Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.024054
Feng-Li Lin, Avani Patel, Jason Payne
Soft hairs are an intrinsic infrared feature of a black hole, which may also affect near-horizon physics. In this work, we study some of the subtleties surrounding one of the primary observables with which we can study their effects in the context of Einstein’s gravity: the black hole shadow. First, we clarify the singular pathology associated with black holes with soft hairs and demonstrate that the metrics of linearly superrotated black holes are free of near-zone pathologies due to appropriate asymptotic falloff conditions being imposed on the event horizon. We then analytically construct the photon orbits around such black holes, derive the shadow equation for near-zone observers, and find that the linear superrotation hairs deform the circular shadow of a bald Schwarzchild black hole into an ellipse. This is in sharp contrast to their supertranslated counterparts, which only shift the position of the center of the circular shadow but do not change its shape. Our results suggest a richness to the observable effects due to the infrared structures of Einstein’s gravity. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Conic sections on the sky: Shadows of linearly superrotated black holes","authors":"Feng-Li Lin, Avani Patel, Jason Payne","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.024054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.024054","url":null,"abstract":"Soft hairs are an intrinsic infrared feature of a black hole, which may also affect near-horizon physics. In this work, we study some of the subtleties surrounding one of the primary observables with which we can study their effects in the context of Einstein’s gravity: the black hole shadow. First, we clarify the singular pathology associated with black holes with soft hairs and demonstrate that the metrics of linearly superrotated black holes are free of near-zone pathologies due to appropriate asymptotic falloff conditions being imposed on the event horizon. We then analytically construct the photon orbits around such black holes, derive the shadow equation for near-zone observers, and find that the linear superrotation hairs deform the circular shadow of a bald Schwarzchild black hole into an ellipse. This is in sharp contrast to their supertranslated counterparts, which only shift the position of the center of the circular shadow but do not change its shape. Our results suggest a richness to the observable effects due to the infrared structures of Einstein’s gravity. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.024057
Kieran Wood, Paul M. Saffin, Anastasios Avgoustidis
Owing to our work in part I of this series of papers, it is understood that the analytically known black hole solutions in the theory of ghost-free multimetric gravity can be split into three distinct classes and that one of these classes—the proportional branch—exhibits the Gregory-Laflamme instability at linear level in the metric perturbations, whenever the black hole horizon size is smaller than (roughly) the Compton wavelength of the theory’s lightest massive graviton. In this first of two sequels, we determine the linear stability of the two remaining classes of black hole solutions—the nonproportional and partially proportional branches—and discuss how our results likely differ at nonlinear level. We also give a general prescription to construct multimetric solutions describing black holes endowed with massive graviton hair, which may constitute the end state of the instability in the proportional branch. We utilize a tractable example model involving three metrics to see how this works in practice and determine the asymptotic form of its corresponding hairy solutions at infinity, where one can clearly see the individual contributions from each of the graviton mass modes. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Black holes in multimetric gravity. II. Hairy solutions and linear stability of the non- and partially proportional branches","authors":"Kieran Wood, Paul M. Saffin, Anastasios Avgoustidis","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.024057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.024057","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to our work in part I of this series of papers, it is understood that the analytically known black hole solutions in the theory of ghost-free multimetric gravity can be split into three distinct classes and that one of these classes—the proportional branch—exhibits the Gregory-Laflamme instability at linear level in the metric perturbations, whenever the black hole horizon size is smaller than (roughly) the Compton wavelength of the theory’s lightest massive graviton. In this first of two sequels, we determine the linear stability of the two remaining classes of black hole solutions—the nonproportional and partially proportional branches—and discuss how our results likely differ at nonlinear level. We also give a general prescription to construct multimetric solutions describing black holes endowed with massive graviton hair, which may constitute the end state of the instability in the proportional branch. We utilize a tractable example model involving three metrics to see how this works in practice and determine the asymptotic form of its corresponding hairy solutions at infinity, where one can clearly see the individual contributions from each of the graviton mass modes. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.l021902
Xin Jiang, Peng Wang, Houwen Wu, Haitang Yang
In conformal field theories, in contrast to some auxiliary states into the bipartite mixed state ρAB as the usual purifications do, we show a pure entangled state ψAB can be constructed by the undetectable regions. In this pure state ψAB, the von Neumann entropy SvN(A:B) naturally captures quantum entanglement between A and B. We verify that SvN(A:B) is equal to the entanglement wedge cross section EW in anti–de Sitter spacetime, which is conjectured to be the holographic dual of the entanglement of purification. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Alternative to purification in conformal field theory","authors":"Xin Jiang, Peng Wang, Houwen Wu, Haitang Yang","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.l021902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.l021902","url":null,"abstract":"In conformal field theories, in contrast to some auxiliary states into the bipartite mixed state ρ</a:mi>A</a:mi>B</a:mi></a:mrow></a:msub></a:math> as the usual purifications do, we show a pure entangled state <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:msub><c:mi>ψ</c:mi><c:mrow><c:mi>A</c:mi><c:mi>B</c:mi></c:mrow></c:msub></c:math> can be constructed by the undetectable regions. In this pure state <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:msub><e:mi>ψ</e:mi><e:mrow><e:mi>A</e:mi><e:mi>B</e:mi></e:mrow></e:msub></e:math>, the von Neumann entropy <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:msub><g:mi>S</g:mi><g:mi>vN</g:mi></g:msub><g:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</g:mo><g:mi>A</g:mi><g:mo>:</g:mo><g:mi>B</g:mi><g:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</g:mo></g:math> naturally captures quantum entanglement between <k:math xmlns:k=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><k:mi>A</k:mi></k:math> and <m:math xmlns:m=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><m:mi>B</m:mi></m:math>. We verify that <o:math xmlns:o=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><o:msub><o:mi>S</o:mi><o:mi>vN</o:mi></o:msub><o:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</o:mo><o:mi>A</o:mi><o:mo>:</o:mo><o:mi>B</o:mi><o:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</o:mo></o:math> is equal to the entanglement wedge cross section <s:math xmlns:s=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><s:msub><s:mi>E</s:mi><s:mi>W</s:mi></s:msub></s:math> in anti–de Sitter spacetime, which is conjectured to be the holographic dual of the entanglement of purification. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.026018
Mirjam Cvetič, Markus Dierigl, Ling Lin, Ethan Torres, Hao Y. Zhang
M-theory frozen singularities are (locally) D- or E-type orbifold singularities with a background fractional C3-monodromy surrounding them. In this paper, we revisit such backgrounds and address several puzzling features of their physics. We first give a top-down derivation of how the D- or E-type 7D N=1 gauge theory directly “freezes” to a lower-rank gauge theory due to the C3 background. This relies on a Hanany-Witten effect of fractional M5 branes and the presence of a gauge anomaly of fractional Dp probes in the circle reduction. Additionally, we compute defect groups and 8D symmetry topological field theories of the 7D frozen theories in several duality frames. We apply our results to understanding the evenness condition of strings ending on O7+ planes, and calculating the global forms of supergravity gauge groups of M-theory compactified on T4/Γ with frozen singularities. We also revisit IIA ADE singularities with a C1-monodromy along a 1-cycle in the boundary lens space and show that this freezes the gauge degrees of freedom via confinement. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Frozen generalized symmetries","authors":"Mirjam Cvetič, Markus Dierigl, Ling Lin, Ethan Torres, Hao Y. Zhang","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.026018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.026018","url":null,"abstract":"M-theory frozen singularities are (locally) D</a:mi></a:math>- or <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mi>E</c:mi></c:math>-type orbifold singularities with a background fractional <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:msub><e:mi>C</e:mi><e:mn>3</e:mn></e:msub></e:math>-monodromy surrounding them. In this paper, we revisit such backgrounds and address several puzzling features of their physics. We first give a top-down derivation of how the <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:mi>D</g:mi></g:math>- or <i:math xmlns:i=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><i:mi>E</i:mi></i:math>-type 7D <k:math xmlns:k=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><k:mi mathvariant=\"script\">N</k:mi><k:mo>=</k:mo><k:mn>1</k:mn></k:math> gauge theory directly “freezes” to a lower-rank gauge theory due to the <n:math xmlns:n=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><n:msub><n:mi>C</n:mi><n:mn>3</n:mn></n:msub></n:math> background. This relies on a Hanany-Witten effect of fractional M5 branes and the presence of a gauge anomaly of fractional <p:math xmlns:p=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><p:mrow><p:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D</p:mi><p:mi>p</p:mi></p:mrow></p:math> probes in the circle reduction. Additionally, we compute defect groups and 8D symmetry topological field theories of the 7D frozen theories in several duality frames. We apply our results to understanding the evenness condition of strings ending on <s:math xmlns:s=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><s:mrow><s:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</s:mi><s:msup><s:mrow><s:mn>7</s:mn></s:mrow><s:mrow><s:mo>+</s:mo></s:mrow></s:msup></s:mrow></s:math> planes, and calculating the global forms of supergravity gauge groups of M-theory compactified on <v:math xmlns:v=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><v:msup><v:mi>T</v:mi><v:mn>4</v:mn></v:msup><v:mo>/</v:mo><v:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</v:mi></v:math> with frozen singularities. We also revisit IIA <y:math xmlns:y=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><y:mi>A</y:mi><y:mi>D</y:mi><y:mi>E</y:mi></y:math> singularities with a C</ab:mi>1</ab:mn></ab:msub></ab:math>-monodromy along a 1-cycle in the boundary lens space and show that this freezes the gauge degrees of freedom via confinement. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.024055
Don N. Page
The number of gravitons emitted during binary inspiral is found to be remarkably close to (though slightly larger than) the radiated angular momentum in units of 2ℏ. This (∼1%) closeness holds both for an infinitesimal change in the eccentricity, and for the total graviton number emitted during inspiral from a large eccentricity initial orbit down to negligible final eccentricity. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Graviton number radiated during binary inspiral and its link to angular momentum radiation","authors":"Don N. Page","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.024055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.024055","url":null,"abstract":"The number of gravitons emitted during binary inspiral is found to be remarkably close to (though slightly larger than) the radiated angular momentum in units of 2</a:mn>ℏ</a:mi></a:math>. This (<c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mo>∼</c:mo><c:mn>1</c:mn><c:mo>%</c:mo></c:math>) closeness holds both for an infinitesimal change in the eccentricity, and for the total graviton number emitted during inspiral from a large eccentricity initial orbit down to negligible final eccentricity. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.015021
Carlos Henrique de Lima, Douglas Tuckler
This work investigates the capability of future lepton colliders to determine the sign of the gauge-Higgs coupling through the vector boson fusion Zh process. This channel offers a model-independent way to probe the sign of the gauge-Higgs coupling. Its sensitivity to interference effects and universal coupling with new physics makes it particularly effective. We show that a high-energy lepton collider such as CLIC can fully determine the sign of the gauge-Higgs coupling in a model-independent way and with high confidence. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Sign of gauge-Higgs boson couplings at future lepton colliders","authors":"Carlos Henrique de Lima, Douglas Tuckler","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.015021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.015021","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates the capability of future lepton colliders to determine the sign of the gauge-Higgs coupling through the vector boson fusion Z</a:mi>h</a:mi></a:math> process. This channel offers a model-independent way to probe the sign of the gauge-Higgs coupling. Its sensitivity to interference effects and universal coupling with new physics makes it particularly effective. We show that a high-energy lepton collider such as CLIC can fully determine the sign of the gauge-Higgs coupling in a model-independent way and with high confidence. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.024053
Farid Thaalba, Nicola Franchini, Miguel Bezares, Thomas P. Sotiriou
We study spherical evolution in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with additional Ricci coupling and use the gauge-invariant approach introduced recently by Reall to track well-posedness. Our results show that loss of hyperbolicity when it occurs, is due to the behavior of physical degrees of freedom. They provide further support to the idea that this behavior can be tamed by additional interactions of the scalar. We also point out a limitation of this gauge-invariant approach: the fact that field redefinitions can change the character of the evolution equations. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Hyperbolicity in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity: A gauge invariant study for spherical evolution","authors":"Farid Thaalba, Nicola Franchini, Miguel Bezares, Thomas P. Sotiriou","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.024053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.024053","url":null,"abstract":"We study spherical evolution in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with additional Ricci coupling and use the gauge-invariant approach introduced recently by Reall to track well-posedness. Our results show that loss of hyperbolicity when it occurs, is due to the behavior of physical degrees of freedom. They provide further support to the idea that this behavior can be tamed by additional interactions of the scalar. We also point out a limitation of this gauge-invariant approach: the fact that field redefinitions can change the character of the evolution equations. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) effective field theory, we study the leptoproduction of J/ψ at next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD for both unpolarized and polarized electron-ion collisions. We demonstrate that the J/ψ-tagged deep inelastic scattering in the future Electron-Ion Collider can be served as a golden channel for reasons including constraining NRQCD long-distance matrix elements, probing the nuclear gluon distribution functions, as well as investigating the gluon helicity distribution inside a longitudinal polarized proton. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Role of J/ψ production in electron-ion collisions","authors":"Zexuan Chu, Jinhui Chen, Xiang-Peng Wang, Hongxi Xing","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.l011501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.l011501","url":null,"abstract":"Within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) effective field theory, we study the leptoproduction of J</a:mi>/</a:mo>ψ</a:mi></a:math> at next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD for both unpolarized and polarized electron-ion collisions. We demonstrate that the <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mi>J</c:mi><c:mo>/</c:mo><c:mi>ψ</c:mi></c:math>-tagged deep inelastic scattering in the future Electron-Ion Collider can be served as a golden channel for reasons including constraining NRQCD long-distance matrix elements, probing the nuclear gluon distribution functions, as well as investigating the gluon helicity distribution inside a longitudinal polarized proton. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.014023
Riki Oshima, Hiroaki Kouno, Kouji Kashiwa
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with pure imaginary baryon number chemical potential μ=iθT, where T is temperature and θ is a real number, has the Roberge-Weiss periodicity. We study the θ-dependence of the baryon number density and the pressure in the hadron resonance gas model with excluded volume effects of baryons. It is shown that the baryon number density and the pressure are smooth periodic functions of θ at low or high temperature. However, they have singular behavior at θ=(2k+1)π where k is an integer, when T∼211MeV. This temperature is consistent with the Roberge-Weiss transition temperature TRW obtained by lattice QCD simulations. This singularity can be explained by the dual excluded volume effects in which the roles of pointlike and nonpointlike particles are exchanged each other in the ordinary excluded volume effects. It is also indicated that the excluded volume effect is visible just below TRW and is directly detectable by the lattice QCD simulation at finite θ. We compare the results with the one obtained by the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Roberge-Weiss periodicity and singularity in a hadron resonance gas model with excluded volume effects","authors":"Riki Oshima, Hiroaki Kouno, Kouji Kashiwa","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.014023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.014023","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with pure imaginary baryon number chemical potential μ</a:mi>=</a:mo>i</a:mi>θ</a:mi>T</a:mi></a:math>, where <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mi>T</c:mi></c:math> is temperature and <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:mi>θ</e:mi></e:math> is a real number, has the Roberge-Weiss periodicity. We study the <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:mi>θ</g:mi></g:math>-dependence of the baryon number density and the pressure in the hadron resonance gas model with excluded volume effects of baryons. It is shown that the baryon number density and the pressure are smooth periodic functions of <i:math xmlns:i=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><i:mi>θ</i:mi></i:math> at low or high temperature. However, they have singular behavior at <k:math xmlns:k=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><k:mi>θ</k:mi><k:mo>=</k:mo><k:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</k:mo><k:mn>2</k:mn><k:mi>k</k:mi><k:mo>+</k:mo><k:mn>1</k:mn><k:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</k:mo><k:mi>π</k:mi></k:math> where <o:math xmlns:o=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><o:mi>k</o:mi></o:math> is an integer, when <q:math xmlns:q=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><q:mi>T</q:mi><q:mo>∼</q:mo><q:mn>211</q:mn><q:mtext> </q:mtext><q:mtext> </q:mtext><q:mi>MeV</q:mi></q:math>. This temperature is consistent with the Roberge-Weiss transition temperature <s:math xmlns:s=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><s:msub><s:mi>T</s:mi><s:mrow><s:mi>RW</s:mi></s:mrow></s:msub></s:math> obtained by lattice QCD simulations. This singularity can be explained by the dual excluded volume effects in which the roles of pointlike and nonpointlike particles are exchanged each other in the ordinary excluded volume effects. It is also indicated that the excluded volume effect is visible just below <u:math xmlns:u=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><u:msub><u:mi>T</u:mi><u:mrow><u:mi>RW</u:mi></u:mrow></u:msub></u:math> and is directly detectable by the lattice QCD simulation at finite <w:math xmlns:w=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><w:mi>θ</w:mi></w:math>. We compare the results with the one obtained by the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.111.014024
Yoshitaka Hatta, Jake Montgomery
Individual quarks and gluons at small x inside an unpolarized hadron can be regarded as Bell states in which qubits in the spin and orbital angular momentum spaces are maximally entangled. Using the machinery of quantum information science, we generalize this observation to all values 0<x<1 and describe gluons (but not quarks) as maximally entangled states between a qubit and a qudit. We introduce the conditional probability distribution P(lz|sz) of a gluon’s orbital angular momentum lz given its helicity sz. Restricting to the three states lz=0,±1, which constitute a qutrit, we explicitly compute P as a function of x. Published by the American Physical Society2025
{"title":"Maximally entangled gluons for any x","authors":"Yoshitaka Hatta, Jake Montgomery","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.014024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.014024","url":null,"abstract":"Individual quarks and gluons at small x</a:mi></a:math> inside an unpolarized hadron can be regarded as Bell states in which qubits in the spin and orbital angular momentum spaces are maximally entangled. Using the machinery of quantum information science, we generalize this observation to all values <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mn>0</c:mn><c:mo><</c:mo><c:mi>x</c:mi><c:mo><</c:mo><c:mn>1</c:mn></c:math> and describe gluons (but not quarks) as maximally entangled states between a qubit and a qudit. We introduce the conditional probability distribution <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:mi>P</e:mi><e:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</e:mo><e:msup><e:mi>l</e:mi><e:mi>z</e:mi></e:msup><e:mo stretchy=\"false\">|</e:mo><e:msup><e:mi>s</e:mi><e:mi>z</e:mi></e:msup><e:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</e:mo></e:math> of a gluon’s orbital angular momentum <j:math xmlns:j=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><j:msup><j:mi>l</j:mi><j:mi>z</j:mi></j:msup></j:math> given its helicity <l:math xmlns:l=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><l:msup><l:mi>s</l:mi><l:mi>z</l:mi></l:msup></l:math>. Restricting to the three states <n:math xmlns:n=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><n:msup><n:mi>l</n:mi><n:mi>z</n:mi></n:msup><n:mo>=</n:mo><n:mn>0</n:mn><n:mo>,</n:mo><n:mo>±</n:mo><n:mn>1</n:mn></n:math>, which constitute a qutrit, we explicitly compute <p:math xmlns:p=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><p:mi>P</p:mi></p:math> as a function of <r:math xmlns:r=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><r:mi>x</r:mi></r:math>. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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