The tides of cancer treatment are turning with proteins emerging as a stalwart component of biomedicine, poised to replace conventional chemotherapeutics. This editorial delves into the transformative potential of proteins in the field of biomedicine, highlighting their crucial role in personalized and targeted cancer therapies that hold the key to improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Biomedicine enables precision medicine by tailoring treatments based on the unique genetic makeup of individual patients. Targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and gene therapies, hold the promise of attacking cancer cells with unprecedented accuracy, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Monoclonal antibodies, a key class of proteins, epitomize the precision targeting made possible by biomedicine. These engineered proteins seek out specific cancer cells, binding to surface markers with high affinity. This targeted approach minimizes collateral damage to healthy tissues, a notable advantage over the systemic impact of traditional chemotherapeutics [1]. Proteins play a pivotal role in unleashing the power of the immune system through immunotherapy. Checkpoint inhibitors, designed as protein-based drugs, disrupt the signals that cancer cells use to evade immune detection. This reinvigorates the body's natural defense mechanisms, leading to sustained and specific anti-cancer responses [2]. At the forefront of biomedicine, CAR-T cell therapy involves engineering patients' own T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which are essentially protein structures. These receptors enable T cells to recognize and eliminate cancer cells with remarkable precision, showcasing the potential of protein-based therapies in reshaping cancer treatment strategies [3]. Proteins also serve as crucial biomarkers, offering insights into a patient's unique cancer profile. This information guides the development of personalized protein therapies tailored to target specific molecular vulnerabilities. Unlike the broad-spectrum nature of chemotherapeutics, proteins as biomedicine allows for more nuanced interventions. This individualized approach holds great promise for optimizing treatment outcomes and minimizing adverse effects. Several proteins are commercially available as biomedicines for cancer treatment. Trastuzumab is monoclonal antibody target the HER2 protein used in breast cancer. Rituximab target the CD20 protein on B cells. Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1 protein and used in various cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer, and head and neck cancers. Daratumumab target CD38 protein on myeloma cells and it is approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. These examples represent a fraction of the protein-based biomedicines available for cancer treatment. Despite the strides made in protein-based biomedicine, challenges such as cost, manufacturing complexities, and potential side effects persist. Ongoing research into
随着蛋白质成为生物医学的重要组成部分，癌症治疗的潮流正在发生转变，蛋白质有望取代传统的化疗药物。这篇社论深入探讨了蛋白质在生物医学领域的变革潜力，强调了蛋白质在个性化和靶向癌症疗法中的关键作用，这些疗法是提高疗效和减少副作用的关键。生物医学可根据个体患者的独特基因构成量身定制治疗方案，从而实现精准医疗。单克隆抗体和基因疗法等靶向疗法有望以前所未有的精确度攻击癌细胞，最大限度地减少对健康组织的损害。单克隆抗体是一类重要的蛋白质，是生物医学实现精准靶向的缩影。这些经过改造的蛋白质会寻找特定的癌细胞，并以高亲和力与表面标志物结合。这种靶向方法最大程度地减少了对健康组织的附带损害，与传统化疗药物的全身性影响相比，优势明显[1]。 蛋白质在通过免疫疗法释放免疫系统的力量方面发挥着关键作用。检查点抑制剂是以蛋白质为基础设计的药物，它能破坏癌细胞用来逃避免疫检测的信号。这将重振人体的天然防御机制，从而产生持续、特异的抗癌反应[2]。作为生物医学的前沿技术，CAR-T 细胞疗法涉及对患者自身的 T 细胞进行工程改造，使其表达嵌合抗原受体（CAR），CAR 本质上是一种蛋白质结构。这些受体使 T 细胞能够识别并精确地消灭癌细胞，从而展示了基于蛋白质的疗法在重塑癌症治疗策略方面的潜力[3]。蛋白质也是重要的生物标志物，可帮助了解患者独特的癌症特征。这些信息为开发针对特定分子弱点的个性化蛋白质疗法提供了指导。与化疗药物的广谱性不同，蛋白质作为生物医药可以进行更细致的干预。这种个体化方法为优化治疗效果和减少不良反应带来了巨大希望。目前已有几种蛋白质作为生物医药用于癌症治疗。曲妥珠单抗是一种针对乳腺癌 HER2 蛋白的单克隆抗体。利妥昔单抗（Rituximab）靶向 B 细胞上的 CD20 蛋白。Pembrolizumab 是一种以 PD-1 蛋白为靶点的免疫检查点抑制剂，用于治疗各种癌症，包括黑色素瘤、肺癌和头颈部癌症。Daratumumab 靶向骨髓瘤细胞上的 CD38 蛋白，已被批准用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤。这些例子只是可用于治疗癌症的基于蛋白质的生物医药的一小部分。 尽管基于蛋白质的生物医药取得了长足进步，但成本、生产复杂性和潜在副作用等挑战依然存在。要充分发挥蛋白质作为癌症治疗基石的潜力，就必须不断研究完善蛋白质疗法、优化给药方法并应对这些挑战。蛋白质作为生物医药的最前沿，正在重塑癌症治疗的格局。从单克隆抗体的精确靶向到生物标记驱动疗法的个性化潜力，基于蛋白质的干预时代预示着抗击癌症的新曙光。随着研究的进展和挑战的应对，蛋白质将成为取代化疗药物的先锋，为改善患者预后和转变肿瘤治疗模式带来新的希望。
{"title":"Proteins as Vanguard: Biomedicine’s Revolutionary role in Cancer Treatment","authors":"Khizar Hayat","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i11.980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i11.980","url":null,"abstract":"The tides of cancer treatment are turning with proteins emerging as a stalwart component of biomedicine, poised to replace conventional chemotherapeutics. This editorial delves into the transformative potential of proteins in the field of biomedicine, highlighting their crucial role in personalized and targeted cancer therapies that hold the key to improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Biomedicine enables precision medicine by tailoring treatments based on the unique genetic makeup of individual patients. Targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and gene therapies, hold the promise of attacking cancer cells with unprecedented accuracy, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Monoclonal antibodies, a key class of proteins, epitomize the precision targeting made possible by biomedicine. These engineered proteins seek out specific cancer cells, binding to surface markers with high affinity. This targeted approach minimizes collateral damage to healthy tissues, a notable advantage over the systemic impact of traditional chemotherapeutics [1]. Proteins play a pivotal role in unleashing the power of the immune system through immunotherapy. Checkpoint inhibitors, designed as protein-based drugs, disrupt the signals that cancer cells use to evade immune detection. This reinvigorates the body's natural defense mechanisms, leading to sustained and specific anti-cancer responses [2]. At the forefront of biomedicine, CAR-T cell therapy involves engineering patients' own T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which are essentially protein structures. These receptors enable T cells to recognize and eliminate cancer cells with remarkable precision, showcasing the potential of protein-based therapies in reshaping cancer treatment strategies [3]. Proteins also serve as crucial biomarkers, offering insights into a patient's unique cancer profile. This information guides the development of personalized protein therapies tailored to target specific molecular vulnerabilities. Unlike the broad-spectrum nature of chemotherapeutics, proteins as biomedicine allows for more nuanced interventions. This individualized approach holds great promise for optimizing treatment outcomes and minimizing adverse effects. Several proteins are commercially available as biomedicines for cancer treatment. Trastuzumab is monoclonal antibody target the HER2 protein used in breast cancer. Rituximab target the CD20 protein on B cells. Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1 protein and used in various cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer, and head and neck cancers. Daratumumab target CD38 protein on myeloma cells and it is approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. These examples represent a fraction of the protein-based biomedicines available for cancer treatment. Despite the strides made in protein-based biomedicine, challenges such as cost, manufacturing complexities, and potential side effects persist. Ongoing research into","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139207565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tayyab Naseem Bhatti, Muhammad Naeem, Nimra Urooj Akhtar, Asif Hanif
Short birth intervals are independently associated with increased risk of adverse maternal, perinatal, infant and child outcomes. Maternal anemia is one of the commonest complications of short birth spacing that further can enhance the risk of poor fetal and maternal outcome. Objective: To determine the effect of short birth spacing on maternal anemia at District Headquarters Hospital Nankana Sahib. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done at Gynecology and obstetrics Department of District Headquarters Hospital Nankana sahib. A total of 135 pregnant women of 18 to 40 years’ age, 18 to 59 months of inter-pregnancy intervals were included. All the demographic and clinical data was collected according to predesigned questionnaire. Results: In this study all females were anemic, whereas there were 57(42.22%) females had mild anemia, 61(45.19%) females had moderate and 17(12.59%) females had severe anemia. There was association between severity of Hb levels with higher age group, lower socioeconomic status, previous history of vaginal + C-section and females with third trimester. Moreover, there was significantly negative correlation between Hb levels and higher gravida, p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusions: Itis concluded from the results of our study that all mothers had different degrees of anemia. There was a statistically significant association between severity of Hb levels with higher age group, lower socioeconomic status, previous history of vaginal + C-section and females with third trimester (p < 0.05). While, no significant association and a negative correlation was found between Hb levels and multigravida (r = - 0.181 & p = 0.035).
{"title":"Impact of Short Birth Spacing on Maternal Anemia at District Head Quarters Hospital Nankana Sahib","authors":"Tayyab Naseem Bhatti, Muhammad Naeem, Nimra Urooj Akhtar, Asif Hanif","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i11.960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i11.960","url":null,"abstract":"Short birth intervals are independently associated with increased risk of adverse maternal, perinatal, infant and child outcomes. Maternal anemia is one of the commonest complications of short birth spacing that further can enhance the risk of poor fetal and maternal outcome. Objective: To determine the effect of short birth spacing on maternal anemia at District Headquarters Hospital Nankana Sahib. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done at Gynecology and obstetrics Department of District Headquarters Hospital Nankana sahib. A total of 135 pregnant women of 18 to 40 years’ age, 18 to 59 months of inter-pregnancy intervals were included. All the demographic and clinical data was collected according to predesigned questionnaire. Results: In this study all females were anemic, whereas there were 57(42.22%) females had mild anemia, 61(45.19%) females had moderate and 17(12.59%) females had severe anemia. There was association between severity of Hb levels with higher age group, lower socioeconomic status, previous history of vaginal + C-section and females with third trimester. Moreover, there was significantly negative correlation between Hb levels and higher gravida, p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusions: Itis concluded from the results of our study that all mothers had different degrees of anemia. There was a statistically significant association between severity of Hb levels with higher age group, lower socioeconomic status, previous history of vaginal + C-section and females with third trimester (p < 0.05). While, no significant association and a negative correlation was found between Hb levels and multigravida (r = - 0.181 & p = 0.035).","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fazal Rehman, Ghulam Hussain, Muheebur Rehman, Rida Shabbir, Zardad Khan, Saif Ullah, Majeeda Ghani
Amputation a loss of limb, results in chronic pain and disability of the limbs. People with amputations are limited in their daily mobility, and quality of life. Objective: To determine the mobility status in people with lower limb amputation using prosthesis. Methods: A total of 37 participants, both male and female with lower limb amputation and using lower limb prosthesis for four weeks or longer, took part in this cross-sectional study, conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Prosthetic and Orthotic Sciences Peshawar from 2020. Demographic data together with cause for amputation, time of use of prosthesis and employment status was determined by the researchers via a structured pre tested questionnaire after consent. Results: A total sample of 37 participants, 27 males (73%) and 10 females (27%), was collected where the mean age of participants was 43.65 ±14.72. Among the 37 participants, 30 (81.1%) were married and 7(18.9%) were unmarried. A total of 32(86.5%) participants underwent below-knee amputation while 5(13.5%) participants had above-knee amputation. The causes of amputation were bomb blast (n=8), diabetes (n=11), RTA (n=9) and bullet injury (n=9). All the participants underwent rehabilitation. A total of 2 participants (5.4%) experienced high difficulty in mobility, 24 participants (64.9 %) had moderate difficulty and 11 participants (29.7 %) had little difficulty. Conclusions: Perceived status of mobility was moderate (64.9%) in most of the prosthesis users. About 29.7% had little difficulty and very few number (5.4%) had high difficulty using prosthesis.
{"title":"Status of Mobility in Patients with Lower Limb Amputation Using Prostheses","authors":"Fazal Rehman, Ghulam Hussain, Muheebur Rehman, Rida Shabbir, Zardad Khan, Saif Ullah, Majeeda Ghani","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.955","url":null,"abstract":"Amputation a loss of limb, results in chronic pain and disability of the limbs. People with amputations are limited in their daily mobility, and quality of life. Objective: To determine the mobility status in people with lower limb amputation using prosthesis. Methods: A total of 37 participants, both male and female with lower limb amputation and using lower limb prosthesis for four weeks or longer, took part in this cross-sectional study, conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Prosthetic and Orthotic Sciences Peshawar from 2020. Demographic data together with cause for amputation, time of use of prosthesis and employment status was determined by the researchers via a structured pre tested questionnaire after consent. Results: A total sample of 37 participants, 27 males (73%) and 10 females (27%), was collected where the mean age of participants was 43.65 ±14.72. Among the 37 participants, 30 (81.1%) were married and 7(18.9%) were unmarried. A total of 32(86.5%) participants underwent below-knee amputation while 5(13.5%) participants had above-knee amputation. The causes of amputation were bomb blast (n=8), diabetes (n=11), RTA (n=9) and bullet injury (n=9). All the participants underwent rehabilitation. A total of 2 participants (5.4%) experienced high difficulty in mobility, 24 participants (64.9 %) had moderate difficulty and 11 participants (29.7 %) had little difficulty. Conclusions: Perceived status of mobility was moderate (64.9%) in most of the prosthesis users. About 29.7% had little difficulty and very few number (5.4%) had high difficulty using prosthesis.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139307925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quality sleep with good mental health plays an important role for university students. Objective: To determine the impact of COVID-19 on the sleep quality of university students in Hyderabad and adjoining areas. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Sindh from December 2020 to February 2021 during the peak period of COVID-19. There were a total of 232 randomly selected male and female university students during the research work. The data were statistically calculated in percent and frequencies by using SPSS software version-21. The statistical difference was determined by applying a chi-square test and the p-value of < 0.05 was set as significant. Results: The majority (63%) of males were spending 8-9 hours on sleeping. Most of the females (52%) were spending less time (4-5 hours) on sleeping. Day naps were common in men compared to women and also 25% of males were taking sleeping pills frequently. About 27% of males and 8% of females reported headaches on waking up in the morning. Females were going early for sleeping compared to males. Conclusions: COVID-19 affected the sleep that might have also impacted the mental health of male and female university students during a stressful pandemic situation of COVID-19.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the Sleep and Mental Status of University Students","authors":"Autif Hussain Mangi, Fahim Ullah Khan, Laiq Zaman","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.962","url":null,"abstract":"Quality sleep with good mental health plays an important role for university students. Objective: To determine the impact of COVID-19 on the sleep quality of university students in Hyderabad and adjoining areas. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Sindh from December 2020 to February 2021 during the peak period of COVID-19. There were a total of 232 randomly selected male and female university students during the research work. The data were statistically calculated in percent and frequencies by using SPSS software version-21. The statistical difference was determined by applying a chi-square test and the p-value of < 0.05 was set as significant. Results: The majority (63%) of males were spending 8-9 hours on sleeping. Most of the females (52%) were spending less time (4-5 hours) on sleeping. Day naps were common in men compared to women and also 25% of males were taking sleeping pills frequently. About 27% of males and 8% of females reported headaches on waking up in the morning. Females were going early for sleeping compared to males. Conclusions: COVID-19 affected the sleep that might have also impacted the mental health of male and female university students during a stressful pandemic situation of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sameen Arshad, Aroosa Kanwal, Muhammad Ijaz, Sania Maqbool, Tamknat Ilyas
Nocturnal Leg cramps are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that occur in the legs while sleeping, most particularly in the calves. The soreness usually lasts less than five minutes and occurs before or immediately after you fall asleep. They most commonly affect the calf muscles but can also affect the foot and thighs. Leg cramps can affect anybody at any age, but as people become older, they become more common and often more severe. Objective: To study the prevalence and risk factors of nocturnal leg cramps in young adults in Punjab. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study; data were collected from cities of Punjab. 300 men and women of age 20 to 40 years were included who have nocturnal leg cramps. Results: The prevalence of nocturnal leg cramps was 47.3% according to this study. Nocturnal leg cramps are closely related to 3 to 4 hours of standing without changing body posture. Conclusions: Research demonstrates that teachers, workers, and medical professionals were more likely to experience nocturnal leg cramps. Prolonged standing and footwear were linked risk factors.
{"title":"Nocturnal Leg Cramps in Young Adults","authors":"Sameen Arshad, Aroosa Kanwal, Muhammad Ijaz, Sania Maqbool, Tamknat Ilyas","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.894","url":null,"abstract":"Nocturnal Leg cramps are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that occur in the legs while sleeping, most particularly in the calves. The soreness usually lasts less than five minutes and occurs before or immediately after you fall asleep. They most commonly affect the calf muscles but can also affect the foot and thighs. Leg cramps can affect anybody at any age, but as people become older, they become more common and often more severe. Objective: To study the prevalence and risk factors of nocturnal leg cramps in young adults in Punjab. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study; data were collected from cities of Punjab. 300 men and women of age 20 to 40 years were included who have nocturnal leg cramps. Results: The prevalence of nocturnal leg cramps was 47.3% according to this study. Nocturnal leg cramps are closely related to 3 to 4 hours of standing without changing body posture. Conclusions: Research demonstrates that teachers, workers, and medical professionals were more likely to experience nocturnal leg cramps. Prolonged standing and footwear were linked risk factors.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139309515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nimra Naeem, Muhammad Bilal, Asra Abbas, Fatima Raza
Insomnia is most common sleep disorder effecting many lives. Various factors contribute in our sleep cycle like stress, daily activity, workload, use of gadgets/ screen time and many more. If your circadian rhythm got disturbed it will affect your sleep cycle. It might lead to many health issues, fatigue, decline in cognitive function. Now a day’s adults along with youth are having insomnia issues due to multiple reasons. If it remains untreated it will affect your quality of life. Since long pharmacological therapies are used that will have negative effect on longer run so herbs like valarine, chamomile and lavenders are now being used because of their sedative properties it acts on nervous system and help to get rid of insomnia. Herbs have gained popularity as its natural and help sleep better.
{"title":"Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Remedies for the Management of Sleep Deprivation in Insomnia","authors":"Nimra Naeem, Muhammad Bilal, Asra Abbas, Fatima Raza","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.949","url":null,"abstract":"Insomnia is most common sleep disorder effecting many lives. Various factors contribute in our sleep cycle like stress, daily activity, workload, use of gadgets/ screen time and many more. If your circadian rhythm got disturbed it will affect your sleep cycle. It might lead to many health issues, fatigue, decline in cognitive function. Now a day’s adults along with youth are having insomnia issues due to multiple reasons. If it remains untreated it will affect your quality of life. Since long pharmacological therapies are used that will have negative effect on longer run so herbs like valarine, chamomile and lavenders are now being used because of their sedative properties it acts on nervous system and help to get rid of insomnia. Herbs have gained popularity as its natural and help sleep better.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139306373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muddasar Wahab, Anwaar Iftikhar, Raja Tahir Mehmood, Fozia Ibrahim, Syed Wajahat Ullah, Rana Hissan Ullah, Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Ali, Rida Farooq, Mehvish Mumtaz
The human commonly consume fruits as food. Indigenous microbes are responsible for the spoilage of fruits. If bacteria spoil consumed fruit, they can cause infections in the human body that may lead to severe consequences. Some commercially available drugs are effective against an infection, and some show no or little effect. Objective: To check the efficacy of locally available drugs against indigenous microbes that are commonly responsible for infections in natives. Methods: Microbes isolated from rotten fruits are used to check that the antibiotics available in our market are effective against them. Different antibiotics are used against these bacteria. Control antibiotics determine the efficacy of each antibiotic. Results: All the antibiotics are effective but to a different extent. The presence of the active compound in the drug determines its effectiveness. If the active compound is present in pure form and adequate amounts in the dosage of the drug, it will be effective. Bacteria become resistant to the drugs, which is the major issue faced. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance and specificity of drugs are also important factors that determine the efficacy of the drugs. Antibiotic resistance is influenced by the uncontrolled, unnecessary, and recommended use of antibiotics in society. The specificity of the drug to the microbes also contributes to the effectiveness of antibiotics.
{"title":"Antibiotic Efficacy of Commercially Available Antibiotics on Indigenous Microbes Isolated from Rotten Fruits","authors":"Muddasar Wahab, Anwaar Iftikhar, Raja Tahir Mehmood, Fozia Ibrahim, Syed Wajahat Ullah, Rana Hissan Ullah, Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Ali, Rida Farooq, Mehvish Mumtaz","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.948","url":null,"abstract":"The human commonly consume fruits as food. Indigenous microbes are responsible for the spoilage of fruits. If bacteria spoil consumed fruit, they can cause infections in the human body that may lead to severe consequences. Some commercially available drugs are effective against an infection, and some show no or little effect. Objective: To check the efficacy of locally available drugs against indigenous microbes that are commonly responsible for infections in natives. Methods: Microbes isolated from rotten fruits are used to check that the antibiotics available in our market are effective against them. Different antibiotics are used against these bacteria. Control antibiotics determine the efficacy of each antibiotic. Results: All the antibiotics are effective but to a different extent. The presence of the active compound in the drug determines its effectiveness. If the active compound is present in pure form and adequate amounts in the dosage of the drug, it will be effective. Bacteria become resistant to the drugs, which is the major issue faced. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance and specificity of drugs are also important factors that determine the efficacy of the drugs. Antibiotic resistance is influenced by the uncontrolled, unnecessary, and recommended use of antibiotics in society. The specificity of the drug to the microbes also contributes to the effectiveness of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"314 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahnoor Tariq, Sara Hussain, Maida Shabbir, Shabah Surriya
The level of services delivered by physiotherapists to recipients is stated by the satisfaction of patient but patient satisfaction studies are lacking within physiotherapy domain in public and private hospitals in Pakistan. Objective: To ascertain patient’s satisfaction with physiotherapy services and to compare the results in this context between public and private hospitals. Methods: This cross- sectional observational study was conducted in 3 public and 3 private hospitals of Lahore in a time period of three months. Total 148 patients were evaluated, 74 from the public hospitals and 74 from the private hospitals. The 5- point Likert scale was used in patients to identify patient satisfaction from physiotherapy services. Results: The study indicated that the level of satisfaction of patients who are receiving physiotherapy services is higher in private hospitals than in public hospitals. 95.8% of the patients were satisfied with the physiotherapy services received from private hospitals and only 20.6 % of the patients receiving physiotherapy services from public hospitals were satisfied with their treatment. Conclusions: Patient satisfaction is an essential domain of the extent of quality of care. So, it must be appraised on time to offer better facilities to the patients. There was a high level of satisfaction described by patient receiving Outpatient Physiotherapy Department (OPD) services in private hospitals while most of the patients receiving OPD services from public hospitals were dissatisfied with their treatment.
{"title":"Patient Satisfaction with Physiotherapy Services: A Comparative Study between Public and Private Hospitals","authors":"Mahnoor Tariq, Sara Hussain, Maida Shabbir, Shabah Surriya","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.951","url":null,"abstract":"The level of services delivered by physiotherapists to recipients is stated by the satisfaction of patient but patient satisfaction studies are lacking within physiotherapy domain in public and private hospitals in Pakistan. Objective: To ascertain patient’s satisfaction with physiotherapy services and to compare the results in this context between public and private hospitals. Methods: This cross- sectional observational study was conducted in 3 public and 3 private hospitals of Lahore in a time period of three months. Total 148 patients were evaluated, 74 from the public hospitals and 74 from the private hospitals. The 5- point Likert scale was used in patients to identify patient satisfaction from physiotherapy services. Results: The study indicated that the level of satisfaction of patients who are receiving physiotherapy services is higher in private hospitals than in public hospitals. 95.8% of the patients were satisfied with the physiotherapy services received from private hospitals and only 20.6 % of the patients receiving physiotherapy services from public hospitals were satisfied with their treatment. Conclusions: Patient satisfaction is an essential domain of the extent of quality of care. So, it must be appraised on time to offer better facilities to the patients. There was a high level of satisfaction described by patient receiving Outpatient Physiotherapy Department (OPD) services in private hospitals while most of the patients receiving OPD services from public hospitals were dissatisfied with their treatment.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139306948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For forty years, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has posed a threat to world health, resulting in unimaginable misery and fatalities. Significant advancements in the knowledge and treatment of HIV/AIDS have been accomplished since the early stages of the epidemic. One of the most important aspects of the fight against AIDS is still stopping the spread of HIV. HIV prevention has undergone a revolutionary change with the advent of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). In high-risk groups, PrEP dramatically lowers the risk of HIV infection when taken as directed. Furthermore, increasing condom usage and safe sex practices brought about by awareness-raising and education efforts have helped to reduce the number of new HIV infections in many areas. Disparities in access to preventative resources still exist, however, which highlights the need of ongoing efforts to ensure that everyone may use these treatments [1]. Treatment for HIV/AIDS has come a long way in the last several decades. The mainstay of addressing the disease is antiretroviral treatment (ART), which has changed it from a fatal illness to a chronic one. The quality of life and life expectancy of patients have improved with the development of new, more effective, and less toxic antiretroviral medications. In addition, the use of multi-drug regimens has improved viral suppression and decreased the risk of treatment resistance. Treatment plans now include targeted therapies in addition to medicine, such using CRISPR or other gene editing technologies to attack the virus at its genetic core. Additionally, the creation of long-acting injectable ART formulations has improved treatment compliance, lessening the strain on patients and medical systems [2]. Notwithstanding these developments, problems including medication resistance, treatment accessibility, and the persistence of latent viral reservoirs still exist. To get over these challenges and get one step closer to the ultimate objective of a workable treatment, research must continue. Many nations are making progress toward these goals, but there is still more to be done, especially in areas with weak healthcare systems. In addition to medical treatments, elimination calls for tackling the societal factors that contribute to the illness, such as inequality, stigma, and prejudice. Addressing these more general concerns, encouraging thorough sex education, and enabling communities to speak out for their own health are all necessary components of effective eradication initiatives. There has been a great deal of advancement in the prevention, treatment, and eradication of HIV/AIDS in the battle against the disease. To reach the ultimate objective of an AIDS-free world, however, more research and cooperation between scientists, medical professionals, legislators, and communities are required. Looking back over the last forty years, we should be encouraged by the advancements and reaffirm our commitment to making sure that HIV/AIDS do
{"title":"Advancements in the Fight against HIV/AIDS","authors":"Riffat Mehboob","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.961","url":null,"abstract":"For forty years, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has posed a threat to world health, resulting in unimaginable misery and fatalities. Significant advancements in the knowledge and treatment of HIV/AIDS have been accomplished since the early stages of the epidemic. One of the most important aspects of the fight against AIDS is still stopping the spread of HIV. HIV prevention has undergone a revolutionary change with the advent of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). In high-risk groups, PrEP dramatically lowers the risk of HIV infection when taken as directed. Furthermore, increasing condom usage and safe sex practices brought about by awareness-raising and education efforts have helped to reduce the number of new HIV infections in many areas. Disparities in access to preventative resources still exist, however, which highlights the need of ongoing efforts to ensure that everyone may use these treatments [1]. Treatment for HIV/AIDS has come a long way in the last several decades. The mainstay of addressing the disease is antiretroviral treatment (ART), which has changed it from a fatal illness to a chronic one. The quality of life and life expectancy of patients have improved with the development of new, more effective, and less toxic antiretroviral medications. In addition, the use of multi-drug regimens has improved viral suppression and decreased the risk of treatment resistance. Treatment plans now include targeted therapies in addition to medicine, such using CRISPR or other gene editing technologies to attack the virus at its genetic core. Additionally, the creation of long-acting injectable ART formulations has improved treatment compliance, lessening the strain on patients and medical systems [2]. Notwithstanding these developments, problems including medication resistance, treatment accessibility, and the persistence of latent viral reservoirs still exist. To get over these challenges and get one step closer to the ultimate objective of a workable treatment, research must continue. Many nations are making progress toward these goals, but there is still more to be done, especially in areas with weak healthcare systems. In addition to medical treatments, elimination calls for tackling the societal factors that contribute to the illness, such as inequality, stigma, and prejudice. Addressing these more general concerns, encouraging thorough sex education, and enabling communities to speak out for their own health are all necessary components of effective eradication initiatives. There has been a great deal of advancement in the prevention, treatment, and eradication of HIV/AIDS in the battle against the disease. To reach the ultimate objective of an AIDS-free world, however, more research and cooperation between scientists, medical professionals, legislators, and communities are required. Looking back over the last forty years, we should be encouraged by the advancements and reaffirm our commitment to making sure that HIV/AIDS do","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139306917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ineffective treatments and the management of adverse drug reactions are responsible for a large proportion of health resources. Drug response and toxicity are significantly influenced by genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets. This information may be used to help in selecting the appropriate drug and dosage. One of the newest methods of precision medicine is pharmacogenomics, which adjusts drug selection and dosage based on a patient's genetic characteristics. Pharmacogenomics can reduce the chances of negative effects of the drugs and increase the chances of successful treatment, as the medicines are only for the targeted individuals. It can also revolutionize the healthcare industry to be more specific.
The main reason that drugs and their dosages are designed based on individuals’ genetic characteristics is that they have a great influence on drug metabolism and its response. The main evidence is the link between dosage requirements and genetic differences in drug transporters such as p-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and OATP-C (SLC21A6), and drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9. Polymorphisms in these enzymes can alter the drug metabolism phenotype. As these are all proteins translated from genetic information, any change or point mutation can increase or decrease the effectiveness of the enzymes. This can cause more adverse effects in some individuals. Every individual’s body function is unique, and its right to say that the dosage of drugs depends on that.
Many pharmacogenomic tests and their outcomes have confirmed the potential to improve therapeutic activities. In the field of oncology, the use of this technique to establish a connection between drug metabolism and genetic biomarkers is more reliable, effective, and precise. PD-L1 expression analysis is an example of pharmacogenomics potential. Expression analysis helps physicians select which cancer patients are suitable for immunotherapy techniques. Survival rates for lung and other cancers have drastically increased by comparing the genetic factors and immunotherapies that trigger the immune response against tumors. Similarly, pharmacogenomics has promising potential in antiviral drugs. It targets the genes that influence such drugs to predict treatment success. Therefore, as our understanding of the genome becomes clearer, the potential of pharmacogenomics will also grow.
Although this is a very promising technique and many scientific organizations are pursuing this approach, there has been very little success in implementing it in clinical trials. Targeted drugs are very costly, as they require the identification of candidate genes and drug responses to these genes. Acceptance is another matter to focus on as most people are not comfortable with these approaches; they prefer conventional approaches. Implementation, cost, acceptance, defining targeted genes, and defining drug responses are all bar
无效的治疗和药物不良反应的管理造成了很大一部分卫生资源的浪费。药物反应和毒性受到药物代谢酶、转运体和靶点的遗传变异的显著影响。该信息可用于帮助选择适当的药物和剂量。精准医疗的最新方法之一是药物基因组学，它根据患者的遗传特征调整药物选择和剂量。药物基因组学可以减少药物产生负面影响的机会，增加治疗成功的机会，因为药物只针对目标个体。它还可以使医疗保健行业变得更加具体。
根据个体的遗传特征来设计药物及其剂量的主要原因是它们对药物代谢及其反应有很大的影响。主要证据是剂量要求与p-糖蛋白(ABCB1)和ooatp - c (SLC21A6)等药物转运体以及细胞色素P450 (CYP) 2D6、CYP2C19和CYP2C9等药物代谢酶的遗传差异有关。这些酶的多态性可以改变药物代谢表型。由于这些都是由遗传信息翻译而来的蛋白质，任何改变或点突变都可以增加或降低酶的有效性。这可能会对某些人造成更多的不良影响。每个人的身体机能都是独一无二的，药物的剂量取决于这一点，这是正确的。许多药物基因组学测试及其结果证实了改善治疗活性的潜力。在肿瘤学领域，利用该技术建立药物代谢与遗传生物标志物之间的联系更加可靠、有效和精确。PD-L1表达分析是药物基因组学潜力的一个例子。表达分析可以帮助医生选择适合免疫治疗技术的癌症患者。通过比较基因因素和触发肿瘤免疫反应的免疫疗法，肺癌和其他癌症的存活率大幅提高。同样，药物基因组学在抗病毒药物方面也有很大的潜力。它针对影响此类药物的基因来预测治疗成功。因此，随着我们对基因组的理解越来越清晰，药物基因组学的潜力也将增长。
尽管这是一项非常有前途的技术，许多科学组织都在追求这种方法，但在临床试验中实施它的成功很少。靶向药物非常昂贵，因为它们需要鉴定候选基因和对这些基因的药物反应。接受度是另一个需要关注的问题，因为大多数人对这些方法感到不舒服;他们更喜欢传统的方法。实施、成本、接受度、确定目标基因和确定药物反应都是目前药物基因组学的障碍。医生和患者必须通过实施个性化的治疗方法来避免药物的副作用。
尽管越来越多的兴趣，药物基因组学的采用仍处于发展的早期阶段。全面应用药物基因组学来改善健康的尝试可能需要几十年的时间。重要的是要在不同人群的平等问题和提高医疗保健效率之间找到平衡，以成功实施药物基因组学。通过协调研究和全球合作，可以更有效地做到这一点。这不仅使更好地利用资源和知识成为可能，而且还激发了对个性化医疗方法的政治兴趣和支持。
{"title":"Pharmacogenomics: New Personalized Medicine Approach","authors":"Khizar Hayat","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i09.950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i09.950","url":null,"abstract":"Ineffective treatments and the management of adverse drug reactions are responsible for a large proportion of health resources. Drug response and toxicity are significantly influenced by genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets. This information may be used to help in selecting the appropriate drug and dosage. One of the newest methods of precision medicine is pharmacogenomics, which adjusts drug selection and dosage based on a patient's genetic characteristics. Pharmacogenomics can reduce the chances of negative effects of the drugs and increase the chances of successful treatment, as the medicines are only for the targeted individuals. It can also revolutionize the healthcare industry to be more specific.
 The main reason that drugs and their dosages are designed based on individuals’ genetic characteristics is that they have a great influence on drug metabolism and its response. The main evidence is the link between dosage requirements and genetic differences in drug transporters such as p-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and OATP-C (SLC21A6), and drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9. Polymorphisms in these enzymes can alter the drug metabolism phenotype. As these are all proteins translated from genetic information, any change or point mutation can increase or decrease the effectiveness of the enzymes. This can cause more adverse effects in some individuals. Every individual’s body function is unique, and its right to say that the dosage of drugs depends on that.
 Many pharmacogenomic tests and their outcomes have confirmed the potential to improve therapeutic activities. In the field of oncology, the use of this technique to establish a connection between drug metabolism and genetic biomarkers is more reliable, effective, and precise. PD-L1 expression analysis is an example of pharmacogenomics potential. Expression analysis helps physicians select which cancer patients are suitable for immunotherapy techniques. Survival rates for lung and other cancers have drastically increased by comparing the genetic factors and immunotherapies that trigger the immune response against tumors. Similarly, pharmacogenomics has promising potential in antiviral drugs. It targets the genes that influence such drugs to predict treatment success. Therefore, as our understanding of the genome becomes clearer, the potential of pharmacogenomics will also grow.
 Although this is a very promising technique and many scientific organizations are pursuing this approach, there has been very little success in implementing it in clinical trials. Targeted drugs are very costly, as they require the identification of candidate genes and drug responses to these genes. Acceptance is another matter to focus on as most people are not comfortable with these approaches; they prefer conventional approaches. Implementation, cost, acceptance, defining targeted genes, and defining drug responses are all bar","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135038194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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