Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104493
Hanrui Yang, Jiaxing Tian, Shengxi Jiao, Shibo Xu, Wentao Du
Reflective fiber-optic voltage sensor (RFOVS) based on the inverse piezoelectric effect provide intrinsic insulation and wideband response, making them well-suited for high-voltage measurements in harsh environments. However, their accuracy is considerably compromised by environmental disturbances. This study reveals that temperature fluctuations cause bidirectional, cumulative output drift through thermal expansion and piezoelectric coefficient variations, while mechanical vibration introduces sinusoidal fluctuations proportional to acceleration amplitude and synchronized with stress frequency. A quantitative error model incorporating temperature ramp rate and stress amplitude is established and validated, achieving prediction errors below 5% under extreme conditions and under 2% in typical scenarios. These results advance the understanding of multi-physics coupling mechanisms and offer a practical compensation framework to enhance RFOVS reliability in demanding applications such as railway traction systems and smart grid substations.
{"title":"Multi-Physical field coupling effects on reflective Fiber-Optic voltage Sensor: Modeling and quantitative error mechanism analysis","authors":"Hanrui Yang, Jiaxing Tian, Shengxi Jiao, Shibo Xu, Wentao Du","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reflective fiber-optic voltage sensor (RFOVS) based on the inverse piezoelectric effect provide intrinsic insulation and wideband response, making them well-suited for high-voltage measurements in harsh environments. However, their accuracy is considerably compromised by environmental disturbances. This study reveals that temperature fluctuations cause bidirectional, cumulative output drift through thermal expansion and piezoelectric coefficient variations, while mechanical vibration introduces sinusoidal fluctuations proportional to acceleration amplitude and synchronized with stress frequency. A quantitative error model incorporating temperature ramp rate and stress amplitude is established and validated, achieving prediction errors below 5% under extreme conditions and under 2% in typical scenarios. These results advance the understanding of multi-physics coupling mechanisms and offer a practical compensation framework to enhance RFOVS reliability in demanding applications such as railway traction systems and smart grid substations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104492
Rani Dutta, Tapanendu Kundu
This study explores ultrafast photothermal and photoacoustic dynamics of materials using an evanescent wave absorption-based U-bent optical fiber (U-Fb) sensor, functionalized with gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. Leveraging localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), the sensor enables rapid detection of refractive index (RI) changes due to non-radiative heat dissipation under optical excitation. The nanoparticle-functionalized probes were first calibrated under controlled temperature and RI conditions. In order to get the insight of the photothermal processes, pump–probe experiments were conducted using a 514 nm chopped continuous-wave (CW) laser and a 532 nm nanosecond pulsed laser as pump sources, while a 405 nm probe beam monitored LSPR responses under both resonant and off-resonant conditions. It was observed that when the excitation beam overlaps with the probe, nonradiative decay of LSPR absorption contributes to the thermal change of the surrounding medium. To further explore heat propagation dynamics, the distance between the fiber probe and the photothermal source was varied. This allowed for temporal analysis of RI changes and differentiation between thermal contributions from the immobilized nanoparticles and the absorbing material. The results revealed that, under chopped CW excitation, AgNP-functionalized probes exhibited higher sensing sensitivity than AuNP-functionalized probes, despite having approximately similar thermal response times. Since the AgNp LSPR is off resonant with pulse excitation and resonant with the probe beam, this configuration provides better sensitivity and the clarity in monitoring the time profile of the material thermal response than AuNp- functionalized probe. Notably, AgNP- functionalized probes also detect shock waves and acoustic signatures generating from the absorbing material under nanosecond pulse excitation, underscoring their potential in measuring the fast pressure dynamics. Overall, the U-Fb probe sensor offers a compact, tunable platform for real-time monitoring of ultrafast thermal and mechanical events, with applications in photothermal spectroscopy, thermal wave sensing, and advanced material diagnostics.
{"title":"Exploring ultrafast photo-thermal and photo-acoustic dynamics of material employing localized surface plasmon-mediated fiber optic sensor","authors":"Rani Dutta, Tapanendu Kundu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores ultrafast photothermal and photoacoustic dynamics of materials using an evanescent wave absorption-based U-bent optical fiber (U-Fb) sensor, functionalized with gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. Leveraging localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), the sensor enables rapid detection of refractive index (RI) changes due to non-radiative heat dissipation under optical excitation. The nanoparticle-functionalized probes were first calibrated under controlled temperature and RI conditions. In order to get the insight of the photothermal processes, pump–probe experiments were conducted using a 514 nm chopped continuous-wave (CW) laser and a 532 nm nanosecond pulsed laser as pump sources, while a 405 nm probe beam monitored LSPR responses under both resonant and off-resonant conditions. It was observed that when the excitation beam overlaps with the probe, nonradiative decay of LSPR absorption contributes to the thermal change of the surrounding medium. To further explore heat propagation dynamics, the distance between the fiber probe and the photothermal source was varied. This allowed for temporal analysis of RI changes and differentiation between thermal contributions from the immobilized nanoparticles and the absorbing material. The results revealed that, under chopped CW excitation, AgNP-functionalized probes exhibited higher sensing sensitivity than AuNP-functionalized probes, despite having approximately similar thermal response times. Since the AgNp LSPR is off resonant with pulse excitation and resonant with the probe beam, this configuration provides better sensitivity and the clarity in monitoring the time profile of the material thermal response than AuNp- functionalized probe. Notably, AgNP- functionalized probes also detect shock waves and acoustic signatures generating from the absorbing material under nanosecond pulse excitation, underscoring their potential in measuring the fast pressure dynamics. Overall, the U-Fb probe sensor offers a compact, tunable platform for real-time monitoring of ultrafast thermal and mechanical events, with applications in photothermal spectroscopy, thermal wave sensing, and advanced material diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104496
César Jauregui , Yiming Tu , Sobhy Kholaif , Friedrich Möller , Gonzalo Palma-Vega , Nicoletta Haarlammert , Till Walbaum , Thomas Schreiber , Jens Limpert
In this article we look at the newest developments in the understanding and mitigation of TMI in single-core fibers. This includes recent quantitative measurements that reveal the dependence of the TMI threshold on the modal content of the seed, systematic measurements on the dependence of the TMI threshold on the fiber core size, as well as the study of TMI in PM fibers including a novel passive mitigation strategy and the static modal energy transfer recently observed in these fibers.
{"title":"Recent developments in the understanding and passive mitigation of transverse mode instability","authors":"César Jauregui , Yiming Tu , Sobhy Kholaif , Friedrich Möller , Gonzalo Palma-Vega , Nicoletta Haarlammert , Till Walbaum , Thomas Schreiber , Jens Limpert","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article we look at the newest developments in the understanding and mitigation of TMI in single-core fibers. This includes recent quantitative measurements that reveal the dependence of the TMI threshold on the modal content of the seed, systematic measurements on the dependence of the TMI threshold on the fiber core size, as well as the study of TMI in PM fibers including a novel passive mitigation strategy and the static modal energy transfer recently observed in these fibers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104490
Tian-jun He, Sheng-bao Zhan, Wen-ze Niu, Nai-kun Xu, Lin Zou, Wen-sheng Chen, Chen Liu
Addressing the crosstalk issue in spectral beam combining (SBC) with an external cavity, a novel method to eliminate crosstalk by using cascaded reflective volume Bragg gratings (R-VBG) was proposed, and the required grating parameters, as well as threshold power in laser oscillation are calculated. The influences of beam divergence, spectral width, and thermal deformation of R-VBG for eliminating crosstalk were analyzed according to the calculated parameters. The simulation results show that, when the divergence angle, the spectral width, and the grating temperature are less than 1.31 mrad, 1.06 nm, and 123.3 ℃, respectively, the crosstalk between different emitters can be eliminated. On the basis of the designed system, an SBC experimental system using an R-VBG as combiner was established. The experimental results show that any one of the measured spectra for the combined beam is completely consistent with the spectrum of the corresponding single laser. Further, when the grating undergoes thermal deformation, the measured spectra of the combined beam are also consistent with the spectra of the measured beam at room temperature. The experiments under room temperature and grating thermal deformation indicate that the designed system can effectively eliminate the crosstalk.
{"title":"A novel method for eliminating crosstalk in spectral beam combining of fiber lasers with an external cavity","authors":"Tian-jun He, Sheng-bao Zhan, Wen-ze Niu, Nai-kun Xu, Lin Zou, Wen-sheng Chen, Chen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the crosstalk issue in spectral beam combining (SBC) with an external cavity, a novel method to eliminate crosstalk by using cascaded reflective volume Bragg gratings (R-VBG) was proposed, and the required grating parameters, as well as threshold power in laser oscillation are calculated. The influences of beam divergence, spectral width, and thermal deformation of R-VBG for eliminating crosstalk were analyzed according to the calculated parameters. The simulation results show that, when the divergence angle, the spectral width, and the grating temperature are less than 1.31 mrad, 1.06 nm, and 123.3 ℃, respectively, the crosstalk between different emitters can be eliminated. On the basis of the designed system, an SBC experimental system using an R-VBG as combiner was established. The experimental results show that any one of the measured spectra for the combined beam is completely consistent with the spectrum of the corresponding single laser. Further, when the grating undergoes thermal deformation, the measured spectra of the combined beam are also consistent with the spectra of the measured beam at room temperature. The experiments under room temperature and grating thermal deformation indicate that the designed system can effectively eliminate the crosstalk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-energy, narrow-linewidth nanosecond pulses are highly demanding for many applications that require high temporal and spatial coherence. However, the amplification of narrow-linewidth pulses is primarily limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering, which causes pulse instabilities, back-reflected pulses, and catastrophic damage effects on optical components. In this work, we present a 1.6 mJ narrow-linewidth nanosecond pulsed fiber laser system based on all-glass spun tapered double-clad fibers without employing any mitigating technique for the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. The system delivers pulses with an 8 ns duration at a 100 kHz repetition rate, over 97.5% degree of polarization, a beam quality factor of , a spectral linewidth of 53.8 MHz, a 160 W average power, and 188 kW peak power with a slope efficiency of 97.6%. The degree of spatial coherence of the amplified signal was measured to be 0.94. Our results are highly valued in applications requiring high-energy, high-coherence pulses with spectral, spatial, and polarization characteristics in a compact system.
{"title":"Invited Paper: High-power monolithic narrow-linewidth 1.6 mJ/8 ns fiber laser system based on all-glass spun tapered double-clad fiber amplifier","authors":"Hossein Fathi , Uttam Kumar Samanta , Evgenii Motorin , Ebrahim Aghayari , Andrey Grishchenko , Matias Koivurova , Regina Gumenyuk , Valery Filippov","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-energy, narrow-linewidth nanosecond pulses are highly demanding for many applications that require high temporal and spatial coherence. However, the amplification of narrow-linewidth pulses is primarily limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering, which causes pulse instabilities, back-reflected pulses, and catastrophic damage effects on optical components. In this work, we present a 1.6 mJ narrow-linewidth nanosecond pulsed fiber laser system based on all-glass spun tapered double-clad fibers without employing any mitigating technique for the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. The system delivers pulses with an 8 ns duration at a 100 kHz repetition rate, over 97.5% degree of polarization, a beam quality factor of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>∼</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span>, a spectral linewidth of 53.8 MHz, a 160 W average power, and 188 kW peak power with a slope efficiency of 97.6%. The degree of spatial coherence of the amplified signal was measured to be 0.94. Our results are highly valued in applications requiring high-energy, high-coherence pulses with spectral, spatial, and polarization characteristics in a compact system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104489
Pengyu Liu , Yongchao Zeng , Lihui Feng , Xiangyue Liu
The development of high-sensitivity sensing technologies for ammonia (NH3), a common and toxic industrial gas, is crucial for public safety and environmental protection. Two-dimensional materials MXene have shown great potential in gas sensing due to their excellent electronic and optical properties, yet their integration with fiber-optic platforms and the underlying sensing mechanisms require further exploration. In this study, we propose and fabricate an NH3 sensor based on a Ti3C2Tx MXene-functionalized U-shaped Tapered No-core fiber (UTNCF). This structure enhances the light-matter interaction with the MXene material through a strong evanescent field effect. Concurrently, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to systematically simulate the interaction between NH3 molecules and Ti3C2Tx with varying ratios of functional groups, calculating the band structure and charge transfer. Furthermore, the BoltzTrap module was utilized to analyze the changes in Ti3C2Tx ’s optical refractive index upon NH3 adsorption, thereby revealing the intrinsic physical mechanism of the sensor. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed sensor exhibits good performance over an NH3 concentration range of 0–320 ppm. The sensor’s transmission spectrum shows a significant redshift with increasing NH3 concentration, achieving a high sensitivity of 1.8 pm/ppm with good linearity. Theoretical calculations confirm that the primary sensing mechanism is the charge transfer from NH3 molecules to the Ti3C2Tx surface. This process alters the material’s carrier concentration, leading to a measurable change in its complex refractive index, which is in high agreement with our experimental observations. This work successfully combines theoretical calculations with experimental validation to not only develop a high-sensitivity fiber-optic NH3 sensor but also to elucidate its sensing mechanism from a first-principle’s perspective. It provides an effective strategy for designing novel, high-performance Ti3C2Tx-based optical gas sensors with significant application prospects in industrial safety and environmental monitoring.
{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of ammonia sensing using U-shaped tapered no-core fiber and functional group-modulated MXene","authors":"Pengyu Liu , Yongchao Zeng , Lihui Feng , Xiangyue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-sensitivity sensing technologies for ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), a common and toxic industrial gas, is crucial for public safety and environmental protection. Two-dimensional materials MXene have shown great potential in gas sensing due to their excellent electronic and optical properties, yet their integration with fiber-optic platforms and the underlying sensing mechanisms require further exploration. In this study, we propose and fabricate an NH<sub>3</sub> sensor based on a Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene-functionalized U-shaped Tapered No-core fiber (UTNCF). This structure enhances the light-matter interaction with the MXene material through a strong evanescent field effect. Concurrently, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to systematically simulate the interaction between NH<sub>3</sub> molecules and Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> with varying ratios of functional groups, calculating the band structure and charge transfer. Furthermore, the BoltzTrap module was utilized to analyze the changes in Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> ’s optical refractive index upon NH<sub>3</sub> adsorption, thereby revealing the intrinsic physical mechanism of the sensor. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed sensor exhibits good performance over an NH<sub>3</sub> concentration range of 0–320 ppm. The sensor’s transmission spectrum shows a significant redshift with increasing NH<sub>3</sub> concentration, achieving a high sensitivity of 1.8 pm/ppm with good linearity. Theoretical calculations confirm that the primary sensing mechanism is the charge transfer from NH<sub>3</sub> molecules to the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> surface. This process alters the material’s carrier concentration, leading to a measurable change in its complex refractive index, which is in high agreement with our experimental observations. This work successfully combines theoretical calculations with experimental validation to not only develop a high-sensitivity fiber-optic NH<sub>3</sub> sensor but also to elucidate its sensing mechanism from a first-principle’s perspective. It provides an effective strategy for designing novel, high-performance Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>-based optical gas sensors with significant application prospects in industrial safety and environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is promising for health monitoring of mass concrete structures. However, the measurement accuracy is limited by the inherent temperature–strain cross-sensitivity of the sensing mechanism, requiring temperature compensation for the acquired data. Conventional temperature compensation methods, especially the reference fiber method, assume a constant compensation coefficient and ignore its temperature dependence, resulting in measurement errors under high thermal gradients. Furthermore, inappropriate sensor installation approaches often result in poor survival rates and mechanical decoupling under construction conditions. To address these issues, this study develops a dynamic temperature compensation model with a temperature dependent coefficient K, experimentally calibrated for Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) systems. Additionally, an optimized sensor deployment strategy was developed through comparative experiments on reinforced concrete beams to improve strain transfer efficiency and sensor survivability. The proposed methodology was validated via field monitoring of a mass concrete raft foundation, successfully monitoring the evolution of strain and temperature in critical regions. This study provides a theoretical basis and key technical support for distributed optical fiber monitoring of strain and temperature in mass concrete structures.
{"title":"Application of distributed optical fiber technology for strain and temperature monitoring in mass concrete raft foundations","authors":"Gongyu Hou, Shiou Zhang, Yaohua Shao, Hongbo Chen, Liyuan Bi, Hengxin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is promising for health monitoring of mass concrete structures. However, the measurement accuracy is limited by the inherent temperature–strain cross-sensitivity of the sensing mechanism, requiring temperature compensation for the acquired data. Conventional temperature compensation methods, especially the reference fiber method, assume a constant compensation coefficient and ignore its temperature dependence, resulting in measurement errors under high thermal gradients. Furthermore, inappropriate sensor installation approaches often result in poor survival rates and mechanical decoupling under construction conditions. To address these issues, this study develops a dynamic temperature compensation model with a temperature dependent coefficient K, experimentally calibrated for Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) systems. Additionally, an optimized sensor deployment strategy was developed through comparative experiments on reinforced concrete beams to improve strain transfer efficiency and sensor survivability. The proposed methodology was validated via field monitoring of a mass concrete raft foundation, successfully monitoring the evolution of strain and temperature in critical regions. This study provides a theoretical basis and key technical support for distributed optical fiber monitoring of strain and temperature in mass concrete structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104476
Ifrah Amin, Suhail K. Naik, Gausia Qazi
Mode division multiplexing-wavelength division multiplexing (MDM-WDM) is a critical technology for expanding optical fiber transmission capacity, addressing future capacity demands. Few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier (FM-EDFA) is crucial for mitigating optical fiber loss in MDM-WDM systems within space division multiplexing (SDM) environments. We aim to develop a three-mode EDFA (3M-EDFA) capable of accommodating 16 wavelengths for each signal mode in MDM-WDM systems. In this research, we exploit the property of emission and absorption cross-sections of erbium ions in silica glass. Maintaining the integrated normalised population over a particular range of values along our branching matrix multi-optimization strategy for the optimisation of FM-EDFA for MDM-WDM system. Employing cladding pump power, 3M-EDFA system showcases exceptional performance, achieving gains exceeding 24.36 dB and maintaining noise figures below 3.47 dB across all the 48 channels. Across all channels, the 3M-EDFA has a gain excursion (GE) and noise figure excursion (NFE) of 1.1 dB and 0.27 dB. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the pinnacle values attained for the differential modal gain (DMG) and differential modal noise figure (DMNF) within the wavelength range of 1533 nm to 1540.5 nm are a mere 0.17 dB and 0.18 dB, respectively. These new characteristics of FM-EDFA make it ideally suited for MDM-WDM applications, rendering it an exceptional choice for powering high-capacity MDM-WDM networks within SDM environments.
{"title":"Design of Clad-pumped 3M-EDFA for MDM-WDM system with 3 × 16 channels","authors":"Ifrah Amin, Suhail K. Naik, Gausia Qazi","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mode division multiplexing-wavelength division multiplexing (MDM-WDM) is a critical technology for expanding optical fiber transmission capacity, addressing future capacity demands. Few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier (FM-EDFA) is crucial for mitigating optical fiber loss in MDM-WDM systems within space division multiplexing (SDM) environments. We aim to develop a three-mode EDFA (3M-EDFA) capable of accommodating 16 wavelengths for each signal mode in MDM-WDM systems. In this research, we exploit the property of emission and absorption cross-sections of erbium ions in silica glass. Maintaining the integrated normalised population over a particular range of values along our branching matrix multi-optimization strategy for the optimisation of FM-EDFA for MDM-WDM system. Employing cladding pump power, 3M-EDFA system showcases exceptional performance, achieving gains exceeding 24.36 dB and maintaining noise figures below 3.47 dB across all the 48 channels. Across all channels, the 3M-EDFA has a gain excursion (GE) and noise figure excursion (NFE) of 1.1 dB and 0.27 dB. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the pinnacle values attained for the differential modal gain (DMG) and differential modal noise figure (DMNF) within the wavelength range of 1533 nm to 1540.5 nm are a mere 0.17 dB and 0.18 dB, respectively. These new characteristics of FM-EDFA make it ideally suited for MDM-WDM applications, rendering it an exceptional choice for powering high-capacity MDM-WDM networks within SDM environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104477
Ravi Babu , Govind Sreekar Shenoy
Fiber Wireless (FiWi) access network combines fiber optics and wireless access technology with the objective of providing solutions to the problems of dimensioning, scalability, planning, and quality of service (QoS) offered by the services such as smart grid, smart cities, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The growing bandwidth demands of emerging applications implemented by these services pose significant challenges for the planning and scalability of FiWi network infrastructure. Providing a large-scale FiWi access network to accommodate large user groups requires cost-effective deployment solutions. It is important to recognize that FiWi network deployment strategies must achieve an effective balance between minimizing deployment cost and ensuring scalability. Consequently, planning and scalability considerations in communication infrastructure have emerged as key areas of research interest. Motivated by this requirement, this paper attempts to address two key problems in FiWi network deployment: optimizing FiWi deployment cost and maximizing user inclusion for network services in cost-constrained deployments. To address these problems, we propose greedy, dynamic programming, and genetic algorithm–based approaches. Experimental evaluations across diverse test cases demonstrate that the proposed methods yield optimal cost deployments while ensuring more than 95% user inclusion under cost-constrained scenarios.
{"title":"Deployment cost optimization in fiber-wireless network: A study of greedy and dynamic-programming based approaches","authors":"Ravi Babu , Govind Sreekar Shenoy","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber Wireless (FiWi) access network combines fiber optics and wireless access technology with the objective of providing solutions to the problems of dimensioning, scalability, planning, and quality of service (QoS) offered by the services such as smart grid, smart cities, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The growing bandwidth demands of emerging applications implemented by these services pose significant challenges for the planning and scalability of FiWi network infrastructure. Providing a large-scale FiWi access network to accommodate large user groups requires cost-effective deployment solutions. It is important to recognize that FiWi network deployment strategies must achieve an effective balance between minimizing deployment cost and ensuring scalability. Consequently, planning and scalability considerations in communication infrastructure have emerged as key areas of research interest. Motivated by this requirement, this paper attempts to address two key problems in FiWi network deployment: optimizing FiWi deployment cost and maximizing user inclusion for network services in cost-constrained deployments. To address these problems, we propose greedy, dynamic programming, and genetic algorithm–based approaches. Experimental evaluations across diverse test cases demonstrate that the proposed methods yield optimal cost deployments while ensuring more than 95% user inclusion under cost-constrained scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experimental study on the switching between different multipulse regimes in a Thulium/Holmium-doped fiber (THDF) laser is reported by precise control of polarization controllers. Gaussian and square-shaped noise-like pulses (NLPs) and multiple solitons (MS), including soliton rains (SRs) and soliton bunches (SBs), are generated by the nonlinear polarization rotation technique (NPR) and by employing a double-pass amplifier (DPA) configuration. The study examines the role of polarization controllers and pump power in driving the transitions between these regimes, with a detailed analysis of their temporal and spectral characteristics under different pump powers. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of switching among SR, SB, conventional NLPs, and the coexistence of square-shaped NLP with MS within a hybrid cavity configuration that combines NPR and a DPA. The system operates with a tunable central wavelength ranging from 1984 to 1993 nm, employing a THDF as the gain medium. This investigation provides new insights into the transitions between various multi-pulse regimes and nonlinear dynamics in mode-locked fiber lasers operating near the 2-µm wavelength region.
{"title":"Switching of soliton rain, bunches, and NLP from a thulium/holmium co-doped fiber laser using NPR","authors":"Edwin Addiel Espinosa-de-la-Cruz , Manuel Durán-Sánchez , Ulises Alcántara-Bautista , Alejandro Reyes-Mora , Adalid Ibarra-Garrido , Iván Armas-Rivera , Miguel Bello-Jiménez , L.A. Rodríguez-Morales , Baldemar Ibarra-Escamilla","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental study on the switching between different multipulse regimes in a Thulium/Holmium-doped fiber (THDF) laser is reported by precise control of polarization controllers. Gaussian and square-shaped noise-like pulses (NLPs) and multiple solitons (MS), including soliton rains (SRs) and soliton bunches (SBs), are generated by the nonlinear polarization rotation technique (NPR) and by employing a double-pass amplifier (DPA) configuration. The study examines the role of polarization controllers and pump power in driving the transitions between these regimes, with a detailed analysis of their temporal and spectral characteristics under different pump powers. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of switching among SR, SB, conventional NLPs, and the coexistence of square-shaped NLP with MS within a hybrid cavity configuration that combines NPR and a DPA. The system operates with a tunable central wavelength ranging from 1984 to 1993 nm, employing a THDF as the gain medium. This investigation provides new insights into the transitions between various multi-pulse regimes and nonlinear dynamics in mode-locked fiber lasers operating near the 2-µm wavelength region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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