲ). Minor CH₄ can be detected in the inclusions from Qtz_Ⅰ and Qtz_Ⅱ, indicating that the initial fluids are probably relatively reduced. The fluids responsible for the pre-ore alteration and wolframite–quartz stages are both medium–higher temperature and salinity, and then evolve into ones with medium–lower temperature and salinity during the post-ore two stages. The δD_v-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values of Qtz_Ⅰ and Qtz_Ⅱ range from –80.4‰ to –62.0‰ and 10.22‰ to 13.44‰, respectively, suggesting dominantly magma-derived fluids. The δD_v-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values in the post-ore Qtz_Ⅲ and Qtz_Ⅳ vary from –76.3‰ to –69.4‰ and 7.63‰ to 13.92‰, respectively, and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values are lower than those in the foregoing two stages, implying the addition of meteoric water. Together, these data indicate that at least two pulsed fluids exsolution events occurred in the Dongping deposit: one during the pre-ore alteration stage and another during the wolframite–quartz stage. The fluid evolution displays a complex process: the initially exsolved reduced fluids from the Yanshanian hidden S-type granite produced pre-ore alteration; subsequently, cooling of second-pulsed exsolved magmatic fluids caused wolframite precipitation followed by quartz; with the evolution of the fluids and increasing involvement of meteoric water, the evolved fluids ultimately form the quartz–sulfide and fluorite–carbonate mineral assemblages. Our study shows that fluid cooling is decisive for the wolframite precipitation in the Dongping deposit. This contribution elucidates the delicate fluid evolution process of the Dongping deposit, providing new insights into the origin of giant wolframite–quartz vein–type deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}