Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00311
M. Abushhewa, Ibrahim Egfair, Ryad M. Alati, Abdullah Bakoosh, A. A. Alfalos, M. A. Ruaua, Ashraf Naass, Waleed Ra Abusittah
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is wide spectrum cephalosporin that has been used for decades for combating infections caused by broad array of pathogens. In this study, the antibiotic ceftriaxone from three different brands was tested for its effectiveness against strains of bacteria like Streptococcus pyrogenes , Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia . The effectiveness of ceftriaxone was estimated by measuring zone of inhibition and compared with standard disc (BD BBL Sensi-Disc 2004/09). The diameters of the inhibitory zones for all brands were ranged from 20 to 33mm±0.5.The present study showed that there is no significant variation amongst the different brands of ceftriaxone in term of their antibacterial effectiveness.
{"title":"Evaluation the efficacy of three brands of ceftriaxone against various strains of bacteria by measuring zone of inhibition","authors":"M. Abushhewa, Ibrahim Egfair, Ryad M. Alati, Abdullah Bakoosh, A. A. Alfalos, M. A. Ruaua, Ashraf Naass, Waleed Ra Abusittah","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00311","url":null,"abstract":"Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is wide spectrum cephalosporin that has been used for decades for combating infections caused by broad array of pathogens. In this study, the antibiotic ceftriaxone from three different brands was tested for its effectiveness against strains of bacteria like Streptococcus pyrogenes , Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia . The effectiveness of ceftriaxone was estimated by measuring zone of inhibition and compared with standard disc (BD BBL Sensi-Disc 2004/09). The diameters of the inhibitory zones for all brands were ranged from 20 to 33mm±0.5.The present study showed that there is no significant variation amongst the different brands of ceftriaxone in term of their antibacterial effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75918029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00310
J. Darsey, Nouf Masarweh
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive disease that affects neurons and their connections in parts of the brain, specifically the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The purpose of this research is to modify current medications of Alzheimer’s disease with the use of computational modelling. The modifications are concluded to improve the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value which is the concentration needed for the drug to inhibit a specific biological function. Drug design throughout this research has been done on the computational modelling software Gaussian 09. The expected modified IC 50 values are predicted using two methods. First, the functional graph methods utilizing the energies and the experimentally measured IC 50 values producing correlations that result in predicted IC 50 values for the modified drug molecules. The second method involves using an artificial neural network system NETS to predict the IC 50 values of modified drug molecules. Four modified drug molecules resulted in promising outcomes in which the IC 50 values were improved with a value of one order of magnitude and higher. The data obtained shows that computational modelling can be a novel time-saving and significant step for drug discovery.
{"title":"Computational modelling of drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and applications on artificial neural network systems (ANN); NETS","authors":"J. Darsey, Nouf Masarweh","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00310","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive disease that affects neurons and their connections in parts of the brain, specifically the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The purpose of this research is to modify current medications of Alzheimer’s disease with the use of computational modelling. The modifications are concluded to improve the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value which is the concentration needed for the drug to inhibit a specific biological function. Drug design throughout this research has been done on the computational modelling software Gaussian 09. The expected modified IC 50 values are predicted using two methods. First, the functional graph methods utilizing the energies and the experimentally measured IC 50 values producing correlations that result in predicted IC 50 values for the modified drug molecules. The second method involves using an artificial neural network system NETS to predict the IC 50 values of modified drug molecules. Four modified drug molecules resulted in promising outcomes in which the IC 50 values were improved with a value of one order of magnitude and higher. The data obtained shows that computational modelling can be a novel time-saving and significant step for drug discovery.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84033357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00309
Kshama Gupta, Prasad Mamidi
Charaka Samhita is the oldest and most authentic treatise on Ayurveda (an ancient Indian system of medicine). Indriya sthana (prognostic medicine) is one among the eight sections of Charaka samhita and it deals with prognostic aspects. Arishta lakshanas are the signs and symptoms which indicates imminent death. Various psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions are mentioned throughout ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ in a scattered form. Dementia and delirium are commonly seen at terminal stages or at the end-of-life. As indriya sthana deals with terminal illnesses or end-of-life stages, there is a hypothesis that description of conditions like dementia and delirium may be traceable in ‘ Charaka indriya sthana ’. The present study attempts to screen various references pertaining to psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions of ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ and explore their rationality, clinical and prognostic significance in present era. Dementia, Delirium and neuropsychiatric conditions of ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ have been explored in the present study. ‘Dementia’ and ‘Delirium’ are the two most common conditions found through out ‘ Charaka indriya sthana ’. Various references related to other psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions like, ‘Hallucinations’, ‘Trichotillomania’, ‘Bruxism’, ‘Nail biting’, ‘Impulse control disorders’, ‘Major depressive disorder’, ‘Catatonia’ and ‘Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia’. The psychiatric/neuropsychiatric conditions mentioned in ‘C haraka Indriya sthana ’ are characterized by poor prognosis, having irreversible underlying pathology, chronic, progressive and debilitating in nature and commonly found in dying patients or at the end- of-life stages. It seems that psychiatric conditions mentioned in ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ have clinical applicability and prognostic significance in present era also. Further studies are required to substantiate the clinical findings described in ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’.
{"title":"Dementia, delirium & neuropsychiatric conditions in Charaka indriya sthana","authors":"Kshama Gupta, Prasad Mamidi","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00309","url":null,"abstract":"Charaka Samhita is the oldest and most authentic treatise on Ayurveda (an ancient Indian system of medicine). Indriya sthana (prognostic medicine) is one among the eight sections of Charaka samhita and it deals with prognostic aspects. Arishta lakshanas are the signs and symptoms which indicates imminent death. Various psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions are mentioned throughout ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ in a scattered form. Dementia and delirium are commonly seen at terminal stages or at the end-of-life. As indriya sthana deals with terminal illnesses or end-of-life stages, there is a hypothesis that description of conditions like dementia and delirium may be traceable in ‘ Charaka indriya sthana ’. The present study attempts to screen various references pertaining to psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions of ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ and explore their rationality, clinical and prognostic significance in present era. Dementia, Delirium and neuropsychiatric conditions of ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ have been explored in the present study. ‘Dementia’ and ‘Delirium’ are the two most common conditions found through out ‘ Charaka indriya sthana ’. Various references related to other psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions like, ‘Hallucinations’, ‘Trichotillomania’, ‘Bruxism’, ‘Nail biting’, ‘Impulse control disorders’, ‘Major depressive disorder’, ‘Catatonia’ and ‘Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia’. The psychiatric/neuropsychiatric conditions mentioned in ‘C haraka Indriya sthana ’ are characterized by poor prognosis, having irreversible underlying pathology, chronic, progressive and debilitating in nature and commonly found in dying patients or at the end- of-life stages. It seems that psychiatric conditions mentioned in ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’ have clinical applicability and prognostic significance in present era also. Further studies are required to substantiate the clinical findings described in ‘ Charaka Indriya sthana ’.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83341693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00307
Melak Mohammed Al-Busaid, Md. Sohail Akhtar, T. Alam, Wegdan Aly Shehata
This study was conducted to extract, purify, and isolate Curcumin from the plant Curcuma longa and then to formulate a curcumin containing herbal moisturizing cream. Curcuma longa, is a member of Zingiberaceae family; turmeric is derived from their rhizomes. The dark orange color of curcuma is due to the presence of lipophilic, polyphenolic carotenoids known as curcuminoids.1 Curcumin is known to have medicinal effects on a different types of diseases in human, and has shown the anti-proliferative effect in multiple cancers.2 It is therapeutically used in many diseases like amenorrhea, anemia, asthma, dislocation of joints, diabetes, diarrhea, cough, dyspepsia, liver disorder, loss of appetite, cough, bronchitis, hepatitis, ring worm infection, menstrual disorder, tooth ache, urinary infection, skin diseases, scorpion sting, ring worm infection, and weakness of eye sight.3 Curcuma longa usually cultivated in Cambodia, India, South China, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. Normally Turmeric found at the altitude of 500-900 m in Thailand.4
{"title":"Development and evaluation of herbal cream containing Curcumin from Curcuma longa","authors":"Melak Mohammed Al-Busaid, Md. Sohail Akhtar, T. Alam, Wegdan Aly Shehata","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00307","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to extract, purify, and isolate Curcumin from the plant Curcuma longa and then to formulate a curcumin containing herbal moisturizing cream. Curcuma longa, is a member of Zingiberaceae family; turmeric is derived from their rhizomes. The dark orange color of curcuma is due to the presence of lipophilic, polyphenolic carotenoids known as curcuminoids.1 Curcumin is known to have medicinal effects on a different types of diseases in human, and has shown the anti-proliferative effect in multiple cancers.2 It is therapeutically used in many diseases like amenorrhea, anemia, asthma, dislocation of joints, diabetes, diarrhea, cough, dyspepsia, liver disorder, loss of appetite, cough, bronchitis, hepatitis, ring worm infection, menstrual disorder, tooth ache, urinary infection, skin diseases, scorpion sting, ring worm infection, and weakness of eye sight.3 Curcuma longa usually cultivated in Cambodia, India, South China, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. Normally Turmeric found at the altitude of 500-900 m in Thailand.4","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83040410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00306
Sileshi Degu, Asfaw Berihun, R. Muluye, H. Gemeda, E. Debebe, A. Amano, Abiy Abebe, Samuel Woldkidan, Ashenef Tadele
{"title":"Medicinal plants that used as repellent, insecticide and larvicide in Ethiopia","authors":"Sileshi Degu, Asfaw Berihun, R. Muluye, H. Gemeda, E. Debebe, A. Amano, Abiy Abebe, Samuel Woldkidan, Ashenef Tadele","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00306","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"274-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72772587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00305
O. Tm, Khansa Saeed Babiker, Mohamed Dafa Alla Idrees, Babiker Saad Alumagadam
The wound is a suitable site for the incidence of resistance infection. Thus, the research for the finding of effective drugs against this infection is necessary. The study was planned to determine the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of propolis ethanolic extract against three pathogens isolated from patients with wound infection. For the aim of the present study, 26 bacteria (10 S. aureus , 10 P. aeruginosa , 6 K. pneumoniae ) isolated from wound infection were assessed for their sensitivity to 12.5, 25, 50,100, and 200 mg/ml concentrations of propolis extract using broth dilution method. The majority (70%) of S. aureus isolates were showed a MIC and MBC at 100 and 200 mg/ml concentrations of propolis extract, respectively. In contrast, 50% of P. aeruginosa isolates reported MBC at 200 mg/ml. Notably, 66.7% of K. Pneumoniae isolates were resistance to the used concentrations of propolis extract. Accordingly, this study underlined the antimicrobial activity of Propolis ethanol extract against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae isolates. Further deep and confirmatory studies are important.
{"title":"Efficacy of propolis extract against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with wound infection","authors":"O. Tm, Khansa Saeed Babiker, Mohamed Dafa Alla Idrees, Babiker Saad Alumagadam","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00305","url":null,"abstract":"The wound is a suitable site for the incidence of resistance infection. Thus, the research for the finding of effective drugs against this infection is necessary. The study was planned to determine the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of propolis ethanolic extract against three pathogens isolated from patients with wound infection. For the aim of the present study, 26 bacteria (10 S. aureus , 10 P. aeruginosa , 6 K. pneumoniae ) isolated from wound infection were assessed for their sensitivity to 12.5, 25, 50,100, and 200 mg/ml concentrations of propolis extract using broth dilution method. The majority (70%) of S. aureus isolates were showed a MIC and MBC at 100 and 200 mg/ml concentrations of propolis extract, respectively. In contrast, 50% of P. aeruginosa isolates reported MBC at 200 mg/ml. Notably, 66.7% of K. Pneumoniae isolates were resistance to the used concentrations of propolis extract. Accordingly, this study underlined the antimicrobial activity of Propolis ethanol extract against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae isolates. Further deep and confirmatory studies are important.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80275038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00304
M. Donohue
This is a valuable topic that has deserved extensive debate, in order to provide patient safety, a fundamental reason for medical work.1–4 Medical interventions that should benefit patients sometimes cause harm. Errors in medical care can occur in various settings: hospitals, medical offices, nursing homes, pharmacies and patients’ homes or homes, at any point in the treatment process, call it wrong medication, inappropriate treatment, or delay in exams laboratory.5 The error in the administration of medicines is defined as any foreseeable event that can be caused by the inconvenient use or lack of medication that may cause harm to the patient, with the medication being under the control of health professionals, patients or consumers). We must consider errors in prescription, administration or lack of compliance. A recent classification of medication errors divides them into lapses, lapses, and mistakes or violations.6 In retrospect we become aware of errors, but when we make them we are not aware that we are producing them.
{"title":"Errors in the administration and use of medications","authors":"M. Donohue","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00304","url":null,"abstract":"This is a valuable topic that has deserved extensive debate, in order to provide patient safety, a fundamental reason for medical work.1–4 Medical interventions that should benefit patients sometimes cause harm. Errors in medical care can occur in various settings: hospitals, medical offices, nursing homes, pharmacies and patients’ homes or homes, at any point in the treatment process, call it wrong medication, inappropriate treatment, or delay in exams laboratory.5 The error in the administration of medicines is defined as any foreseeable event that can be caused by the inconvenient use or lack of medication that may cause harm to the patient, with the medication being under the control of health professionals, patients or consumers). We must consider errors in prescription, administration or lack of compliance. A recent classification of medication errors divides them into lapses, lapses, and mistakes or violations.6 In retrospect we become aware of errors, but when we make them we are not aware that we are producing them.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76181373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00303
A. W. da Silva, Maria Kueirislene A Ferreira, E. L. Rebouças, Francisca Crislandia O Silva, Carlos Leone A Holanda, Sheila M. Barroso, Joyce dos Reis Lima, Francisco Lucas A Batista, Francisco Rogenio S Mendes, A. Campos, J. E. D. de Menezes, Francisco Ernani A Magalhaes, Sonia Maria C Siqueira, H. S. dos Santos
Abstinence-induced anxiety is a common problem in drug abuse.2 This problem is associated when consumption is discontinued or abruptly reduced, with the occurrence of symptoms such as trembling, anxiety, insomnia, agitation, hypervigilance, irritability, piloerection and, sometimes, seizures.3 Benzodiazepines (GABA receptor agonists) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the drugs of choice for the treatment of anxiety.2 SSRIs are also commonly used to treat depressive disorders.4 However, the chronic use of benzodiazepines causes tolerance, and abrupt treatment discontinuation may lead to withdrawal syndrome.5 On the other hand, the chronic use of SSRIs can result in considerable side effects,6 therefore the search for new compounds with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties that cause fewer adverse effects continues.7 Animal models are used for the assessment of new anxiolytic drugs. These pre-clinical models and screening tests support the studies, since clinical trials are expensive,8 especially regarding the central nervous system therapy.9 Currently, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used in behavioral neuroscience, including research involving the brain and psychopharmacology.9 This vertebrate animal is considered a significant model in preclinical studies, because its genotype has 70% homology with mammalian neurotransmitter receptors.10
{"title":"Anxiolytic-like effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem, Meliaceae) bark on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): participation of the Serotoninergic and GABAergic systems ","authors":"A. W. da Silva, Maria Kueirislene A Ferreira, E. L. Rebouças, Francisca Crislandia O Silva, Carlos Leone A Holanda, Sheila M. Barroso, Joyce dos Reis Lima, Francisco Lucas A Batista, Francisco Rogenio S Mendes, A. Campos, J. E. D. de Menezes, Francisco Ernani A Magalhaes, Sonia Maria C Siqueira, H. S. dos Santos","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00303","url":null,"abstract":"Abstinence-induced anxiety is a common problem in drug abuse.2 This problem is associated when consumption is discontinued or abruptly reduced, with the occurrence of symptoms such as trembling, anxiety, insomnia, agitation, hypervigilance, irritability, piloerection and, sometimes, seizures.3 Benzodiazepines (GABA receptor agonists) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the drugs of choice for the treatment of anxiety.2 SSRIs are also commonly used to treat depressive disorders.4 However, the chronic use of benzodiazepines causes tolerance, and abrupt treatment discontinuation may lead to withdrawal syndrome.5 On the other hand, the chronic use of SSRIs can result in considerable side effects,6 therefore the search for new compounds with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties that cause fewer adverse effects continues.7 Animal models are used for the assessment of new anxiolytic drugs. These pre-clinical models and screening tests support the studies, since clinical trials are expensive,8 especially regarding the central nervous system therapy.9 Currently, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used in behavioral neuroscience, including research involving the brain and psychopharmacology.9 This vertebrate animal is considered a significant model in preclinical studies, because its genotype has 70% homology with mammalian neurotransmitter receptors.10","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79776508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-26DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00302
T. Kumar, M. C. Eswaraiah
Terbinafine hydrochloride is an antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The oral use of Terbinafine hydrochloride is not recommended as it has many potential side effects and undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism. This study was conducted to formulate and evaluate Terbinafine hydrochloride topical hydrogel for treatment of fungal infection of skin. The gel was formulated by using different gelling agents like HPMC, Sodium CMC and Polaxomer in three different concentrations. The prepared hydrogel formulations were evaluated for physico chemical parameters like physical appearance, pH, skin irritation, drug release, drug content and rheological parameters like spredability and extrudability. Antifungal activity of the prepared gels was evaluated using Candida as model fungus. The in vitro drug release from gels was evaluated using Franz diffusion cell containing cellophane membrane with phosphate buffer pH 5.8 as the receptor medium. Drug-excipients compatibility studies were performed by DSC and FT-IR analysis. All gel formulations showed acceptable physico chemical and rheological properties and results were found to be within the limits. The drug release was found to decrease with increase in polymer concentration. Among all the gel formulations Polaxomer showed superior drug release than followed by HPMC and sodium CMC. Formulation F4 shows the highest antifungal activity. Drug-excipients compatibility studies showed that there no interaction between the drug ad selected excipients.
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of topical hydrogel containing antifungal drug","authors":"T. Kumar, M. C. Eswaraiah","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00302","url":null,"abstract":"Terbinafine hydrochloride is an antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The oral use of Terbinafine hydrochloride is not recommended as it has many potential side effects and undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism. This study was conducted to formulate and evaluate Terbinafine hydrochloride topical hydrogel for treatment of fungal infection of skin. The gel was formulated by using different gelling agents like HPMC, Sodium CMC and Polaxomer in three different concentrations. The prepared hydrogel formulations were evaluated for physico chemical parameters like physical appearance, pH, skin irritation, drug release, drug content and rheological parameters like spredability and extrudability. Antifungal activity of the prepared gels was evaluated using Candida as model fungus. The in vitro drug release from gels was evaluated using Franz diffusion cell containing cellophane membrane with phosphate buffer pH 5.8 as the receptor medium. Drug-excipients compatibility studies were performed by DSC and FT-IR analysis. All gel formulations showed acceptable physico chemical and rheological properties and results were found to be within the limits. The drug release was found to decrease with increase in polymer concentration. Among all the gel formulations Polaxomer showed superior drug release than followed by HPMC and sodium CMC. Formulation F4 shows the highest antifungal activity. Drug-excipients compatibility studies showed that there no interaction between the drug ad selected excipients.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73957491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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