Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of retinal structural and microvascular changes in patients with acute pancreatitis","authors":"Büşra Dilara Yıldırım Erdal ,&nbsp;Harun Erdal","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aimed to show the changes in retinal vascular densities and thicknesses in the peripapillary and macular regions in the acute period in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective cross-sectional study included 57 eyes of 30 patients with AP and 58 eyes of 30 healthy people. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was taken within 24–72 h of AP patients’ hospitalization. OCTA was used to evaluate the retinal microvascular structure and retinal thickness.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pp-RNFL) and perifoveolar ganglion cell complex (pef-GCC) thickness in patients with AP were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (<em>p</em> = 0.020 and <em>p</em> = 0.039, respectively). While whole image vessel density (wiVD) and perifoveal vessel density (pefVD) were significantly lower in the deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaris flow area (CCFA) in the macula were significantly lower in each of the 1 mm and 3 mm radius areas in patients with AP (<em>p</em> = 0.014, <em>p</em> = 0.011; <em>p</em> = 0.011, and <em>p</em> = 0.035 respectively). In the univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis, it was observed that serum lipase and procalcitonin levels affected the thickness of pp-RNFL and pef-GCC (for pp-RNFL, β= 0.001, <em>p</em> = 0.002, β=24.992, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, and for pef-GCC, β= 0.001 <em>p</em> = 0.014, β=17.107 <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001 respectively).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There are significant microvascular and structural changes in the optic nerve and macula in patients with AP. The relationship between these changes and serum lipase and procalcitonin levels was shown. Clinicians should consider ocular involvement in AP patients with high serum lipase and procalcitonin levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104522"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143443140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of photobiomodulation on oral microbiota dysbiosis: A literature review","authors":"Maryam Pourhajibagher ,&nbsp;Fateme Gharibpour ,&nbsp;Nariman Nikparto ,&nbsp;Rashin Bahrami ,&nbsp;Abbas Bahador","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The balance, or dysbiosis, of the microbial community is crucial for human health and disease. While most microbes are harmless, some can lead to oral infections such as periodontal disease, dental caries, and infections related to <em>Candida</em> biofilms. Conventional treatments, such as mechanical debridement, antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics, aim to restore the balance of oral microbiota, but they encounter challenges like microbial resistance and patient compliance issues. To address these problems, laser therapy has emerged as a promising local treatment option. Among the various types of lasers, low-power lasers—specifically low-level laser therapy or photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy—are particularly favored for oral applications due to their antimicrobial effects and non-invasive properties. PBM influences oral microbiota dysbiosis through both direct and indirect pathways. The direct effect occurs when endogenous targets are remained within the cell or released into the colony. In contrast, an indirect effect can result from targets located in the tissues and cells surrounding the bacteria. However, studies using different irradiation protocols have produced varied results. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and review the effects of PBM on oral microbiota dysbiosis and its potential in promoting the maintenance of human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143434653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing features of microvascular abnormalities in high myopia retinoschisis via multimodal imaging","authors":"Yunhan Tao ,&nbsp;Xuhui Chen ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Xian Zhang ,&nbsp;Xufang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To report the differences between microvascular abnormalities (MVAs) and retinal vasculitis in patients with high myopia (HM) and retinoschisis and discuss the efficacy of treatments, including corticosteroids, and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We enrolled seven patients with HM retinoschisis in the Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Multimodal imaging features of MVAs were examined using ultrawide scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA), and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Clinical characteristics and responses to corticosteroid therapy and PVD are reported.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multimodal imaging features of MVAs varied with the severity of retinoschisis. Some patients showed no significant MVAs via FFA and SS-OCTA. In the other patients, MVAs were visualized on <em>en-face</em> OCT and SS-OCTA, and fluorescence leakage was observed on FFA, which mimicked retinal vasculitis. MVAs accompanied by paravascular retinoschisis were observed on OCT around the vascular arch, and corticosteroid therapy showed no significant effect.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>MVAs in adults with HM differ according to retinoschisis severity. MVAs are distinct from retinal vasculitis and may not be effectively treated with corticosteroids. Vitrectomy-induced or spontaneous PVD may be a better viable therapeutic option for vision-threatening complications in patients with HM.</div></div><div><h3>Translational relevance</h3><div>Multimodal imaging features of retinal MVAs in HM retinoschisis are significant for therapeutic options in patients with vision-threatening complications and provide a new research direction for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143443139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical trials update in the photodynamic therapy strategy for treatment of choroidal melanoma: A review of literature","authors":"Carly Sin Ki Yeung ,&nbsp;Sunny Chi Lik Au","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104521","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The challenges of diagnosing glaucoma in myopic cases and the important role of Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width in the diagnosis of myopic glaucoma","authors":"Gökhan Çelik ,&nbsp;Murat Sinan Saricaoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that can lead to blindness; furthermore, axial myopia is associated with retinal and optic nerve changes that mimic glaucoma. Diagnosing glaucoma in myopic eyes is challenging due to anatomical variations, emphasizing the need for precise OCT-based evaluations.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and Bruch's Membrane Opening-Minimum Rim Width (BMO-MRW) parameters in myopic patients with and without glaucoma by using Spectralis® optical coherence tomography (OCT), in order to reveal the relationship between axial length (AL) and OCT parameters and also to determine the OCT parameters that should be considered when diagnosing glaucoma in myopic cases.</div></div><div><h3>Material and method</h3><div>This prospective and cross-sectional study included 95 eyes from 95 cases. There were a total of 54 patients over 40 years of age without any systemic disease or glaucoma, and 41 patients without any systemic disease but with mild or moderate glaucoma, according to the Hodapp staging system. Optical biometry using the Lenstar® 900 and Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis® OCT Glaucoma Module Premium Edition (GMPE) with an anatomic positioning system (APS) were performed on all patients, along with a full ophthalmological examination. The cases were divided into subgroups according to the AL results of optical biometry as short (&lt;24 mm) and long (≥24 mm). The measurement results were recorded and compared statistically.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 54 healthy subjects consisting of 27 with short AL and 27 with long AL were included. In the glaucoma group, 20 out of 41 subjects had short AL, while 21 had long AL. Using measurements in GMPE mode with APS, no statistically significant difference was found between the eyes with the short and long AL in the healthy group, both in terms of global RNFL thickness and BMO-MRW analyses. In the glaucoma group, there was no statistically significant difference between eyes with short and long AL in terms of RNFL and MRW analyses. In the myopic group, the highest AUC value of the RNFL measurements in different circular scans of the GMPE module was found in the inferotemporal area. Using the GMPE software with the APS to measure RNFL thickness, in particular in the inferotemporal quadrant, together with the BMO-MRW, really helped to make a definite diagnosis of glaucoma in myopic patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, utilizing GMPE with APS in the diagnosis of glaucoma provides accurate outcomes in myopic cases. The RNFL thickness and BMO-MRW values of the inferotemporal quadrant are particularly valuable in diagnosing glaucoma in myopic patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to letter to the editor: Photodiagnosis of diabetic eye disease–the Beichen eye study","authors":"Luxi Li,&nbsp;Juping Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaorong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved analysis with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography for evaluating vascular damage in exfoliation syndrome","authors":"Rongpei Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingying Lin ,&nbsp;Hairui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuncheng Ma ,&nbsp;Na Xu ,&nbsp;Ling Jin ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Tian ,&nbsp;Munire Mohetaer ,&nbsp;Aizezi Wumaier ,&nbsp;Rongxin Chen ,&nbsp;Danping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To assess microvascular damage in exfoliation syndrome (XFS) patients with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the correlations between OCT angiography (OCTA) parameters and systemic blood parameters in XFS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-one XFS eyes and 23 healthy eyes were included in this cross-sectional study. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vessel density (VD), thickness of the layers of the ganglion cell complex (GCC), homocysteine (Hcy) level, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were compared between the two groups. The correlations between OCTA parameters and systemic blood parameters were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of the OCTA parameters to predict XFS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with healthy controls, XFS patients had an enlarged FAZ area and a lower VD in the superficial vascular complex (SVC). The GCL thickness map and VD map of the SVC and deep vascular complex (DVC) revealed the presence of pathological damage at the outer superior (OS) and outer inferior (OI) sectors in XFS patients. In XFS patient, the FAZ area and OS VD of the SVC were strongly correlated with the Hcy levels, and the OS VD of the SVC was significantly negatively correlated with the NLR and PLR. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the SVC FAZ area and OS VD in predicting XFS were both &gt;0.67.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The pixel-level FAZ algorithm and VD map derived from OCTA can reflect microvascular damage in XFS. The fundus lesions observed in XFS are accompanied by systemic circulatory changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cone mosaic in eyes with varied axial length using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","authors":"Wen-Da Zhou ,&nbsp;Li Dong ,&nbsp;Han-Xu Shi,&nbsp;Rui-Heng Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-hang Yang,&nbsp;Han-qing Zhao,&nbsp;Yi-Tong Li,&nbsp;Chu-Yao Yu,&nbsp;He-Yan Li,&nbsp;Hao-Tian Wu,&nbsp;Lei Shao,&nbsp;Wen-Bin Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Abnormalities in cone photoreceptor topography are closely associated with the development of various ocular diseases, including axial myopia. Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) enables high-resolution, single-cell imaging of the living human retina.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between cone topography and axial myopia using a commercial AOSLO system. A total of 74 participants (148 eyes; 30 men, 40.5 %) with a mean age of 31.8 ± 10.4 years were included. Cone mosaics were imaged at 3° and 5° eccentricities of the fovea centralis. The relationships between cone parameters (linear cone density, cone spacing, cone dispersion, and cone regularity) and axial length were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Linear cone density significantly decreased with increasing axial length at both 3° and 5° eccentricities (all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Cone spacing significantly increased with greater axial length and reduced cone density. After adjusting for axial length, cone spacing was significantly associated only with linear cone density at both 3° and 5° eccentricities (all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Cone dispersion significantly increased with longer axial length and lower cone density. After adjusting for axial length, cone dispersion remained significantly associated with linear cone density only at the inferior 3° (<em>β</em> = -0.43, <em>P</em> = 0.014) and inferior 5° eccentricities (<em>β</em>=-0.4, <em>P</em> = 0.003). Cone regularity significantly increased with higher linear cone density at certain 3° eccentricities (nasal: <em>β</em>=0.34, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001; temporal: <em>β</em>=0.25, <em>P</em> = 0.006; inferior: <em>β</em> = 0.2, <em>P</em> = 0.04) and significantly decreased with longer axial length at temporal 5° eccentricity (<em>β</em> = -0.57, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Linear cone density was significantly reduced in axial myopia. The uniformity of cone distribution was disrupted as a result of the reduction in cone density. Additionally, cone regularity was significantly diminished in axial myopia, potentially due to the direct effects of axial elongation at 5° eccentricity or reductions in cone density at 3° eccentricity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in patients with maxillofacial neuropathies. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Leonardo Díaz ,&nbsp;Javier Basualdo ,&nbsp;Alain Chaple-Gil ,&nbsp;Alfredo Von Marttens ,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in managing maxillofacial neuropathies, with a focus on pain reduction, neurological recovery, and tissue regeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO databases was conducted for English-, Spanish-, and Portuguese-language publications on LLLT for maxillofacial neuropathies up to December 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients with paresthesia, neuralgia, or facial paralysis treated with LLLT were included. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessments were conducted by two independent reviewers, and results were synthesized qualitatively and quantitatively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From an initial pool of 841 studies, 18 RCTs involving 1,220 patients met the inclusion criteria. LLLT significantly reduced pain scores on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (mean reduction = –3.5, 95 % CI:4.2 to –2.8, P &lt; 0.001) and facilitated a 45 % faster recovery of sensory thresholds compared to controls (P &lt; 0.001). Tissue regeneration markers, including collagen deposition and epithelialization rates, improved, resulting in a 25 % reduction in healing times (P &lt; 0.05). Mild adverse events, such as transient erythema, were reported in &lt;5 % of cases. Variability in laser dosimetry and small sample sizes across studies were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Low-level laser therapy is an effective and safe modality for managing maxillofacial neuropathies, demonstrating significant benefits in pain reduction, nerve recovery, and tissue healing. Standardized protocols and multicenter trials are necessary to optimize its application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of activity in the Cancer immune system due to the presence of microcomponents when Exposed to Photodynamic: An in Vitro Experiment","authors":"Barbara M. Kukiełczak Detweiler ,&nbsp;Amanda C. Zangirolami ,&nbsp;Gus A. Wright ,&nbsp;Da M. Kim ,&nbsp;Vanderlei S. Bagnato","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has aimed at destroying tumor cells and microbiological control in infections. Experimentation <em>in vitro</em> with individual elements of a biological system enables the study of mechanism of action and provides directions to <em>in vivo</em> applications where cancer coexists with normal cells and microorganisms, whether opportunistic or not. The action of the combined set of elements leads to a different behavior from each of the components isolated. In this study, we created a simple model to investigate the effects of PDT (1) on the coculture of macrophages (2) and melanoma cells (3) infected with <em>E. coli</em> (4) under different combinations. Comparing the 4 individual elements of the system interacting with each other to all of them interacting together, we found that macrophage phagocytosis depends on the order in which the elements are exposed to PDT. That indicates the behavior of macrophages depends on their relationship with the microenvironment. Applying the photodynamic effect to each component separately or to all of them together results in different outcomes. These <em>in vitro</em> experiments provide pathways to understand or to design new and more efficient applications of PDT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 104518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}