Heavy metals are metals that have high-density and are non-biodegradable. Among all pollutants, heavy metal pollution is the most serious. Ompok bimaculatus is a freshwater fish that belongs to cat family. Objective: To estimate concentration of six heavy metals (Copper, Ferric, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and Lead) in water, sediments and some organs (gills, fins and muscles) of fish collected from river Ravi. Methods: The accumulation level was recorded through atomic absorption spectrophotometer whereas, physiochemical parameters were also studied through testing water quality. Results: The heavy metal analysis indicated that the level of Fe was maximum in water and sediments followed by Ni and Pb. Other metals, Cu and Cr were also above permissible standards for drinking water. Further metal concentration was lower in bank water of river than in the main stream. The gills have higher metal accumulation level which is most likely due to direct contact with water followed by fins and muscles. The pattern of accumulation was Cadmium < Chromium < Nickel < Cupper < Lead < Ferric in fish organs. Higher concentrations of ALP and ASP than reference value which showed that the metal pollutants had started damaging the fish organs. Conclusions: In conclusion, the accumulation of all studied metals was higher in water and sediments than WHO permission standards. Same was true in the case of studied fish organs. Further, metals also fluctuate the hematological parameters of O. bimaculatus.
{"title":"Assessment of Water Quality and Targeted Accumulation of Some Heavy Metals in Different Organs of Fresh Water Fish Ompok bimaculatus in Riverine System of Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Hasnain Akmal, Shabbir Ahmad, Iqra Akram","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.921","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals are metals that have high-density and are non-biodegradable. Among all pollutants, heavy metal pollution is the most serious. Ompok bimaculatus is a freshwater fish that belongs to cat family. Objective: To estimate concentration of six heavy metals (Copper, Ferric, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and Lead) in water, sediments and some organs (gills, fins and muscles) of fish collected from river Ravi. Methods: The accumulation level was recorded through atomic absorption spectrophotometer whereas, physiochemical parameters were also studied through testing water quality. Results: The heavy metal analysis indicated that the level of Fe was maximum in water and sediments followed by Ni and Pb. Other metals, Cu and Cr were also above permissible standards for drinking water. Further metal concentration was lower in bank water of river than in the main stream. The gills have higher metal accumulation level which is most likely due to direct contact with water followed by fins and muscles. The pattern of accumulation was Cadmium < Chromium < Nickel < Cupper < Lead < Ferric in fish organs. Higher concentrations of ALP and ASP than reference value which showed that the metal pollutants had started damaging the fish organs. Conclusions: In conclusion, the accumulation of all studied metals was higher in water and sediments than WHO permission standards. Same was true in the case of studied fish organs. Further, metals also fluctuate the hematological parameters of O. bimaculatus.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83717327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Minahil, K. Nazeer, Muhammad Faisal Bashir, Amina Asif, S. Riaz
Bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly those producing carbapenemase or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), causes a significant threat to patients and associated morbidity and mortality. The global rise in the incidence of bacteremia necessitates the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to ensure effective patient health management. Objective: To investigate antimicrobial drug resistance trends among bacteria causing bloodstream infections from a diagnostic centre in Lahore. Methods: This research was conducted at the Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore and Citilab and Research Centre, Lahore, from January 2020 to December 2022. A total of 2919 blood samples were cultured to screen the bacteremia patients. Following standard protocols, four hundred twenty isolates proceeded for gram-staining, biochemical characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The AST results of each strain calculated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Results: Of 420 bacterial isolates, Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates accounted for 48.57% and 51.43%, respectively. The predominant pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis (48.10%) and Salmonella typhi (27.14%), with other significant pathogens including Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter, Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Citrobacter, Morganella morganii, and Proteus mirabilis. AST revealed high resistance to Cephalosporins, Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin, and Quinolones. In contrast, Carbapenems demonstrated notable sensitivity. Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibit the highest MAR values. Conclusions: The study highlights the prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteremia-causing pathogens, with a concerning trend towards decreasing antibiotic efficacy.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Trends of Bacteria Causing Bloodstream Infections in a Diagnostic Centre in Lahore","authors":"Sara Minahil, K. Nazeer, Muhammad Faisal Bashir, Amina Asif, S. Riaz","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.922","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly those producing carbapenemase or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), causes a significant threat to patients and associated morbidity and mortality. The global rise in the incidence of bacteremia necessitates the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to ensure effective patient health management. Objective: To investigate antimicrobial drug resistance trends among bacteria causing bloodstream infections from a diagnostic centre in Lahore. Methods: This research was conducted at the Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore and Citilab and Research Centre, Lahore, from January 2020 to December 2022. A total of 2919 blood samples were cultured to screen the bacteremia patients. Following standard protocols, four hundred twenty isolates proceeded for gram-staining, biochemical characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The AST results of each strain calculated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Results: Of 420 bacterial isolates, Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates accounted for 48.57% and 51.43%, respectively. The predominant pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis (48.10%) and Salmonella typhi (27.14%), with other significant pathogens including Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter, Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Citrobacter, Morganella morganii, and Proteus mirabilis. AST revealed high resistance to Cephalosporins, Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin, and Quinolones. In contrast, Carbapenems demonstrated notable sensitivity. Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibit the highest MAR values. Conclusions: The study highlights the prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteremia-causing pathogens, with a concerning trend towards decreasing antibiotic efficacy.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85711326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite available treatments like varicocelectomy, a standard therapy remains controversial. Varicocele repair has shown promise in improving sperm parameters, but further research is needed, especially in nonobstructive azoospermia cases. Techniques such as microscopic testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection have shown some success in achieving pregnancies. Objective: To articulate our hands-on experience and understanding pertaining to varicocele. Methods: This study included patients who presented to our clinic due to varicocele and underwent surgical procedures between November 2020 and January 2023. Results: This research involved 26 varicocele patients, primarily age rage was 27.5 years old. The majority (85%) had varicocele on the left side, and 15% had bilateral varicocele. The mean vein diameter was 3.58mm and 2.6mm for the left side and bilateral cases respectively, with a general average of 3.45mm. Analysis of sperm count, motility, and morphology reflected an average of 32.6 million/ml, 23.2%, and 5.23%, respectively. An average of 4.45 veins was ligated during surgery, with a slight variance based on the side. One patient lost approximately 85% of the testicular blood supply due to a complication during surgery, leading to testicle hardening without atrophy. Two patients experienced recurrence (7.6% recurrence rate). Negative and positive correlations were found between the number of ligated veins and preoperative sperm count (p=0.043, r=-0.408), and vein diameter and preoperative sperm morphology (p=0.004, r=0.544), respectively. Conclusions: Despite the limitations, our study provides valuable insights into the relationship between varicocele severity and sperm parameters.
{"title":"Varicocele Surgery: Three Years Experience","authors":"Süleyman Sağır, Mustafa Azizoglu","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.908","url":null,"abstract":"Despite available treatments like varicocelectomy, a standard therapy remains controversial. Varicocele repair has shown promise in improving sperm parameters, but further research is needed, especially in nonobstructive azoospermia cases. Techniques such as microscopic testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection have shown some success in achieving pregnancies. Objective: To articulate our hands-on experience and understanding pertaining to varicocele. Methods: This study included patients who presented to our clinic due to varicocele and underwent surgical procedures between November 2020 and January 2023. Results: This research involved 26 varicocele patients, primarily age rage was 27.5 years old. The majority (85%) had varicocele on the left side, and 15% had bilateral varicocele. The mean vein diameter was 3.58mm and 2.6mm for the left side and bilateral cases respectively, with a general average of 3.45mm. Analysis of sperm count, motility, and morphology reflected an average of 32.6 million/ml, 23.2%, and 5.23%, respectively. An average of 4.45 veins was ligated during surgery, with a slight variance based on the side. One patient lost approximately 85% of the testicular blood supply due to a complication during surgery, leading to testicle hardening without atrophy. Two patients experienced recurrence (7.6% recurrence rate). Negative and positive correlations were found between the number of ligated veins and preoperative sperm count (p=0.043, r=-0.408), and vein diameter and preoperative sperm morphology (p=0.004, r=0.544), respectively. Conclusions: Despite the limitations, our study provides valuable insights into the relationship between varicocele severity and sperm parameters.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81042149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Hasnain Shaikh, Afsha Bibi, Rizwan Ali, Mahboob Ali
Maternal health and pregnancy practices are critical to ensuring the well-being of both expectant mothers and their unborn children. Women undergo significant physiological and emotional changes during pregnancy, making adopting appropriate nutrition and healthcare practices essential. Objective: To explore maternal health and pregnancy practices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Rural Community of Karachi, Pakistan, from August 2022 to January 2023. A total of 100 pregnant women were part of the study. Results: The study shows that around 36% of participants follow a balanced diet during pregnancy, and 47% take prenatal vitamins or iron supplements as recommended. Moreover, 29% prefer home delivery, 81% prefer healthcare facility delivery, and 75% believe home delivery has more complications than healthcare facility delivery. Conclusions: The study reveals that numerous expectant mothers follow advice on a balanced diet and prenatal care. However, a significant number still face challenges in accessing healthcare. Despite a preference for home remedies, most opt for healthcare facility deliveries, showcasing trust in professional assistance. Enhancing healthcare access, prenatal services, and nutritional education could enhance the well-being of both mothers and babies.
{"title":"Exploring Maternal Health and Pregnancy Practices: A Comprehensive Study Among Pregnant Women","authors":"Muhammad Hasnain Shaikh, Afsha Bibi, Rizwan Ali, Mahboob Ali","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.924","url":null,"abstract":"Maternal health and pregnancy practices are critical to ensuring the well-being of both expectant mothers and their unborn children. Women undergo significant physiological and emotional changes during pregnancy, making adopting appropriate nutrition and healthcare practices essential. Objective: To explore maternal health and pregnancy practices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Rural Community of Karachi, Pakistan, from August 2022 to January 2023. A total of 100 pregnant women were part of the study. Results: The study shows that around 36% of participants follow a balanced diet during pregnancy, and 47% take prenatal vitamins or iron supplements as recommended. Moreover, 29% prefer home delivery, 81% prefer healthcare facility delivery, and 75% believe home delivery has more complications than healthcare facility delivery. Conclusions: The study reveals that numerous expectant mothers follow advice on a balanced diet and prenatal care. However, a significant number still face challenges in accessing healthcare. Despite a preference for home remedies, most opt for healthcare facility deliveries, showcasing trust in professional assistance. Enhancing healthcare access, prenatal services, and nutritional education could enhance the well-being of both mothers and babies.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82617990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronary artery thrombosis is one of the most common clinically manifested disease that if not treated timely leads to morbidity and mortality particularly stroke or myocardial infarction. Anti-platelets are already the first line of treatment that are adopted for the prevention of coronary artery thrombosis however, there is need of a novel and potent anticoagulant that could help to reduce the frequency of coronary or atherothrombotic events in patients presenting with coronary diseases. Case Summary: We present a case of anterior wall myocardial infarction (AWMI) driven by coronary artery thrombosis. The patient upon diagnosis was found to have a clot in proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). The patient was treated and discharged on anticoagulation therapy. We examined and report the effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy via a novel oral anticoagulant. i.e. Rivaroxaban for managing the risk of coronary artery thrombosis associated with AWMI within our patient. Onset of coronary artery thrombosis is associated with the mortality in myocardial infarct patients, regardless of its timing. This calls out for the need to manage the disease by adopting strategies that would prevent the frequent onset of these events in myocardial infarction survivors. Treatment with Rivaroxaban has emerged as a promising oral anticoagulant that could potentially serve as a long-term anticoagulant for managing coronary artery thrombosis in patients with heart complications.
{"title":"Rivaroxaban: Management of Coronary Artery Thrombosis in a Patient Presenting with Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction","authors":"Ayesha Tariq, Bilqees Akhtar, Asma Sharif","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.927","url":null,"abstract":"Coronary artery thrombosis is one of the most common clinically manifested disease that if not treated timely leads to morbidity and mortality particularly stroke or myocardial infarction. Anti-platelets are already the first line of treatment that are adopted for the prevention of coronary artery thrombosis however, there is need of a novel and potent anticoagulant that could help to reduce the frequency of coronary or atherothrombotic events in patients presenting with coronary diseases. Case Summary: We present a case of anterior wall myocardial infarction (AWMI) driven by coronary artery thrombosis. The patient upon diagnosis was found to have a clot in proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). The patient was treated and discharged on anticoagulation therapy. We examined and report the effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy via a novel oral anticoagulant. i.e. Rivaroxaban for managing the risk of coronary artery thrombosis associated with AWMI within our patient. Onset of coronary artery thrombosis is associated with the mortality in myocardial infarct patients, regardless of its timing. This calls out for the need to manage the disease by adopting strategies that would prevent the frequent onset of these events in myocardial infarction survivors. Treatment with Rivaroxaban has emerged as a promising oral anticoagulant that could potentially serve as a long-term anticoagulant for managing coronary artery thrombosis in patients with heart complications.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135946057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adeel Masih, S. Hayat, Arif Mehmood Bhutta, Muhammad Asif Abbas Tahir
Toxoplasmosis, transmitted by Toxoplasma gondii, is a disease caused by water pollution. Consuming undercooked food or drinking polluted water can lead to severe infections, including seizures, cerebral necrosis, and hearing loss. Objective: To find out the prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Gujranwala Punjab Pakistan. Methods: Human blood samples were obtained at random from various locations in Gujranwala. About 5ml blood was draw by puncturing the vein using the sterilized syringe and collected in EDTA vials. Serum was separated from collected blood by centrifugation at 3000rpm for 15 minutes and was collected in serum cup. The Latex Agglutination Test Kit was used to find the presence or absence of T. gondii in the collected serum. Results: The overall seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis was 34.25%, with the highest prevalence found in the age group of 15-25 years (41.26%) and the lowest in 65-70 years (28.57%). The prevalence was found to be 36.5% in males and 32% in females, with the highest prevalence found in the age group of 15-25 years (41.26%). The prevalence was also higher in the age group of 65-70 years (28.57%). Factors contributing to the prevalence of toxoplasmosis include employment, direct contact with pets, drinking from tape water/supply water (51.38%), mud houses (60.46%), and eating raw vegetable and undercooked meat (81.81%) as compared to cooked fully cooked meat and vegetables (13.25%). Conclusions: The study highlights the complicated prevalence of toxicity in the Gujranwala community, affecting factors like age, education, employment, water supply, housing, and nutrition, requiring targeted interventions.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Human Toxoplasmosis in Gujranwala Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Adeel Masih, S. Hayat, Arif Mehmood Bhutta, Muhammad Asif Abbas Tahir","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i08.919","url":null,"abstract":"Toxoplasmosis, transmitted by Toxoplasma gondii, is a disease caused by water pollution. Consuming undercooked food or drinking polluted water can lead to severe infections, including seizures, cerebral necrosis, and hearing loss. Objective: To find out the prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Gujranwala Punjab Pakistan. Methods: Human blood samples were obtained at random from various locations in Gujranwala. About 5ml blood was draw by puncturing the vein using the sterilized syringe and collected in EDTA vials. Serum was separated from collected blood by centrifugation at 3000rpm for 15 minutes and was collected in serum cup. The Latex Agglutination Test Kit was used to find the presence or absence of T. gondii in the collected serum. Results: The overall seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis was 34.25%, with the highest prevalence found in the age group of 15-25 years (41.26%) and the lowest in 65-70 years (28.57%). The prevalence was found to be 36.5% in males and 32% in females, with the highest prevalence found in the age group of 15-25 years (41.26%). The prevalence was also higher in the age group of 65-70 years (28.57%). Factors contributing to the prevalence of toxoplasmosis include employment, direct contact with pets, drinking from tape water/supply water (51.38%), mud houses (60.46%), and eating raw vegetable and undercooked meat (81.81%) as compared to cooked fully cooked meat and vegetables (13.25%). Conclusions: The study highlights the complicated prevalence of toxicity in the Gujranwala community, affecting factors like age, education, employment, water supply, housing, and nutrition, requiring targeted interventions.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89121690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study is the first attempt to evaluate the hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in experimental model. It poses a significant hazard to one's health. It is also one of the leading sources of toxicity in critical organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, and brain. Objective: To assess the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetra chloride in albino rats. Methods: The research was conducted at the Department of Zoology, University of Okara. The experiment was conducted at the animal home of the Department of Zoology, University of Okara. There were two groups created: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was treated with CCl4. The rats were fed 30% diluted carbon tetrachloride with normal saline as a control group to test the harmful effect on the liver profile. This was accomplished through a 12-day trial. Sampling or dissection was done after 12 days. Rats were dissected, and their liver was punctured to obtain a blood sample and organ collection. After sampling was taken by puncturing the Rats' liver, the samples were examined by a machine called Micro-Lab 300. Results: Histopathological studies also proved that the liver of rats was damaged. The hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 also raised the serum AST, ALP, ALT, and bilirubin levels. Total levels of AST, ALP, ALT, and Bilirubin were higher than usual, indicating that CCl4 has a toxic effect on the liver profile of rats. Conclusions: This study suggested that CCl4 induced toxicity in rat liver.
{"title":"Hepatotoxicity Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Experimental Model","authors":"Faiza Munir, Muhammad Khalil Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.900","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is the first attempt to evaluate the hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in experimental model. It poses a significant hazard to one's health. It is also one of the leading sources of toxicity in critical organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, and brain. Objective: To assess the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetra chloride in albino rats. Methods: The research was conducted at the Department of Zoology, University of Okara. The experiment was conducted at the animal home of the Department of Zoology, University of Okara. There were two groups created: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was treated with CCl4. The rats were fed 30% diluted carbon tetrachloride with normal saline as a control group to test the harmful effect on the liver profile. This was accomplished through a 12-day trial. Sampling or dissection was done after 12 days. Rats were dissected, and their liver was punctured to obtain a blood sample and organ collection. After sampling was taken by puncturing the Rats' liver, the samples were examined by a machine called Micro-Lab 300. Results: Histopathological studies also proved that the liver of rats was damaged. The hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 also raised the serum AST, ALP, ALT, and bilirubin levels. Total levels of AST, ALP, ALT, and Bilirubin were higher than usual, indicating that CCl4 has a toxic effect on the liver profile of rats. Conclusions: This study suggested that CCl4 induced toxicity in rat liver.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81763681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khalil, Ahmad Khan, Mirza Fahad Baig, Munazza Perveen, Muhammad Atif, Usman Younas, S. Sharif
Irisin, also known as Fibronectin type III, is a hormone that is secreted by muscle cells and was first discovered in the muscles of a mouse in 2012. Irisin has a molecular weight of 23,231 KDa and belongs to the domain containing 5 (FNDC5) family. It has been shown to have some very beneficial effects in humans, such as thermoregulation and weight loss, and it is also secreted by the muscles of humans when they exercise or work out. The gene symbol for irisin is FNDC5, which represents the precursor of irisin. At the protein level, both FNDC5 and irisin have characteristics that are similar, but FNDC5 is not appropriate in some situations. It is released during physical activity and is linked to a variety of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, lipid metabolism, heart disease, NAFLD, PCOS, and metabolic diseases of the bones. Irisin is not only responsible for the disorders, but it also has the potential to be used as a biomarker for specific diseases. Humans and mice have both shown that myokine irisin promotes the browning of white adipose tissues while simultaneously increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditures. Irisin therapy reduces body weight while also increasing brown fat-specific gene expression in the patient. Irisin increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cancer. Irisin levels were found to be lower in obese people who had NAFLD.
{"title":"Irisin and its Effects on the Metabolic Diseases","authors":"M. Khalil, Ahmad Khan, Mirza Fahad Baig, Munazza Perveen, Muhammad Atif, Usman Younas, S. Sharif","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.905","url":null,"abstract":"Irisin, also known as Fibronectin type III, is a hormone that is secreted by muscle cells and was first discovered in the muscles of a mouse in 2012. Irisin has a molecular weight of 23,231 KDa and belongs to the domain containing 5 (FNDC5) family. It has been shown to have some very beneficial effects in humans, such as thermoregulation and weight loss, and it is also secreted by the muscles of humans when they exercise or work out. The gene symbol for irisin is FNDC5, which represents the precursor of irisin. At the protein level, both FNDC5 and irisin have characteristics that are similar, but FNDC5 is not appropriate in some situations. It is released during physical activity and is linked to a variety of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, lipid metabolism, heart disease, NAFLD, PCOS, and metabolic diseases of the bones. Irisin is not only responsible for the disorders, but it also has the potential to be used as a biomarker for specific diseases. Humans and mice have both shown that myokine irisin promotes the browning of white adipose tissues while simultaneously increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditures. Irisin therapy reduces body weight while also increasing brown fat-specific gene expression in the patient. Irisin increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cancer. Irisin levels were found to be lower in obese people who had NAFLD.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81713067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Folic acid, the significant vitamin used as supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy, if not provided in adequate amounts, can lead to chronic diseases. Neural tube development requires folic acid during gastrulation, and its deficiency may lead to the transformation of normal mucosa into a neoplastic condition. Objectives: To evaluate the pregnant woman's complete blood count (CBC) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: Twenty-four (n=24) females were selected for the study during their third trimester of pregnancy to assess their haematological profiles by taking folic acid as a supplement. A 3-cc blood sample from the median cubital vein was taken from these females, immediately transferred to yellow-capped vacutainers and stored in ice bags. The serum was separated by centrifugation at 1000-2000 rpm for 2 minutes. The supernatant was separated as serum and transferred into vials for diagnostic tests. Results: The study suggested that folic acid significantly affects the woman's Complete Blood Count (CBC) profile. In short, folic acid raises the values of CBC during the third trimester. Conclusions: Folic acid improves haematological parameters during pregnancy.
{"title":"Evaluating the Hematological Profile of Pregnant Women and the Role of Folic Acid Supplementation in the Third Trimester","authors":"Kainaat Zafar, Amin Shahid, I. Qadeer","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.910","url":null,"abstract":"Folic acid, the significant vitamin used as supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy, if not provided in adequate amounts, can lead to chronic diseases. Neural tube development requires folic acid during gastrulation, and its deficiency may lead to the transformation of normal mucosa into a neoplastic condition. Objectives: To evaluate the pregnant woman's complete blood count (CBC) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: Twenty-four (n=24) females were selected for the study during their third trimester of pregnancy to assess their haematological profiles by taking folic acid as a supplement. A 3-cc blood sample from the median cubital vein was taken from these females, immediately transferred to yellow-capped vacutainers and stored in ice bags. The serum was separated by centrifugation at 1000-2000 rpm for 2 minutes. The supernatant was separated as serum and transferred into vials for diagnostic tests. Results: The study suggested that folic acid significantly affects the woman's Complete Blood Count (CBC) profile. In short, folic acid raises the values of CBC during the third trimester. Conclusions: Folic acid improves haematological parameters during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91001417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehk Memon, Nosheen Aghani, W. Akram, G. Qadir, M. Memon, Mahrish Memon
Increase in low density lipoprotein level and decrease in high density lipoprotein level result to coronary artery disease. Metabolism of lipids regulated during host response to H. pylori infection. Objective: To analyze the serum levels of lipid profile in H. pylori infected coronary artery disease patients. Methods: It was a comparative Cross-Sectional study. This study was done at the Department of Biochemistry, Peoples University of Medical Health Sciences for Women (PUMHSW) from 1st July 2022 to 15th December 2022. A sample of 60 subjects was divided into 2 groups. Group A (Control) comprised of 30 subjects and group B (cases) of 30 subjects. 5 mL of blood from each participant was collected under aseptic conditions. For the Lipid profile, 2 mL of the blood was collected in the Gel test tubes. A Spectrophotometer was used to perform the lipid profile. For the data analyzes SPSS Version-22.0 was used. Results: In this study we found that Helicobacter pylori positive subjects have higher levels of serum LDL.C, Triglycerides and total cholesterol. The outcomes of present research showed that H. pylori is associated with low level of HDL-C. The present study results shown an association among H. pylori infection and coronary artery possibility influence. Conclusions: We concluded in this study that serum levels of lipid profile become worse in positive H. pylori infected patients as compared to the control group participants which were negative H. pylori with coronary artery disease.
{"title":"Evaluation of Lipid Profile in H. Pylori Infected Coronary Artery Disease Patients","authors":"Mehk Memon, Nosheen Aghani, W. Akram, G. Qadir, M. Memon, Mahrish Memon","doi":"10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i07.903","url":null,"abstract":"Increase in low density lipoprotein level and decrease in high density lipoprotein level result to coronary artery disease. Metabolism of lipids regulated during host response to H. pylori infection. Objective: To analyze the serum levels of lipid profile in H. pylori infected coronary artery disease patients. Methods: It was a comparative Cross-Sectional study. This study was done at the Department of Biochemistry, Peoples University of Medical Health Sciences for Women (PUMHSW) from 1st July 2022 to 15th December 2022. A sample of 60 subjects was divided into 2 groups. Group A (Control) comprised of 30 subjects and group B (cases) of 30 subjects. 5 mL of blood from each participant was collected under aseptic conditions. For the Lipid profile, 2 mL of the blood was collected in the Gel test tubes. A Spectrophotometer was used to perform the lipid profile. For the data analyzes SPSS Version-22.0 was used. Results: In this study we found that Helicobacter pylori positive subjects have higher levels of serum LDL.C, Triglycerides and total cholesterol. The outcomes of present research showed that H. pylori is associated with low level of HDL-C. The present study results shown an association among H. pylori infection and coronary artery possibility influence. Conclusions: We concluded in this study that serum levels of lipid profile become worse in positive H. pylori infected patients as compared to the control group participants which were negative H. pylori with coronary artery disease.","PeriodicalId":19844,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan BioMedical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79383075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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