Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids in the giant Dongping wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China: fluid inclusions and H–O isotopic constraints","authors":"Jie Tan ,&nbsp;Shi-Wen Yang ,&nbsp;Chang Xu ,&nbsp;Jian-Jun Lu ,&nbsp;Xi-Hui Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruo-Yan Kong ,&nbsp;Bin Yu ,&nbsp;Fa-Sheng Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten (W) is an indispensable strategic resource, and the wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit is an important W deposit type. However, the origin and delicate evolutionary process of the ore-forming fluids and the decisive mechanism of the wolframite precipitation for wolframite–quartz vein–type deposits still lack precise constraints. The Dongping W deposit is the sole giant wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China, with 214,000 tons of WO₃. Based on the cross-cutting relationships and petrographic observations, four alteration and ore-forming stages and corresponding quartz were identified: (Ⅰ) pre-ore alteration (e.g., biotitization, silicification, greisenization, and tourmalinization) (Qtz_Ⅰ), (Ⅱ) wolframite–quartz (Qtz_Ⅱ), (Ⅲ) quartz–sulfide (Qtz_Ⅲ), and (Ⅳ) fluorite–carbonate (Qtz_Ⅳ) stages. Three types of fluid inclusions can be identified: liquid–rich two–phase (Type Ⅰ), vapor–rich two–phase (Type Ⅱ), and liquid inclusions (Type Ⅲ). Minor CH₄ can be detected in the inclusions from Qtz_Ⅰ and Qtz_Ⅱ, indicating that the initial fluids are probably relatively reduced. The fluids responsible for the pre-ore alteration and wolframite–quartz stages are both medium–higher temperature and salinity, and then evolve into ones with medium–lower temperature and salinity during the post-ore two stages. The δD_v-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values of Qtz_Ⅰ and Qtz_Ⅱ range from –80.4‰ to –62.0‰ and 10.22‰ to 13.44‰, respectively, suggesting dominantly magma-derived fluids. The δD_v-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values in the post-ore Qtz_Ⅲ and Qtz_Ⅳ vary from –76.3‰ to –69.4‰ and 7.63‰ to 13.92‰, respectively, and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values are lower than those in the foregoing two stages, implying the addition of meteoric water. Together, these data indicate that at least two pulsed fluids exsolution events occurred in the Dongping deposit: one during the pre-ore alteration stage and another during the wolframite–quartz stage. The fluid evolution displays a complex process: the initially exsolved reduced fluids from the Yanshanian hidden S-type granite produced pre-ore alteration; subsequently, cooling of second-pulsed exsolved magmatic fluids caused wolframite precipitation followed by quartz; with the evolution of the fluids and increasing involvement of meteoric water, the evolved fluids ultimately form the quartz–sulfide and fluorite–carbonate mineral assemblages. Our study shows that fluid cooling is decisive for the wolframite precipitation in the Dongping deposit. This contribution elucidates the delicate fluid evolution process of the Dongping deposit, providing new insights into the origin of giant wolframite–quartz vein–type deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sources and melting mechanism of granites control large-scale indium mineralization in the southwestern Yangtze Block, China","authors":"Xiaohu He ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Liu ,&nbsp;Taiping Zhao ,&nbsp;Xia Yuan ,&nbsp;Lin Gong ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many studies have focused on the models of indium occurrence, its enrichment and substitution mechanisms in sulfide minerals, and its transport and concentration in ore-forming fluids. However, the influence of magma sources, melting mechanisms, and magmatic evolution on the pre-enrichment of indium in granitic melts has received comparatively little attention. This study evaluates the sources, melting mechanisms, and magmatic evolution of granites associated with indium mineralization, with the objective of identifying the key controls on the indium mineralization. To achieve this, we synthesize petrological, geochemical, and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic characteristics of granites related to indium mineralization in the Gejiu, Bainiuchang, Dulong, and Dachang Sn-polymetallic deposits, situated on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, China. Our results indicate that indium pre-enrichment in granitic melts is jointly controlled by source composition, melting mechanisms, and magmatic evolution. Clay-rich protoliths containing biotite or amphibole appear to be a prerequisite, whereas the absence of biotite- and amphibole-dominated fractional crystallization during magmatic evolution is a critical factor in producing magmas associated with indium-enriched deposits. Besides, biotite-dehydration partial melting is identified as the principal mechanism facilitating indium incorporation into granitic melts. Combined with previous studies on the regional tectonic setting, we propose that the indium mineralization in the southwestern Yangtze Block, China, developed within an extensional tectonic regime, probably influenced by the far-field effects of the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction beneath the South China Block.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal germanium mineralization at South Lakes Glacier in the Black Angel Zn-Pb district, West Greenland","authors":"Michael Eigler ,&nbsp;Benjamin F. Walter ,&nbsp;R. Johannes Giebel ,&nbsp;Jochen Kolb","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metamorphosed Zn-Pb deposits can host significant amounts of critical metals, but their enrichment and source are often not well understood. The Black Angel district in central West Greenland hosts several marble-hosted Paleoproterozoic Zn-Pb occurrences, including the Black Angel mine. The sphalerite-pyrite-galena dominated massive sulfides in the district host briartite, a rare Cu-thiogermanate mineral. Detailed petrographic studies, electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and micro-XRF-mapping were applied to breccia-hosted massive sulfide from the South Lakes Glacier prospect in the Black Angel district to study the formation of briartite and the distribution of Ge in the ore. Whole rock analyses reveal Ge grades of 120 ppm in the ore. Briartite, occurring as clusters of µm-sized grains, as well as anhedral grains of up to three millimeters in diameter, formed by precipitation from Cu-Ge-bearing hydrothermal fluids coevally with Ge-rich chalcopyrite and is the main host for Ge. Unusually Ge-rich phengite and quartz post-dating briartite reflect a shift in Ge behaviour from sulfide-hosted to silicate-hosted. The epigenetic ore assemblage was overprinted by metamorphism leading to solid-state and dissolution-precipitation sulfide remobilization as well as the formation of a <em>syn</em>-metamorphic ore stage. Remobilization led to widespread sulfide breccia formation at South Lakes Glacier. Biotite and graphite geothermometry reveal peak metamorphic temperatures of ∼500°C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid sources and genetic mechanism of the Zhaishang gold deposit, West Qinling Orogen: Constraints from textures, trace elements, and in-situ S-Pb isotopes of pyrite","authors":"Yiwei Song ,&nbsp;Ke Yang ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Lin Yang ,&nbsp;Liyong Wei ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Ma ,&nbsp;Rongbao Shi ,&nbsp;Mingjie Li ,&nbsp;Yanping Xue ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Yuyin Huyan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fluid sources and genetic mechanisms of the giant Zhaishang gold deposit in the West Qinling Orogen remain debated. This study integrates geological observations with textural, trace element, and in-situ S–Pb isotopic analyses of pyrite to address this issue. Four distinct generations of pyrite (Py_I–Py_Ⅳ) are recognized. The Py_I occurs parallel to cleavage and displays porous textures associated with sericite and quartz alteration. The Py_I δ³⁴S values range from +21.0 ‰ to +25.9 ‰ in Devonian strata, and from +1.9 ‰ to +2.9 ‰ in Permian strata, both of which are interpreted to be of diagenetic origin. The Py_II is texturally characterized by porous cores and overgrowth rims, and is associated with calcite-ankerite alteration in Devonian strata (Py_II-D) and quartz alteration in Permian strata (Py_II-P). The primary gold enrichment is localized in the core of Py_II-D and the rim of Py_II-P. In the high-grade ores, the Py_III is associated with polymetallic sulfide mineralization and ankerite-siderite alteration, and exhibits distinct core-mantle-rim texture. The Py_III exhibits repeated Au-rich zones in both cores and rims. The Py_II-D has δ³⁴S values of +9.8 ‰ to +14.0 ‰ (average = +12.0 ‰), and Py_II-P ranges from –6.5 ‰ to –4.2 ‰ (average = –5.3 ‰). The S isotopic signatures of Py_II, which are similar to those of global sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits, together with the Pb isotopic data, collectively support a metamorphic fluid origin. In contrast, the narrow variation of δ³⁴S values (–2.8 ‰ to +0.4 ‰), Pb isotopic signatures and high Co/Ni ratios, are indicative of magmatic fluids for high-grade gold mineralization. The Py_Ⅳ is associated with native gold and LMCE minerals (low-melting point chalcophile elements) in calcite veinlets. Combined with the LMCE-rich characteristics of Py_III, the dissolution-reprecipitation of pyrite driven by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, which remobilized both LMCE elements and Au, is considered the primary mechanism for high-grade mineralization. We conclude that multistage mineralization involving metamorphic and subsequent magmatic fluid superimposition led to the formation of the Zhaishang deposit, a model that may also apply to other gold systems in the West Qinling Orogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic study of the Shuangwang gold deposit in the Western Qinling, China: Constraints from monazite dating, S isotope, and Ca isotope compositions","authors":"Chen Binghan ,&nbsp;Liu Shanbao ,&nbsp;Fan Jianfu ,&nbsp;Cheng Jianjun","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The West Qinling region hosts a wide variety of gold deposits in China. The genesis of the Shuangwang gold deposit in the Fengxian–Taibai area has long been debated, with multiple interpretations proposed in previous studies. The primary points under debate are the uncertainty in the metallogenic age of the deposit and the ambiguity in the sources of the ore-forming materials. The deposit primarily consists of breccia-type ores, in which the breccia clasts are primarily composed of Devonian albite, while the cement consists mainly of hydrothermal ankerite, calcite, pyrite, and quartz, with hydrothermal monazite developed within. This study investigates the mineralization age of the Shuangwang gold deposit through U–Pb dating of monazite within the cement of the breccia-type ores. Additionally, the S isotopes of pyrite from the main mineralization stages were analyzed using LA–MC–ICP–MS, and Ca isotopes of the cement were determined to constrain the sources of ore-forming materials and fluids. Monazite U–Pb ages of 221.9 ± 1.3 Ma, 216.9 ± 3.3 Ma, and 214.4 ± 2.0 Ma were obtained, corresponding to the mineralization period of nearby magmatic–hydrothermal deposits and aligning with regional Triassic magmatic activity. Four textural types of pyrite were identified microscopically. The in-situ S isotope compositions of euhedral, vein-type, massive, and allotriomorphic pyrites ranged from 11.30‰ to 12.73‰ (average 11.94‰), 5.982‰ to 12.76‰ (average 9.202‰), 7.625‰ to 11.17‰ (average 9.306‰), and 6.988‰ to 12.28‰ (average 10.00‰), respectively. The Ca isotope values of ankerite and calcite ranged from 0.23‰ to 0.29‰ and from 0.22‰ to 0.38‰, respectively. Based on isotopic evidence and dating reuslt, this study proposes that mineralization at Shuangwang is closely related to regional magmatic activity. The ore-forming fluids exhibits characteristics of water–rock interaction between the surrounding Devonian Xinghongpu Formation and the magmatic hydrothermal fluid, during which magmatic hydrothermal fluids leached wallrocks and mobilized ore-forming components that ultimately participated in gold mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 107143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical behavior and enrichment mechanisms of REEs and HFSEs in Permian claystones of SW China: Insights from multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning","authors":"Zhi-Shuang Yang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Ying-Hui Gao ,&nbsp;Yu-Miao Meng ,&nbsp;Liang Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the geochemical behavior of elements during magmatism, weathering, and sedimentation is crucial for revealing their enrichment mechanisms. The Late Permian Xuanwei Formation claystones in southwestern China are enriched in rare earth elements (REEs), Y, Sc, Ga, Nb, and Zr. Using principal component analysis (PCA) combined with interpretable machine learning algorithms including random forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting, we decipher their enrichment pathways. PCA reveals that REEs and Y, together with Ga, were co-enriched with high field strength elements (HFSEs) in late-stage accessory minerals during basaltic magmatism, whereas Sc was preferentially associated with early-forming mafic minerals. During sedimentation, REEs and Y were mobilized and enriched, whereas HFSEs remained largely immobile. Machine learning models identify key predictors controlling elemental enrichment, including Y, Sr, P, U, and Ga for REEs; REEs, Ga, and Hf for Y; Ti, V, and Fe for Sc; Th, REEs, and Y for Ga; and Ta, Hf, Th, and U for Nb and Zr. Based on these results, we propose a geochemical model for the enrichment of critical metals. During the magmatic stage, REEs, Y, and Ga were associated with HFSEs, whereas Sc was coupled with Fe–Ti–V-bearing mafic minerals. Weathering mobilized REEs and Y, while Sc, Nb, and Zr remained relatively inert. During sedimentation, REEs and Y became re-coupled with P- and Sr-rich phases, Sc shifted toward Fe–Ti associations, Ga became linked to Al-rich phases, and Nb and Zr continued to exhibit immobile behavior. Overall, enrichment of REEs and Y reflects the combined effects of magmatic inheritance, weathering mobilization, and sedimentary re-concentration, whereas enrichment of Ga and HFSEs is mainly inherited from magmatic minerals. These findings are consistent with mineralogical constraints, demonstrating the effectiveness of integrating geochemistry with multivariate statistics and machine learning to unravel element behavior across geological processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of hydrothermal illite clay mineralization in the southern Ordos Basin, central China","authors":"Qingyang Bao ,&nbsp;Hongfei Cheng ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Shaoxian Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant illite clay deposits, which are of considerable economic interest and genetic importance, are found in Chunhua area along the southern margin of the Ordos Basin. This study takes the Yanjiagou deposit as a representative case and integrates geological survey, mineralogy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) , scanning electron microscopy, geochemistry, K-Ar isotopic dating, and illite crystallinity analysis to systematically investigate its geological characteristics, age of mineralization, and genesis. The results indicate that the mineralized clay layers are predominantly hosted in the lower segment of the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation. The protolith is identified as a kaolinite claystone that formed through chemical precipitation, which was subsequently altered to illite through hydrothermal processes. K-Ar dating of illite yields an age of 146.8 ± 2.5 Ma, and crystallinity-based geothermometry indicates a formation temperature of approximately 210 °C, constraining the mineralization to a medium–low temperature hydrothermal event during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. A genetic model of “hydrothermal diagenetic mineralization” is proposed, wherein potassium-rich fluids migrated along structural pathways and triggered selective illitization of kaolinite precursor, resulting in zoned illite horizons. These findings not only provide key insights into Late Mesozoic hydrothermal mineralization on the southwestern margin of the North China Craton, but also offer practical guidelines for the exploration of clay mineral deposits in similar geological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis of the Ke’eryin Li-rich granitic rocks and its implications for Li-mineralization in the eastern Songpan-Garzê Orogenic Belt, China","authors":"Lingfang Wu ,&nbsp;Qingguo Zhai ,&nbsp;Yue Tang ,&nbsp;Peiyuan Hu ,&nbsp;Yiming Liu ,&nbsp;Jinyong Li ,&nbsp;Ning Yang ,&nbsp;Sheng Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Songpan–Garzê Orogenic Belt is a world-famous Li mineralization belt in China, but the petrogenesis and source of the Li-rich granitic rocks remain unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the Li-rich granitic rocks from the Ke’eryin, located in the eastern part of the Songpan–Garzê Orogenic Belt. Zircon U–Pb dating yielded crystallization ages for a two-mica granite (205 ± 1 Ma), aplite (204 ± 2 Ma), spodumene-free pegmatite (203 ± 1 Ma) and spodumene-bearing pegmatite (206 ± 2 Ma), indicating a roughly coeval magmatic-hydrothermal activity. Systematic decreases in Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, combined with negative correlations between CaO, Al₂O₃, P₂O₅, MgO, and SiO₂, reveal progressive magmatic differentiation from granite through to aplite and finally the pegmatites. The distinct Sn enrichment in the spodumene-bearing pegmatite records a transition from an early H₂O-poor to a late water-rich magmatic system. All rocks display elevated Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios, along with uniform Sr–Nd isotopic signatures that resemble those of Triassic metapelites (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i = 0.7030 ∼ 0.7148, ε_Nd(<em>t</em>) = −9.2 ∼ −7.3). Therefore, the Ke’eryin Li-rich granitic rocks were generated through muscovite-dehydration melting of a metapelitic source, and progressive magmatic differentiation subsequently concentrated Li and other rare metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrophysical signature of the Salobo IOCG deposit: Insights into lithology, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization","authors":"Moriá Caroline de Araújo ,&nbsp;Adalene Moreira Silva ,&nbsp;Catarina Labouré Bemfica Toledo ,&nbsp;Daniel Shkromada de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Victor Nogueira ,&nbsp;Juliana Araújo ,&nbsp;Edvaldo Gomes Farias ,&nbsp;Lucas Nunes Morais","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of petrophysical and mineralogical data is essential for understanding variations in the physical properties of hydrothermally altered rocks. In this study, petrophysical data were combined with mineralogical analyses obtained through TIMA (TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer), QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy), and LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy core scanner) to characterize the petrophysical footprint of the Salobo IOCG (Iron Oxide Copper-Gold) deposit. The analysis and interpretation of rock physical properties and mineral mapping data reveal that the Salobo alteration zones exhibit distinct petrophysical signatures. The calcic-sodic alteration zone is characterized by low density (∼2.89 g/cm³), low magnetic susceptibility (∼0.091 SI), and moderate resistivity (∼2781 Ω.m). A newly identified Ca-Fe-K subzone marks the transition from Ca-Na to Fe- and K-enriched systems, presenting a slight increase in resistivity (∼2958 Ω.m). Iron enrichment zones display systematic transitions, progressing from grunerite-dominated associations to almandine-rich zones and magnetite precipitation. These zones are distinguished by high density (&gt;30 g/cm³), elevated magnetic susceptibility (up to 7.516 SI), and increased chargeability (∼62.2–89.7 mV/V). The K-Fe subzone and its advanced forms are characterized mainly by almandine and biotite, along with intense late chloritization that significantly affects petrophysical signatures. Potassic alteration displays a strong decrease in resistivity (∼1658 Ω.m), attributed to biotite and sulfides. This study highlights the importance of integrating multi-source data to enhance the understanding of mineral systems through mineralogical and petrophysical datasets. Petrophysical properties, controlled by mineral composition, provide insights into Salobo’s geophysical signature and petrophysical footprint. Thus, a schematic model was developed to illustrate the petrophysical signature of each subzone hydrothermal alteration zone, linking variations in density, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and chargeability to mineralogical data. The presented methodology provides a framework applicable to other IOCG deposits, similar systems, and potential targets, enhancing exploration efficiency and providing valuable strategies for advancing mineral exploration on a broader scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107119"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology, fluid inclusion and fluorite geochemistry constraints on the genesis of the large-scale Guancun fluorite deposit, Zhejiang Province, Southeast China","authors":"Wen-Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhao-Hui Li ,&nbsp;Ming-Sen Fan ,&nbsp;Jun-Yi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107122","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The large-scale Guancun fluorite deposit is situated within the Yangtze Block in northwestern Zhejiang Province. Mineralization occurs predominantly along an unconformity between the Cretaceous Laocun Formation and the Permian Qixia Formation and is intimately associated with silicified alteration zones, with minor stockwork and breccia type mineralization hosted in the Permian Qixia Formation. Based on detailed field and petrographic observations, the mineralization at Guancun can be divided into at least five stages: Stage I is characterized by the formation of early fluorite (Fl-1) in vein and breccia cement in both unconformity and limestone-hosted orebodies; Stage II is marked by the precipitation of barite (Brt-1); Stage III is characterized by quartz (Qz-1) crystallization, which rims the earlier barite; Stage IV represents the deposition of rhythmically banded fluorite (Fl-2) and stage V signifies the termination of mineralization with the formation of crustified quartz and minor pyrite. Fluid inclusion studies in fluorite and quartz reveal the evolutionary history of the ore-forming fluids and precipitation mechanisms. Liquid-rich two-phase inclusions are the dominant fluid inclusion type across all stages. Fluid inclusions in Fl-1 exhibit homogenization temperatures of 164–375 °C and salinities of 0.18–7.59 wt% NaCl equiv., with the broad ranges interpreted to reflect mixing between magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water. Subsequently, type L inclusions in stage III quartz (140–250 °C and 1.57–3.87 wt% NaCl equiv.) show features inherited from the final mixed fluid in stage I fluorite, implying declined meteoric water mixing during quartz precipitation. Fluid inclusions in Fl-2 (130–227 °C and 0.18–0.70 wt% NaCl equiv.) record further decreases in temperature and salinity, indicating further fluid mixing and second episode of ore formation. The geochemical signatures of fluorite, particularly its rare earth element (REE) patterns, provide critical insights into elemental behavior, fluid evolution, and mineralization conditions. LA-ICP-MS data of fluorite indicate a genetic relationship between the Guancun fluorite deposit and concealed granites in the region. Trace elements, especially REEs, exert a significant control on the color zonation of fluorite. Higher REE contents in colored varieties, with specific Ce and U correlations for green and purple respectively, alongside elevated Fe in late-stage zones, identify these elements as key determinant governing both the initiation and intensity of coloration. Variations in elemental concentrations, along with Eu and Ce anomalies, suggest mineralization under fluctuating temperature and redox conditions consistent with microthermometric results. Taken together, mixing between ascending deep F-bearing magmatic fluid and calcium-rich meteoric or underground water is proposed as the principal mechanism for fluorite mineralization. Additionally, water–rock interaction between","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}