Oral health & preventive dentistry最新文献

Purpose: The present study aimed to observe the anatomical distribution of gingival melanin pigmentation and evaluate its intensity and extent in different age groups and in correlation with skin and tooth shades.

Materials and methods: The participants of this study were 391 patients attending the Dental University Hospital. The presence of gingival pigmentation was assessed using De Krom's Oral Pigmentation Chart and its intensity was assessed using the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index. Skin colour and tooth shade were measured using the Fitzpatrick scale and the VITA classical shade guide, respectively. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and Pearson's Χ2 test for the association between the study variables.

Results: The prevalence of gingival pigmentation among the sample size was 74.4%, and pigmentations were present on both arches in 57.6% (n = 224) of the participants. The extent (category 1) was highest when pigmentation was evident in both arches, with category 4 being the least extent. Age and sex did not show a correlation with gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation intensity was mild when pigments were present in one arch (p < 0.00), whereas it was heavy when both arches presented with gingival pigmentation. Medium brown colour and tooth shade A1 were the most common among participants with gingival pigmentation (p < 0.00). The association between gingival pigmentation intensity and extent in relation to skin colour was statistically significant (p < 0.00), as was tooth shade (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Gingival pigmentation is highly prevalent in the Saudi population, with different severity and extent levels. The effect of gingival pigmentation on smile and overall facial aesthetics should be considered when providing dental and cosmetic treatments.

Purpose: During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been concern about nosocomial infections acquired through dental practice, where machines - such as air turbines - that generate aerosols are used, and where there are many opportunities to come into contact with saliva and blood. Because there is no report to date on whether dental treatment is associated with a risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Japan, the aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with dental treatment.

Materials and methods: Cross-sectional data were gathered from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS), a large-scale internet survey conducted in 2021 (n=28,175). From September 27, 2021, to October 30, 2021, the questionnaires were distributed to candidates selected from the panelists of a Japanese Internet research company to represent the Japanese population regarding age, sex, and residential prefecture using a simple random sampling procedure. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection related to dental treatment was examined and analysed.

Results: Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that younger age, male sex and living alone were statistically significant factors positively associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas the presence or absence of dental treatment was not statistically significantly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Conclusion: The present epidemiological study showed that dental treatment is not a positive risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Japan.

Purpose: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18 strains on the growth of six oral pathogens as well as their release of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and whether these probiotics can inhibit the expression of arginine-specific gingipain A (RgpA), a protease secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Materials and methods: After six halitogenic oral pathogens (P. gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Eikenella corrodens) were cultured with or without S. salivarius K12 and M18, the concentration of two VSCs was measured. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of S. salivarius K12 and M18 against these pathogens and the suppressive effect on RgpA release by P. gingivalis were assessed.

Results: In the co-culture of S. salivarius K12 or M18 with oral pathogenic bacteria, the growth of all six oral pathogens was significantly inhibited (p < 0.01). Additionally, S. salivarius K12 and M18 had an inhibitory effect on the production of the halitogenic substances H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.01) as well as the expression of P. gingivalis RgpA. Finally, we demonstrated that the addition of only culture supernatants of the two strains K12/M18 to oral pathogen cultures was sufficient to mimic the effects of K12/M18 co-cultures upon VSCs production and protease expression.

Conclusions: S. salivarius K12 and M18 inhibited VSC release by all six of the major oral pathogens that were assayed and reduced the expression of RgpA.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a mouthwash containing Lespedeza cuneata extract (LCE) on halitosis as an alternative to chemical mouthwashes. The effect of this natural mouthwash on halitosis-causing bacteria (HCB) was clinically evaluated.

Materials and methods: A total of 84 subjects among 103 participants were recruited from the M Dental Clinic (Busan, South Korea) in this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The participants were divided into two groups: 41 in the saline-gargle group (saline group) and 43 in the LCE-gargle group (LCE group). A week before the experiment, scaling and oral health education were conducted to standardise the subjects' oral condition. For clinical evaluation, halitosis and HCB were evaluated pre-gargle (baseline), immediately after gargling (treatment), and 5 days after gargling (5 days post-treatment). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows.

Results: The level of subjective improvement was statistically significantly greater in the LCE group than the saline group (p < 0.05). Compared with the saline group, the LCE group showed reduced halitosis after 5 days of application. Furthermore, halitosis statistically significantly decreased over time (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LCE group showed a statistically significant decrease in the number of all six HCBs (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: LCE gargle was effective in reducing halitosis both subjectively and objectively, suggesting an antibacterial effect on HCBs in the oral cavity. Thus, LCE, which can be used as a safe mouthwash ingredient, can promote oral health and will be valuable for the oral healthcare product industry. It might also be helpful for people suffering from halitosis.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the cell toxicity and biological characteristics of Ketac GIC (glass-ionomer cement), Nexus RMGIC (resin-modified glass-ionomer cement), and RelyX RC (resin cement) in human periodontal stem cells (PDSCs).

Materials and methods: To compare the effects of Ketac GIC, Nexus RMGIC, and RelyX RC on PDSCs, the cements were diluted from 1:2 to 1:8. PDSCs were then treated with the serially diluted cements with or without N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), and cell survival was measured using water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), and western blot analysis was performed to observe phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by Nexus RMGIC or RelyX RC.

Results: Cell death and proliferation were dose-dependently reduced following Nexus RMGIC or RelyX RC treatment. In addition, Nexus RMGIC or RelyX RC showed an increase intracellular ROS generation compared to Ketac GIC. Pretreatment with NAC confirmed the suppression of cell toxicity and ROS generation induced by Nexus RMGIC or RelyX RC. Nexus RMGIC or RelyX RC activates ERK phosphorylation, not p38 phosphorylation, in PDSCs.

Conclusion: This study showed that the treatment with Nexus RMGIC or RelyX generates intracellular ROS and cell death through the ERK signaling pathway in PDSCs. In contrast, these effects were not observed with Ketac GIC, indicating that resin-based materials may have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on PDSCs.

Purpose: This review aimed to highlight the aetiology and risk factors of food impaction along with the treatment in each case.

Materials and methods: A search was conducted in PubMed from 1947 to March 28, 2023. The search terms utilised included (food impaction) OR (interdental impaction). No filter was applied. Articles related to the classification, aetiology, treatment, and associated factors of food impaction in dentistry and published in English or with an abstract in English were selected.

Results: A total of 72 articles were included in the review, which revealed the variety and complexity of aetiological factors and treatment of food impaction in dentistry, as well as the heterogeneity of previous studies. Based on the aetiology, different treatment plans and management should be considered.

Conclusion: This review indicated the need to identify the pathology of food impaction before treatment. Considering the causal factors of food impaction - including proximal contact loss, occlusal disharmony, morphological deformity, positional abnormality, and interdental papillae loss - different management approaches such as restoration, occlusal adjustment, orthodontic, nonsurgical or surgical treatment could be applied. Further clinical and experimental research is warranted to address the prevention and treatment of food impaction in dentistry.

Purpose: The present study assessed the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and Salvadora persica-based mouthwashes (SPM) in reducing oral Candida carriage (OCC) and periodontal inflammation in cigarette smokers and non-smokers after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT).

Materials and methods: Self-reported cigarette smokers and non-smokers with periodontal inflammation as well as non-smokers with a healthy periodontal status were included. NSPT was performed in all participants. Based on the type of mouthwash, participants were randomly divided into three groups as follows: group 1: CHX; group 2: SPM; and group 3: distilled water (ddH2O) with mint flavour (control group). Clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Clinical periodontal parameters were re-assessed at a 6-week follow-up. Oral yeast samples were collected and identified using a concentrated oral-rinse culture technique and PCR, respectively. Clinical and laboratory-based investigations were done at baseline and after six weeks. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: At baseline, PI, MBL, PD and CAL were comparable in all participants. None of the patients had periodontitis at baseline. Post-operatively, CHX and SPM were more effective in reducing PI (p < 0.01), GI (p < 0.01) and PD (p < 0.01) in non-smokers than in the control group. The OCC was statistically significantly higher among smokers compared with non-smokers at baseline. At the 6-month follow-up, CHX was more effective than SPM in reducing OCC in non-smokers (p < 0.01). At the 6-week follow-up, there was no difference in OCC among cigarette smokers regardless of the type of mouthwash prescribed postoperatively.

Conclusion: In cigarette smokers and non-smokers, CHX and SPM are effective in reducing periodontal soft-tissue inflammation after NSPT. Post-operative use of CHX is more effective than SPM in reducing OCC.

Purpose: To research the role of microRNA (miR)-152 in the pathogenesis of pulpitis using a cell model based on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Materials and methods: The biological activity of HDPCs infected by LPS was measured using a cell counting kit (CCK-8), Transwell test, flow cytometry, and fluorescent quantitative PCR. The concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated using an assay kit, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the targeting relationship between SMAD5 and miR-152 was measured by the double-luciferase report test. The expression of cell cycle-related CyclinD1 and BAX was assessed by PCR. By plotting a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the diagnostic value of miR-152 was shown.

Results: The level of miR-152 in HDPCs induced by LPS decreased, while the level of SMAD5 increased. After overexpressing miR-152 in LPS-induced HDPCs, the viability was elevated, the apoptosis rate decreased, CyclinD1 was elevated, BAX diminished, the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) were inhibited, the activity of SOD increased, and the MDA content decreased. miR-152 targeted regulation of SMAD5, and SMAD5 modulated the effects of miR-152 on cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and the oxidative response of HDPCs. Reduced miR-152 expression was verified in patients with pulpitis, which could be a biomarker for pulpitis.

Conclusion: miR-152 was found to be a biomarker correlated with the pathogenesis of pulpitis and the biological behaviour of HDPCs.

Purpose: To synthesise and characterise nanosilver sodium fluoride (NSSF) and assess the effect of applying this formulation in vitro on artificially demineralised root dentin lesions, compared with the application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), sodium fluoride (NAF) or no treatment, in terms of mechanical, chemical and ultrastructural properties.

Materials and methods: NSSF was prepared using 0.5 wt% chitosan solution. On 40 extracted human molars, the buccal aspect of the cervical thirds of roots were prepared and divided into 4 groups of 10 each: control (no treatment), NSSF, SDF and NaF (n = 10). The specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface and cross-sectional microhardness and nano-indentation tests were performed to determine the mineral and carbonate content, microhardness, and nanohardness, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the differences between the different treatment groups for the set parameters using parametric and non-parametric tests. Tukey's and Dunnet's T3 post-hoc tests were further used for multiple comparisons between groups (α = 0.05).

Results: The control group (no treatment) was found to have statistically significantly lower mean scores for surface and cross-sectional microhardness compared with all other test groups (NaF, NSSF and SDF) (p < 0.05). Spearman's rank correlation test showed statistically insignificant differences between the mineral-to-matrix ratio (M:M) and carbonate content of all groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Treatment of root lesions with NSSF yielded comparable results to SDF and NaF under in-vitro conditions.