UV radiation in sunlight easily causes the inactivation of baculovirus biopesticides. However, the DNA repair mechanisms of most baculoviruses after UV radiation remain unclear. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) Bm65 has been proven to be a specific endonuclease that cleaves UV-induced DNA damage, which is crucial for UV damage repair of viruses. Here, we further explored the relationship between host ribosomal protein Bombyx mori RPS3 (BmRPS3), viral protein Bm65 and UV radiation. Our results showed that BmRPS3 was mainly located in the cytoplasm, not aggregated at the sites of viral DNA in infected BmN cells. By constructing truncated protein, the N-terminal KH-2 domain of BmRPS3 was demonstrated to be closely related to UV damage repair. When there was no UV damage, Bm65 and BmRPS3 were not colocated and did not interact with each other. After UV radiation, BmRPS3 translocated from the cytoplasm to UV-induced DNA damage sites, relied on the interaction with Bm65 to regulate the UV damage repair and proliferation of BmNPV. In the early stages of viral infection, BmRPS3 promoted the expression of Bm65. These findings about specific interaction between BmRPS3 and Bm65 only after UV radiation provided a reference for deeper understanding of how the selective interaction between viruses and hosts regulated life activities under different conditions.
{"title":"Bombyx mori RPS3 participates in the UV damage repair of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus by interacting with Bm65","authors":"Qi Tang, Jiayin Huang, Qiannan Su, Guohui Li, Feifei Zhu, Qian Yu, Lindan Sun, Huiqing Chen, Liang Chen, Shangshang Ma, Xiaoyong Liu, Keping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>UV radiation in sunlight easily causes the inactivation of baculovirus biopesticides. However, the DNA repair mechanisms of most baculoviruses after UV radiation remain unclear. <em>Bombyx mori</em> nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) Bm65 has been proven to be a specific endonuclease that cleaves UV-induced DNA damage, which is crucial for UV damage repair of viruses. Here, we further explored the relationship between host ribosomal protein <em>Bombyx mori</em> RPS3 (BmRPS3), viral protein Bm65 and UV radiation. Our results showed that BmRPS3 was mainly located in the cytoplasm, not aggregated at the sites of viral DNA in infected BmN cells. By constructing truncated protein, the N-terminal KH-2 domain of BmRPS3 was demonstrated to be closely related to UV damage repair. When there was no UV damage, Bm65 and BmRPS3 were not colocated and did not interact with each other. After UV radiation, BmRPS3 translocated from the cytoplasm to UV-induced DNA damage sites, relied on the interaction with Bm65 to regulate the UV damage repair and proliferation of BmNPV. In the early stages of viral infection, BmRPS3 promoted the expression of Bm65. These findings about specific interaction between BmRPS3 and Bm65 only after UV radiation provided a reference for deeper understanding of how the selective interaction between viruses and hosts regulated life activities under different conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106899
Weibin Xie , Hongyuan Zhang , Wei Wei , Peizhuo Li , Changfeng Lai , Zhiguang Yuchi , Lihong Yang , Yuxin Li
Diamide insecticides targeting insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs) have been widely used for pest control, but have faced growing challenges from resistance driven by RyR mutations. To address this issue, 22 novel amide derivatives containing acylthiourea linkages were designed through fragment-based splicing, and their insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata (M. separata) and Spodoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) was evaluated. Compound 9a exhibited the highest efficacy against M. separata (40 % lethality at 0.5 mg/L). Time-lapse [Ca2+]ER measurements showed that 9a was active against wild-type S. frugiperda RyR(SfRyR) but inactive against rabbit RyR1. Meanwhile, 3D-QSAR model analysis identified the steric field as the dominant factor influencing activity, and molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations confirmed stable binding to both wild-type and resistant (G4891E/I4734M mutant) SfRyR. These findings offer a reference for guiding the rational design of RyR-targeted amide insecticides.
{"title":"Novel amide derivatives containing acylthiourea link targeting insect ryanodine receptors: Design, synthesis, insecticidal activity, and mechanism","authors":"Weibin Xie , Hongyuan Zhang , Wei Wei , Peizhuo Li , Changfeng Lai , Zhiguang Yuchi , Lihong Yang , Yuxin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diamide insecticides targeting insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs) have been widely used for pest control, but have faced growing challenges from resistance driven by RyR mutations. To address this issue, 22 novel amide derivatives containing acylthiourea linkages were designed through fragment-based splicing, and their insecticidal activity against <em>Mythimna separata</em> (<em>M. separata</em>) and <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (<em>S. frugiperda</em>) was evaluated. Compound <strong>9a</strong> exhibited the highest efficacy against <em>M. separata</em> (40 % lethality at 0.5 mg/L). Time-lapse [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>ER</sub> measurements showed that <strong>9a</strong> was active against wild-type <em>S. frugiperda</em> RyR(<em>Sf</em>RyR) but inactive against rabbit RyR1. Meanwhile, 3D-QSAR model analysis identified the steric field as the dominant factor influencing activity, and molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations confirmed stable binding to both wild-type and resistant (G4891E/I4734M mutant) <em>Sf</em>RyR. These findings offer a reference for guiding the rational design of RyR-targeted amide insecticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106899"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106896
Wenjun Cao , Sa Yang , Jiasen Wang , Sihao Chen , Mia Byarlay , Xiaoyu Shi , Hongmei Li-Byarlay , Changsheng Ma
Cyfluthrin is effective in mitigating crop damage caused by pests. However, its residues in bee colonies pose potential threats to the health and fitness of bumblebees. While previous studies have shown significant physiological effects of cyfluthrin on honeybees, its effects on bumblebees remain poorly understood. In this study, bumblebees were exposed to 30 and 120 μg/kg cyfluthrin (two field-level concentrations) for 10 days. We assessed the effects of chronic cyfluthrin exposure on bumblebee survival, sucrose solution consumption, body weight and midgut pathology. Multi-omics analyses were performed, encompassing the gut microbiome and metabolome, as well as the head transcriptome and proteome. The results demonstrated that exposure to cyfluthrin at a concentration of 120 μg/kg significantly reduced the survival probability of bumblebees. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining revealed damage to the midgut microvilli. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated a significant decrease in the relative abundance of the core gut microbiota, Bifidobacterium. Metabolomic analysis of the gut further revealed a significant reduction in multiple beneficial metabolites (crustecdysone, creatine and retinol palmitate). Head transcriptomics showed significant downregulation of genes associated with the tyrosine metabolism pathway and fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the head revealed a significant upregulation of apoptosis-related proteins, alongside a significant downregulation of proteins involved in immune responses and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. These findings highlight the need for cautious pesticide application in agricultural systems and emphasize the importance of considering sublethal effects on pollinators - particularly through disruptions to the gut and head.
{"title":"Field-realistic cyfluthrin exposure alters multi-omics profiles in Bombus terrestris: Implications for wild pollinator health","authors":"Wenjun Cao , Sa Yang , Jiasen Wang , Sihao Chen , Mia Byarlay , Xiaoyu Shi , Hongmei Li-Byarlay , Changsheng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyfluthrin is effective in mitigating crop damage caused by pests. However, its residues in bee colonies pose potential threats to the health and fitness of bumblebees. While previous studies have shown significant physiological effects of cyfluthrin on honeybees, its effects on bumblebees remain poorly understood. In this study, bumblebees were exposed to 30 and 120 μg/kg cyfluthrin (two field-level concentrations) for 10 days. We assessed the effects of chronic cyfluthrin exposure on bumblebee survival, sucrose solution consumption, body weight and midgut pathology. Multi-omics analyses were performed, encompassing the gut microbiome and metabolome, as well as the head transcriptome and proteome. The results demonstrated that exposure to cyfluthrin at a concentration of 120 μg/kg significantly reduced the survival probability of bumblebees. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining revealed damage to the midgut microvilli. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated a significant decrease in the relative abundance of the core gut microbiota, <em>Bifidobacterium</em>. Metabolomic analysis of the gut further revealed a significant reduction in multiple beneficial metabolites (crustecdysone, creatine and retinol palmitate). Head transcriptomics showed significant downregulation of genes associated with the tyrosine metabolism pathway and fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the head revealed a significant upregulation of apoptosis-related proteins, alongside a significant downregulation of proteins involved in immune responses and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. These findings highlight the need for cautious pesticide application in agricultural systems and emphasize the importance of considering sublethal effects on pollinators - particularly through disruptions to the gut and head.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106894
Ahmad Ali Anjum , Larib Rana , Jianxing Li , Chunxiao Yang , Caihua Shi , Huipeng Pan
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a major defoliating pest of solanaceous crops in Asia, traditionally managed through chemical insecticides. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a promising and environmentally safe alternative for its control. In this study, we functionally characterized two proteasome subunit genes, HvPSMD1 (19S regulatory particle) and HvProsα2 (20S core particle), as RNAi targets in H. vigintioctopunctata. Ingestion of dsHvPSMD1 and dsHvProsα2 caused 100 % and 95 % mortality in the 1st instar larvae, 65 % and 60 % mortality in adults, respectively. To enhance RNAi efficiency, a fusion dsRNA (dsHvFusion) targeting both genes was designed. Remarkably, dsHvFusion treatment caused rapid and severe mortality, achieving 100 % in larvae and 80 % in adults within 4 and 12 days, respectively, demonstrating faster and stronger lethality than single gene silencing. Additionally, egg soaking in dsHvFusion solution (50 ng/μL, 60 s) reduced hatching rate by over 70 %, and the few larvae that hatched exhibited abnormal development and early mortality. Moreover, feeding assays using bacterially expressed dsRNAs confirmed that silencing of HvPSMD1 and HvProsα2 significantly reduced survival rates in both larval and adult stages. The dsHvFusion treatment severely inhibited all developmental stages, including eggs, stunted larval development, reduced body size, and caused morphological deformities. Overall, HvPSMD1 and HvProsα2 are essential for the growth, development, and reproduction of H. vigintioctopunctata. Simultaneous silencing of both genes using fusion dsRNA significantly enhanced RNAi efficacy, resulting in faster and stronger effects across all developmental stages and providing a strong foundation for developing next-generation, sustainable RNAi-based biopesticides against this pest.
{"title":"Fusion dsRNAs targeting proteasome subunits HvPSMD1 and HvProsα2 induce high mortality across developmental stages of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata","authors":"Ahmad Ali Anjum , Larib Rana , Jianxing Li , Chunxiao Yang , Caihua Shi , Huipeng Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata</em> is a major defoliating pest of solanaceous crops in Asia, traditionally managed through chemical insecticides. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a promising and environmentally safe alternative for its control. In this study, we functionally characterized two proteasome subunit genes, <em>HvPSMD1</em> (19S regulatory particle) and <em>HvProsα2</em> (20S core particle), as RNAi targets in <em>H. vigintioctopunctata</em>. Ingestion of ds<em>HvPSMD1</em> and ds<em>HvProsα2</em> caused 100 % and 95 % mortality in the 1st instar larvae, 65 % and 60 % mortality in adults, respectively. To enhance RNAi efficiency, a fusion dsRNA (ds<em>HvFusion</em>) targeting both genes was designed. Remarkably, ds<em>HvFusion</em> treatment caused rapid and severe mortality, achieving 100 % in larvae and 80 % in adults within 4 and 12 days, respectively, demonstrating faster and stronger lethality than single gene silencing. Additionally, egg soaking in ds<em>HvFusion</em> solution (50 ng/μL, 60 s) reduced hatching rate by over 70 %, and the few larvae that hatched exhibited abnormal development and early mortality. Moreover, feeding assays using bacterially expressed dsRNAs confirmed that silencing of <em>HvPSMD1</em> and <em>HvProsα2</em> significantly reduced survival rates in both larval and adult stages. The ds<em>HvFusion</em> treatment severely inhibited all developmental stages, including eggs, stunted larval development, reduced body size, and caused morphological deformities. Overall, <em>HvPSMD1</em> and <em>HvProsα2</em> are essential for the growth, development, and reproduction of <em>H. vigintioctopunctata</em>. Simultaneous silencing of both genes using fusion dsRNA significantly enhanced RNAi efficacy, resulting in faster and stronger effects across all developmental stages and providing a strong foundation for developing next-generation, sustainable RNAi-based biopesticides against this pest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106894"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106895
Wenchengxin Liu , Wen Wen , Yuyi Li , Lishu Peng , Wei Xiao
Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important pest mites in the world, and chemical control causes serious resistance. d-limonene, a common component of essential oils, is an emerging botanical acaricide that can elicit olfactory responses in various insects. Peripheral olfactory detection of plant volatiles in insects depends on odorant-binding proteins and odorant receptors. However, research on olfactory mechanisms of mites lags far behind that of insects. This study investigated the roles of odorant-binding proteins and ionotropic receptors (IRs) of T.urticae in olfactory perception of d-limonene. Behavioral and electrophysiological assays showed that female mites could sense d-limonene and exhibit repellent behavior. However, repellent behavior of female mites to d-limonene disappeared after the knockdown of TuOBP-likes. Furthermore, microscale thermophoresis confirmed that the TuOBP-like3 recombinant protein could effectively bind to d-limonene (Kd = 0.022 μM). This suggests that the TuOBP-like3 protein is the odorant-binding protein involved in binding and transport of d-limonene in mites. Additionally, the disappearance of repellent behavior in mites following IR genes knockdown indicating that IRs were probably the olfactory receptors of mites mediating d-limonene olfaction. This study reveals a new peripheral olfactory pattern of plant volatile detection in arthropods, which is mediated by odorant-binding proteins plus ionotropic receptors. This differs from a widely known pattern of odorant-binding proteins plus odorant receptors in various insects. The study also contributes to understand the peripheral olfactory mechanisms of T.urticae and suggests the potential roles of TuOBP-like3 and TuIRs as targets for developing mite behavior regulators.
{"title":"Odorant-binding proteins plus ionotropic receptors mediate olfaction of d-limonene in Tetranychus urticae","authors":"Wenchengxin Liu , Wen Wen , Yuyi Li , Lishu Peng , Wei Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Tetranychus urticae</em> Koch is one of the most important pest mites in the world, and chemical control causes serious resistance. <span>d</span>-limonene, a common component of essential oils, is an emerging botanical acaricide that can elicit olfactory responses in various insects. Peripheral olfactory detection of plant volatiles in insects depends on odorant-binding proteins and odorant receptors. However, research on olfactory mechanisms of mites lags far behind that of insects. This study investigated the roles of odorant-binding proteins and ionotropic receptors (IRs) of <em>T.urticae</em> in olfactory perception of <span>d</span>-limonene. Behavioral and electrophysiological assays showed that female mites could sense <span>d</span>-limonene and exhibit repellent behavior. However, repellent behavior of female mites to <span>d</span>-limonene disappeared after the knockdown of <em>TuOBP-likes</em>. Furthermore, microscale thermophoresis confirmed that the TuOBP-like3 recombinant protein could effectively bind to <span>d</span>-limonene (Kd = 0.022 μM). This suggests that the TuOBP-like3 protein is the odorant-binding protein involved in binding and transport of <span>d</span>-limonene in mites. Additionally, the disappearance of repellent behavior in mites following <em>IR</em> genes knockdown indicating that IRs were probably the olfactory receptors of mites mediating <span>d</span>-limonene olfaction. This study reveals a new peripheral olfactory pattern of plant volatile detection in arthropods, which is mediated by odorant-binding proteins plus ionotropic receptors. This differs from a widely known pattern of odorant-binding proteins plus odorant receptors in various insects. The study also contributes to understand the peripheral olfactory mechanisms of <em>T.urticae</em> and suggests the potential roles of TuOBP-like3 and TuIRs as targets for developing mite behavior regulators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106895"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106893
Xiaoming Zhang , Xuebo Zhang , Xingxing Lu , Tengda Sun , Zhengxin Zhou , Huan Xu , Xinling Yang , Hongxia Duan , Xili Liu , ShuJing Yu , Li Zhang , Yun Ling
Plant pathogenic fungi are becoming increasingly resistant to antifungal agents, necessitating the development of novel fungicides targeting new pathways. 4-chlorocinnamaldehyde thiosemicarbazide (PMDD-5Y) was the first compound reported to control plant pathogenic fungi by inhibiting laccase activity. By utilizing pocket-based lead optimization strategy, this study designed and synthesized a series of novel thiosemicarbazide derivatives containing the natural product benzophenone structure, with PMDD-5Y as the lead compound. Biological activity testing results showed that the target compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against various pathogenic fungi, particularly Valsa mali and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Among them, compound 7i had EC50 values of 0.07 μg/mL and 0.14 μg/mL against S. sclerotiorum and V. mali, respectively, which were superior to the lead compound PMDD-5Y (EC50 = 0.80 μg/mL and 0.52 μg/mL). Moreover, 7i exhibited notable curative and protective effects on S. sclerotiorum and V. mali in vivo. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that 7i caused distortion of hyphal growth and disappearance of septa. Enzyme activity testing demonstrated that compound 7i (IC50 = 21.88 μg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on laccase, which was superior to PMDD-5Y (IC50 = 132.63 μg/mL) and cysteine (IC50 = 39.32 μg/mL). Additionally, molecular docking between 7i and laccase, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were discussed. Overall, this study identified a novel lead compound that can be used to develop laccase-targeting antifungal candidates to control plant pathogenic fungi.
{"title":"Pocket-based lead optimization strategy for the design of laccase inhibitors as potential antifungal agents","authors":"Xiaoming Zhang , Xuebo Zhang , Xingxing Lu , Tengda Sun , Zhengxin Zhou , Huan Xu , Xinling Yang , Hongxia Duan , Xili Liu , ShuJing Yu , Li Zhang , Yun Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant pathogenic fungi are becoming increasingly resistant to antifungal agents, necessitating the development of novel fungicides targeting new pathways. 4-chlorocinnamaldehyde thiosemicarbazide (PMDD-5Y) was the first compound reported to control plant pathogenic fungi by inhibiting laccase activity. By utilizing pocket-based lead optimization strategy, this study designed and synthesized a series of novel thiosemicarbazide derivatives containing the natural product benzophenone structure, with PMDD-5Y as the lead compound. Biological activity testing results showed that the target compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against various pathogenic fungi, particularly <em>Valsa mali</em> and <em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</em>. Among them, compound <strong>7i</strong> had EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.07 μg/mL and 0.14 μg/mL against <em>S. sclerotiorum</em> and <em>V. mali</em>, respectively, which were superior to the lead compound PMDD-5Y (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.80 μg/mL and 0.52 μg/mL). Moreover, <strong>7i</strong> exhibited notable curative and protective effects on <em>S. sclerotiorum</em> and <em>V. mali in vivo</em>. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that <strong>7i</strong> caused distortion of hyphal growth and disappearance of septa. Enzyme activity testing demonstrated that compound <strong>7i</strong> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 21.88 μg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on laccase, which was superior to PMDD-5Y (IC<sub>50</sub> = 132.63 μg/mL) and cysteine (IC<sub>50</sub> = 39.32 μg/mL). Additionally, molecular docking between <strong>7i</strong> and laccase, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were discussed. Overall, this study identified a novel lead compound that can be used to develop laccase-targeting antifungal candidates to control plant pathogenic fungi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106893"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106890
Bingyang Hu , Mingcan Yin , Xuhao Guo , Jia Jiang , Le Qian , Kai He , Shengming Liu
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight, posing significant threats to food security and agricultural development. In this study, gene knockout technology was employed to construct FgNR (nitrate reductase gene) knockout and complemented mutants of F. graminearum to investigate the biological functions of FgNR. The results demonstrated that deletion of FgNR significantly reduced the growth rate and conidial germination rate of F. graminearum. The knockout mutants were unable to grow on basic medium containing only nitrate, while the wild type and complementation grew normally. The growth rate of ΔFgNR was enhanced under NaCl and KCl stress. Furthermore, ΔFgNR exhibited compromised cell membrane and cell wall integrity, as well as reduced tolerance to external oxidants. Additionally, the pathogenicity of ΔFgNR was significantly attenuated, accompanied by decreased deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The expression levels of Tri5 and Tri6 genes were downregulated, whereas the expression level of Tri10 was upregulated in the mutant strain. Compared to the wild-type strain, the knockout mutant exhibited decreased sensitivity to prothioconazole, accompanied by a marked increase in FgCYP51A gene expression. These findings indicate that FgNR plays critical roles in asexual reproduction, pathogenicity, nitrogen source utilization, and responses to abiotic stress and fungicide sensitivity in F. graminearum.
{"title":"FgNR gene regulates growth, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity in Fusarium graminearum","authors":"Bingyang Hu , Mingcan Yin , Xuhao Guo , Jia Jiang , Le Qian , Kai He , Shengming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Fusarium graminearum</em> is the predominant pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight, posing significant threats to food security and agricultural development. In this study, gene knockout technology was employed to construct <em>FgNR</em> (nitrate reductase gene) knockout and complemented mutants of <em>F. graminearum</em> to investigate the biological functions of <em>FgNR</em>. The results demonstrated that deletion of <em>FgNR</em> significantly reduced the growth rate and conidial germination rate of <em>F. graminearum</em>. The knockout mutants were unable to grow on basic medium containing only nitrate, while the wild type and complementation grew normally. The growth rate of <em>ΔFgNR</em> was enhanced under NaCl and KCl stress. Furthermore, <em>ΔFgNR</em> exhibited compromised cell membrane and cell wall integrity, as well as reduced tolerance to external oxidants. Additionally, the pathogenicity of <em>ΔFgNR</em> was significantly attenuated, accompanied by decreased deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The expression levels of <em>Tri5</em> and <em>Tri6</em> genes were downregulated, whereas the expression level of <em>Tri10</em> was upregulated in the mutant strain. Compared to the wild-type strain, the knockout mutant exhibited decreased sensitivity to prothioconazole, accompanied by a marked increase in <em>FgCYP51A</em> gene expression. These findings indicate that <em>FgNR</em> plays critical roles in asexual reproduction, pathogenicity, nitrogen source utilization, and responses to abiotic stress and fungicide sensitivity in <em>F. graminearum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106890"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106892
Yinan Wang , Lin Qi , Fei Liu , Chentong Yan , Fuqiang Zhao , Zhiguo Yu
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is a devastating disease threatening global rice production. Microbial secondary metabolites represent promising alternatives for disease control. Venturicidin A (VentA), isolated from Streptomyces sp. SN5452, has been shown to inhibit the growth of fungal species, but its antifungal activity and mechanism against P. oryzae remain unclear. Here, 135 strains of P. oryzae were isolated from rice-growing areas in Liaoning Province to establish a baseline sensitivity of P. oryzae to VentA, with a unimodal distribution of EC50 values ranging from 0.072 to 0.611 μg/mL and a mean value of 0.185 ± 0.103 μg/mL. VentA significantly suppressed conidiation and appressoria formation, altered hyphal morphology, and impaired cell integrity. At 100 μg/mL, VentA exhibited protective (60.74 %) and curative (55.68 %) efficacy against rice blast. Transcriptomic analysis identified 3449 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which those involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and cellular energy metabolism were significantly downregulated, while DEGs related to ribosome and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were upregulated. Biochemical assays confirmed that VentA inhibited ATP synthesis. VentA may inhibit P. oryzae by suppressing MAPK-mediated host penetration and disrupting cellular energy metabolism, highlighting its potential as an alternative fungicide for rice blast control. This study provides new evidence on the inhibitory mechanisms of VentA against P. oryzae.
{"title":"Inhibitory activity and antifungal mechanism of venturicidin A against Pyricularia oryzae","authors":"Yinan Wang , Lin Qi , Fei Liu , Chentong Yan , Fuqiang Zhao , Zhiguo Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice blast, caused by <em>Pyricularia oryzae</em>, is a devastating disease threatening global rice production. Microbial secondary metabolites represent promising alternatives for disease control. Venturicidin A (VentA), isolated from <em>Streptomyces</em> sp. SN5452, has been shown to inhibit the growth of fungal species, but its antifungal activity and mechanism against <em>P. oryzae</em> remain unclear. Here, 135 strains of <em>P. oryzae</em> were isolated from rice-growing areas in Liaoning Province to establish a baseline sensitivity of <em>P. oryzae</em> to VentA, with a unimodal distribution of EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 0.072 to 0.611 μg/mL and a mean value of 0.185 ± 0.103 μg/mL. VentA significantly suppressed conidiation and appressoria formation, altered hyphal morphology, and impaired cell integrity. At 100 μg/mL, VentA exhibited protective (60.74 %) and curative (55.68 %) efficacy against rice blast. Transcriptomic analysis identified 3449 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which those involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and cellular energy metabolism were significantly downregulated, while DEGs related to ribosome and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were upregulated. Biochemical assays confirmed that VentA inhibited ATP synthesis. VentA may inhibit <em>P. oryzae</em> by suppressing MAPK-mediated host penetration and disrupting cellular energy metabolism, highlighting its potential as an alternative fungicide for rice blast control. This study provides new evidence on the inhibitory mechanisms of VentA against <em>P. oryzae</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106886
Siqi Chen , Mengmei Zhang , Jie Tang , Xuan Yu , Qi Wen , Siqi Huang , Chuanning Peng , Hu Zhou , Qing Zhang
β-Cypermethrin (β-CY), a common food contaminant, presents a serious risks to the ecosystems and human health. Developing efficient and green remediation methods is of great significance for protecting the ecological environment and ensuring food safety. However, there is a notable paucity of cypermethrin-degrading bacterial resources available for application in food systems. In this study, Bacillus velezensis BV-07, isolated from the high-temperature Jiuqu, was found to be non-hemolytic and antibiotic-sensitive. It also exhibited robust environmental tolerance, along with the abilities to inhibit pathogens and produce enzymes. B. velezensis BV-07 demonstrated a remarkable capacity to degrade β-CY, achieving a degradation rate of 79.77 % under optimized conditions. Degradation experiments and the proposed degradation pathway demonstrated that strain B. velezensis BV-07 could efficiently degraded β-CY and its primary degradation products, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, dibutyl phthalate, and phenol, thereby effectively preventing the accumulation of toxic byproducts. Through integrated whole-genome sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and molecular docking analyses, several key catabolic enzymes were identified, such as esterases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and ring-cleaving dioxygenases, which collaboratively contributed to the degradation process. Furthermore, in the apple juice fermentation experiment, supplementation with strain B. velezensis BV-07 reduced β-CY residues by 33.25 %. This study demonstrates that B. velezensis BV-07 can be a promising candidate for the biotreatment of pesticide residues in food systems.
{"title":"A novel probiotic bioremediation strategy for fermented foods: Degradation of β-cypermethrin and its toxic metabolites by Bacillus velezensis BV-07","authors":"Siqi Chen , Mengmei Zhang , Jie Tang , Xuan Yu , Qi Wen , Siqi Huang , Chuanning Peng , Hu Zhou , Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>β-Cypermethrin (β-CY), a common food contaminant, presents a serious risks to the ecosystems and human health. Developing efficient and green remediation methods is of great significance for protecting the ecological environment and ensuring food safety. However, there is a notable paucity of cypermethrin-degrading bacterial resources available for application in food systems. In this study, <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> BV-07, isolated from the high-temperature Jiuqu, was found to be non-hemolytic and antibiotic-sensitive. It also exhibited robust environmental tolerance, along with the abilities to inhibit pathogens and produce enzymes. <em>B. velezensis</em> BV-07 demonstrated a remarkable capacity to degrade β-CY, achieving a degradation rate of 79.77 % under optimized conditions. Degradation experiments and the proposed degradation pathway demonstrated that strain <em>B. velezensis</em> BV-07 could efficiently degraded β-CY and its primary degradation products, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, dibutyl phthalate, and phenol, thereby effectively preventing the accumulation of toxic byproducts. Through integrated whole-genome sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and molecular docking analyses, several key catabolic enzymes were identified, such as esterases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and ring-cleaving dioxygenases, which collaboratively contributed to the degradation process. Furthermore, in the apple juice fermentation experiment, supplementation with strain <em>B. velezensis</em> BV-07 reduced β-CY residues by 33.25 %. This study demonstrates that <em>B. velezensis</em> BV-07 can be a promising candidate for the biotreatment of pesticide residues in food systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106886"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106887
Jingyi Liu , Xin Wang , Xiaoyue Sun, Pengrui Yang, Yuan Li, Wensheng Fang, Aocheng Cao, Qiuxia Wang, Dongdong Yan
Root-knot nematode (RKN) eggs have a multilayered structure that allows them to survive long-term in soil, serving as a major source of reinfestation. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), an efficient and environmentally friendly fumigant alternative to methyl bromide, shows significant inhibitory activity against RKN eggs, yet its ovicidal mechanism remains unclear. This study integrated microscopy, multi-omics, and biochemical assays to evaluate DMDS potency under contact and fumigation treatments. RT-qPCR and biochemical assays were used for validation. Results showed that the 24-h EC50 values of DMDS against eggs were 39.88 mg·L−1 for contact treatment and 7.01 mg·L−1 for Petri dish fumigation, while the 4-d EC50 for soil fumigation was 3.91 mg·kg−1. Morphological analyses showed that DMDS treatment caused surface collapse and loss of structural integrity of the eggshell. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis indicated significant downregulation of chitin synthase and chitin-binding protein genes, consistent with decreased chitinase activity. Furthermore, detoxification pathways, including glutathione metabolism and cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification, were significantly activated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were markedly elevated. In summary, DMDS exerts a multifaceted toxicological effect on nematode eggs: it first penetrates into the egg and induces severe oxidative stress and energy-metabolic imbalance in the embryo, thereby jointly blocking normal embryonic development; this developmental arrest subsequently triggers secondary downstream effects, including disruption of eggshell structure and suppression of chitin biosynthetic processes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of DMDS as a green and efficient fumigant for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes.
根结线虫（RKN）的卵具有多层结构，使它们能够在土壤中长期存活，是再感染的主要来源。二甲基二硫醚（DMDS）是一种高效、环保的熏蒸剂，可替代甲基溴，对RKN卵有明显的抑制作用，但其杀卵机制尚不清楚。本研究结合显微镜、多组学和生化分析来评估接触和熏蒸处理下DMDS的效力。采用RT-qPCR和生化分析进行验证。结果表明，DMDS对鸡蛋的24 h EC50值，接触处理为39.88 mg·L−1，培养皿熏蒸为7.01 mg·L−1，土壤熏蒸4 d EC50值为3.91 mg·kg−1。形态学分析表明，DMDS处理导致蛋壳表面塌陷和结构完整性丧失。转录组学和蛋白质组学分析显示，几丁质合成酶和几丁质结合蛋白基因显著下调，与几丁质酶活性下降一致。此外，解毒途径，包括谷胱甘肽代谢和细胞色素p450介导的解毒，被显著激活。抗氧化酶，包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽s -转移酶（GST）活性显著升高。综上所述，DMDS对线虫卵具有多方面的毒理作用：它首先渗透到线虫卵中，在胚胎中引起严重的氧化应激和能量代谢失衡，从而共同阻碍正常的胚胎发育；这种发育停滞随后引发次生下游效应，包括蛋壳结构的破坏和几丁质生物合成过程的抑制。这些研究结果为DMDS作为一种绿色高效的植物寄生线虫熏蒸剂的应用提供了理论依据。
{"title":"Multi-omics analyses reveal that DMDS-induced embryonic developmental arrest leads to eggshell damage and secondary suppression of chitin biosynthesis in Meloidogyne incognita","authors":"Jingyi Liu , Xin Wang , Xiaoyue Sun, Pengrui Yang, Yuan Li, Wensheng Fang, Aocheng Cao, Qiuxia Wang, Dongdong Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Root-knot nematode (RKN) eggs have a multilayered structure that allows them to survive long-term in soil, serving as a major source of reinfestation. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), an efficient and environmentally friendly fumigant alternative to methyl bromide, shows significant inhibitory activity against RKN eggs, yet its ovicidal mechanism remains unclear. This study integrated microscopy, multi-omics, and biochemical assays to evaluate DMDS potency under contact and fumigation treatments. RT-qPCR and biochemical assays were used for validation. Results showed that the 24-h EC<sub>50</sub> values of DMDS against eggs were 39.88 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> for contact treatment and 7.01 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> for Petri dish fumigation, while the 4-d EC<sub>50</sub> for soil fumigation was 3.91 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup>. Morphological analyses showed that DMDS treatment caused surface collapse and loss of structural integrity of the eggshell. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis indicated significant downregulation of chitin synthase and chitin-binding protein genes, consistent with decreased chitinase activity. Furthermore, detoxification pathways, including glutathione metabolism and cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification, were significantly activated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were markedly elevated. In summary, DMDS exerts a multifaceted toxicological effect on nematode eggs: it first penetrates into the egg and induces severe oxidative stress and energy-metabolic imbalance in the embryo, thereby jointly blocking normal embryonic development; this developmental arrest subsequently triggers secondary downstream effects, including disruption of eggshell structure and suppression of chitin biosynthetic processes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of DMDS as a green and efficient fumigant for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 106887"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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