Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108155
Stephen T Higgins
This Special Issue (SI) of Preventive Medicine is the 11th in an annual series on behavior change, health, and health disparities. The theme of this 2024 issue is Smoking and Other Tobacco Use among Women and Girls. Cigarette smoking remains the single most preventable cause of death in the U.S., causing the premature death of more than 200,000 U.S. women annually, a mortality rate that far exceeds levels from conditions more commonly associated with premature death in women (e.g., breast cancer). Of course, cigarette smoking among women and girls is also a well-known cause of intergenerational adverse health effects. Women and girls are also using e-cigarettes and many other tobacco products that are flooding the U.S. tobacco marketplace. This SI includes eleven peer-reviewed articles that advance knowledge across a wide range of topics on disproportionate adverse effects, prevalence, and risk factors for cigarette smoking and other tobacco use in women and girls.
本期《预防医学》特刊(SI)是关于行为改变、健康和健康差异的年度系列的第 11 期。本期特刊的主题是 "妇女和女孩吸烟及其他烟草使用"。在美国,吸烟仍然是唯一最可预防的死因,每年导致 20 多万美国妇女过早死亡,其死亡率远远超过更常见的与妇女过早死亡有关的疾病(如乳腺癌)。当然,妇女和女童吸烟也是造成代际不良健康影响的一个众所周知的原因。妇女和女孩还在使用电子烟和其他许多充斥美国烟草市场的烟草产品。本 SI 共收录了 11 篇经同行评审的文章,这些文章就妇女和女童吸烟及其他烟草使用的不成比例的不良影响、流行率和风险因素等广泛主题增进了知识。
{"title":"Behavior change, health, and health disparities 2024: Smoking and other tobacco use among women and girls.","authors":"Stephen T Higgins","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This Special Issue (SI) of Preventive Medicine is the 11th in an annual series on behavior change, health, and health disparities. The theme of this 2024 issue is Smoking and Other Tobacco Use among Women and Girls. Cigarette smoking remains the single most preventable cause of death in the U.S., causing the premature death of more than 200,000 U.S. women annually, a mortality rate that far exceeds levels from conditions more commonly associated with premature death in women (e.g., breast cancer). Of course, cigarette smoking among women and girls is also a well-known cause of intergenerational adverse health effects. Women and girls are also using e-cigarettes and many other tobacco products that are flooding the U.S. tobacco marketplace. This SI includes eleven peer-reviewed articles that advance knowledge across a wide range of topics on disproportionate adverse effects, prevalence, and risk factors for cigarette smoking and other tobacco use in women and girls.</p>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between child maltreatment and hospital-treated infectious diseases in middle-aged and older adults.
Methods: 145,151 participants aged 38-72 years from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010 were enrolled and interviewed. Child maltreatment included five types: physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse. Patterns of maltreatment were identified using latent class analysis (LCA). Cox regression was employed to estimate the associations between child maltreatment (number of types, individual types, and patterns) and infectious diseases. Further, we evaluated potential mediators using mediation analysis.
Results: Over a median follow-up of 13.4 years, 22,688 participants (12.26 per 1000 person-years) were hospitalized for an infectious disease. Participants reporting any maltreatment had elevated infectious diseases risk (HR 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.15-1.21) than those without maltreatment. A dose-response relationship was observed between the number of maltreatment types and infectious disease (one, HR 1.09 [95 % CI 1.06-1.13]; two, HR 1.17 [95 % CI 1.12-1.23]; three to five, HR 1.48 [95 %CI 1.41-1.55]; Ptrend < 0.001). Each type of maltreatment was associated with increased infectious diseases risk. LCA identified four patterns (low maltreatment, child neglect, child abuse, and poly-maltreatment), with those experiencing poly-maltreatment exhibiting the highest infectious diseases risk (HR 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.43-1.59). The association between child maltreatment and infectious diseases was mediated by C-reactive protein, phenotypic age acceleration, loneliness, psychiatric disorders, and unhealthy lifestyles.
Conclusions: Child maltreatment may increase susceptibility to a broad spectrum of infectious diseases in adulthood, highlighting the need for early-life maltreatment prevention policies.
{"title":"Association between self-reported child maltreatment and risk of hospital-treated infectious diseases in middle-aged and older adults: A UK Biobank cohort study.","authors":"Yifang Huang, Ruilang Lin, Wenhao Wang, Lulu Pan, Chen Huang, Yongfu Yu, Guoyou Qin, Zhijun Bao, Xueying Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the association between child maltreatment and hospital-treated infectious diseases in middle-aged and older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>145,151 participants aged 38-72 years from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010 were enrolled and interviewed. Child maltreatment included five types: physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse. Patterns of maltreatment were identified using latent class analysis (LCA). Cox regression was employed to estimate the associations between child maltreatment (number of types, individual types, and patterns) and infectious diseases. Further, we evaluated potential mediators using mediation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a median follow-up of 13.4 years, 22,688 participants (12.26 per 1000 person-years) were hospitalized for an infectious disease. Participants reporting any maltreatment had elevated infectious diseases risk (HR 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.15-1.21) than those without maltreatment. A dose-response relationship was observed between the number of maltreatment types and infectious disease (one, HR 1.09 [95 % CI 1.06-1.13]; two, HR 1.17 [95 % CI 1.12-1.23]; three to five, HR 1.48 [95 %CI 1.41-1.55]; P<sub>trend</sub> < 0.001). Each type of maltreatment was associated with increased infectious diseases risk. LCA identified four patterns (low maltreatment, child neglect, child abuse, and poly-maltreatment), with those experiencing poly-maltreatment exhibiting the highest infectious diseases risk (HR 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.43-1.59). The association between child maltreatment and infectious diseases was mediated by C-reactive protein, phenotypic age acceleration, loneliness, psychiatric disorders, and unhealthy lifestyles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Child maltreatment may increase susceptibility to a broad spectrum of infectious diseases in adulthood, highlighting the need for early-life maltreatment prevention policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The risk of new-onset hypertension is influenced by habitual fish oil supplementation, but whether the association is modified by genetic predisposition is unknown.
Methods: A total of 213,604 participants without hypertension were identified at baseline from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. The weighted polygenetic risk score (PRS) comprising 118 identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to quantify genetic susceptibility. Cox regression models were applied to determine the association between fish oil supplementation, PRS, and hypertension and evaluate the effect modification of genetic susceptibility.
Results: During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 18,498 new-onset hypertension cases were identified. Approximately 30.6 % (65,452) of participants were habitual fish oil users. The hazard ratio (HR) of habitual fish oil users for hypertension was 0.94 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.98). Fish oil nonusers with a high genetic risk had an increased risk of hypertension (HR, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.41-1.64) compared to fish oil users with a low genetic risk. In addition, an interaction on the additive scale between the fish oil use and intermediate or high levels of genetic susceptibility was observed. The interactive effects accounted for approximately 7 % and 22 % of the risk of developing hypertension, respectively.
Conclusions: This cohort study indicates regular fish oil supplementation could be beneficial in preventing hypertension, particularly among individuals with intermediate or high genetic susceptibility on an additive scale.
{"title":"Fish oil supplementation, genetic susceptibility and risk of new-onset hypertension.","authors":"Zhi-Hao Li, Wei-Qi Song, Cheng-Shen Qiu, Hong-Min Li, Xu-Lian Tang, Dong Shen, Pei-Dong Zhang, Xi-Ru Zhang, Jiao-Jiao Ren, Jian Gao, Wen-Fang Zhong, Dan Liu, Ying-Jun Chen, Pei-Liang Chen, Qing-Mei Huang, Chen Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The risk of new-onset hypertension is influenced by habitual fish oil supplementation, but whether the association is modified by genetic predisposition is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 213,604 participants without hypertension were identified at baseline from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. The weighted polygenetic risk score (PRS) comprising 118 identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to quantify genetic susceptibility. Cox regression models were applied to determine the association between fish oil supplementation, PRS, and hypertension and evaluate the effect modification of genetic susceptibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 18,498 new-onset hypertension cases were identified. Approximately 30.6 % (65,452) of participants were habitual fish oil users. The hazard ratio (HR) of habitual fish oil users for hypertension was 0.94 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.98). Fish oil nonusers with a high genetic risk had an increased risk of hypertension (HR, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.41-1.64) compared to fish oil users with a low genetic risk. In addition, an interaction on the additive scale between the fish oil use and intermediate or high levels of genetic susceptibility was observed. The interactive effects accounted for approximately 7 % and 22 % of the risk of developing hypertension, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This cohort study indicates regular fish oil supplementation could be beneficial in preventing hypertension, particularly among individuals with intermediate or high genetic susceptibility on an additive scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108151
Introduction
Cigarette smoke exposure is known to induce inflammation, leading to elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP). Despite extensive research on this relationship, longitudinal studies are limited. We aimed to explore the association between cigarette smoke exposure and WBC count and CRP levels by restructuring community cohort data.
Methods
Data from a community cohort of the Korean population, followed biennially from 2001 to 2018, were utilized. Smoking status was determined through self-administered questionnaires. WBC and CRP levels were measured in a central laboratory with stringent quality control. Cohort data were restructured into pairs representing before and after measurements. We analyzed smoking effects on WBC and CRP using pairwise before-after tests based on changes in smoking status. Furthermore, parallel group analyses comparing changes in smoking status to no change were conducted.
Results
Analysis included 4336 pairs for WBC and 3068 pairs for CRP from 10,030 participants. Pairwise analysis showed a significant decrease in WBC transitioning from current smoker to non-smoker and an increase from non-smoker to current smoker. Parallel group analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in WBC transitioning from current smoker to non-smoker compared to remaining current smoker, and an increase from non-smoker to current smoker compared to remaining non-smoker. CRP did not exhibit significant associations in either analysis.
Conclusions
In a community cohort, cigarette smoking was associated with elevated WBC count. However, CRP levels did not consistently reflect inflammation associated with cigarette smoking.
{"title":"Assessing the association between cigarette smoking and blood C-reactive protein levels using restructured cohort data","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cigarette smoke exposure is known to induce inflammation, leading to elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP). Despite extensive research on this relationship, longitudinal studies are limited. We aimed to explore the association between cigarette smoke exposure and WBC count and CRP levels by restructuring community cohort data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from a community cohort of the Korean population, followed biennially from 2001 to 2018, were utilized. Smoking status was determined through self-administered questionnaires. WBC and CRP levels were measured in a central laboratory with stringent quality control. Cohort data were restructured into pairs representing before and after measurements. We analyzed smoking effects on WBC and CRP using pairwise before-after tests based on changes in smoking status. Furthermore, parallel group analyses comparing changes in smoking status to no change were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analysis included 4336 pairs for WBC and 3068 pairs for CRP from 10,030 participants. Pairwise analysis showed a significant decrease in WBC transitioning from current smoker to non-smoker and an increase from non-smoker to current smoker. Parallel group analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in WBC transitioning from current smoker to non-smoker compared to remaining current smoker, and an increase from non-smoker to current smoker compared to remaining non-smoker. CRP did not exhibit significant associations in either analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In a community cohort, cigarette smoking was associated with elevated WBC count. However, CRP levels did not consistently reflect inflammation associated with cigarette smoking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108150
Delphine Teigné, Anne-Sophie Banaszuk, Charlotte Grimault, Aline Lebon, France Nanin, Aurélie Gaultier, Cédric Rat
Objective: To evaluate the effect of implementing two modalities of organized Cervical Cancer Screening (CCS) program on screening uptake after a six-month delay.
Methods: A three-armed cluster randomized control trial was conducted in France between January 8 and July 2, 2021, involving148 510 women aged 40 to 65 and 1070 general practitioners. In the Optimized screening group, an invitation letter was posted to non-adherent women, and general practitioners were sent a list of their non-adherent patients. In the Organized screening group, an invitation letter was posted to non-adherent women. In the Usual care group, no invitation was sent. The endpoint was cervical cancer screening uptake after a six months period a) among all eligible women (primary endpoint); and b) among initially non-adherent women (post-hoc analysis). Statistical analysis was based on a logistic mixed model that compared between-group percentages of adherent women. A hierarchical comparison successively tested differences between the three arms (alpha 5 % risk).
Results: Among all 148,510 eligible women, screening uptake was 63.6 % (31,731/49910) in the Optimized screening group vs 61.8 % (30,210/48847) in the Usual care group (OR [IC95 %] = 1.05[0.93; 1.18]). Among the 64,370 initially non-adherent women, screening uptake was 17.9 % (3955/22134) in the Optimized screening group vs 11.6 % (5321/20995) in the Usual care group (OR [IC95 %] = 1.70[1.56;1.86]). There was no significant difference between Optimized and Organized screening groups (17.2 % vs 17.9 %; OR [IC95 %] = 1.02[0.94; 1.11]).
Conclusions: The implementation of an organized screening based on an invitation letter resulted in a modest increase in participation among non-adherent women six months later.
{"title":"Organized cervical cancer screening: A randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of sending invitation letters.","authors":"Delphine Teigné, Anne-Sophie Banaszuk, Charlotte Grimault, Aline Lebon, France Nanin, Aurélie Gaultier, Cédric Rat","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effect of implementing two modalities of organized Cervical Cancer Screening (CCS) program on screening uptake after a six-month delay.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A three-armed cluster randomized control trial was conducted in France between January 8 and July 2, 2021, involving148 510 women aged 40 to 65 and 1070 general practitioners. In the Optimized screening group, an invitation letter was posted to non-adherent women, and general practitioners were sent a list of their non-adherent patients. In the Organized screening group, an invitation letter was posted to non-adherent women. In the Usual care group, no invitation was sent. The endpoint was cervical cancer screening uptake after a six months period a) among all eligible women (primary endpoint); and b) among initially non-adherent women (post-hoc analysis). Statistical analysis was based on a logistic mixed model that compared between-group percentages of adherent women. A hierarchical comparison successively tested differences between the three arms (alpha 5 % risk).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all 148,510 eligible women, screening uptake was 63.6 % (31,731/49910) in the Optimized screening group vs 61.8 % (30,210/48847) in the Usual care group (OR [IC95 %] = 1.05[0.93; 1.18]). Among the 64,370 initially non-adherent women, screening uptake was 17.9 % (3955/22134) in the Optimized screening group vs 11.6 % (5321/20995) in the Usual care group (OR [IC95 %] = 1.70[1.56;1.86]). There was no significant difference between Optimized and Organized screening groups (17.2 % vs 17.9 %; OR [IC95 %] = 1.02[0.94; 1.11]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The implementation of an organized screening based on an invitation letter resulted in a modest increase in participation among non-adherent women six months later.</p>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108149
Background
Physical fitness (PF) offers numerous physical and mental health benefits, especially during childhood. Previous studies investigating trends in children's PF over the years reported contradictory findings.
Objective
To identify and analyse secular trends in PF among Austrian schoolchildren from 2006 to 2023.
Method
A repeated cross-sections design was used to examine the PF of children enrolling in sports schools between 2006 and 2023. During this period, a standardized eight-item motor performance testing battery was administered yearly to capture markers of strength, speed, endurance, agility and reaction time in Austrian schools.
Results
A total of n = 3827 children (996 girls) with a mean age of 9.9 ± 1.0 years were included. Linear mixed models indicated significant declines in sprint performance (5, 10, 20 m), tapping, jump (long jump and drop jump), throwing (medicine ball), and agility (snake run). No changes were observed in cardiorespiratory fitness (8 min run) or reaction time.
Conclusion
There has been a steady decline in PF among Austrian children attending sports schools. This finding underscores the need for enhanced PF monitoring and training in schools to improve public health outcomes.
{"title":"Secular trends of physical fitness in Austrian children attending sports schools: An analysis of repeated cross-sections from 2006 to 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Physical fitness (PF) offers numerous physical and mental health benefits, especially during childhood. Previous studies investigating trends in children's PF over the years reported contradictory findings.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify and analyse secular trends in PF among Austrian schoolchildren from 2006 to 2023.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A repeated cross-sections design was used to examine the PF of children enrolling in sports schools between 2006 and 2023. During this period, a standardized eight-item motor performance testing battery was administered yearly to capture markers of strength, speed, endurance, agility and reaction time in Austrian schools.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of <em>n</em> = 3827 children (996 girls) with a mean age of 9.9 ± 1.0 years were included. Linear mixed models indicated significant declines in sprint performance (5, 10, 20 m), tapping, jump (long jump and drop jump), throwing (medicine ball), and agility (snake run). No changes were observed in cardiorespiratory fitness (8 min run) or reaction time.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There has been a steady decline in PF among Austrian children attending sports schools. This finding underscores the need for enhanced PF monitoring and training in schools to improve public health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108148
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between food insecurity and substance use among young adults aged 18–25 in the U.S.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was completed by a diverse sample of 1024 young adults (50.2 % female; 62 % non-white; m age = 21.7[SD = 2.26]) between January–April 2022. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between food insecurity and current cigarette use, Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) use, cannabis use, alcohol use, and binge drinking controlling for socio-demographic and economic factors, mental health, and experiences of discrimination.
Results
Nearly 70 % of participants reported being food insecure over the past year. Substance use was also common: 45.9 % of participants reported current cigarette use, 50.9 % ENDS use, 57 % cannabis use, 65.9 % alcohol use, and 50.4 % engaged in binge drinking in the past two weeks. Being food insecure was associated with greater odds of cigarette use (OR = 2.49, 95 % CI = [1.77, 3.50]), ENDS use (OR = 2.18, 95 % CI = [1.58, 3.01]), cannabis use (OR = 1.73, 95 % CI = [1.26, 2.37]), alcohol use (OR = 1.60, 95 % CI = [1.16, 2.19]) and binge drinking (OR = 1.98, 95 % CI = [1.44, 2.72]), controlling for all other factors.
Conclusion
Food insecurity may serve as an important indicator of substance use among young adults. Practitioners should consider screening for food insecurity, providing information about food access, and developing interventions to address food insecurity among the young adults with whom they work. Future research should examine these associations prospectively to better understand how food insecurity may contribute to the initiation and/or escalation of substance use.
目的:本研究的目的是探讨美国 18-25 岁青壮年中食物不安全与药物使用之间的关系:2022 年 1 月至 4 月间,1024 名年轻成年人(50.2% 为女性;62% 为非白人;平均年龄 = 21.7[SD = 2.26])完成了一项横断面在线调查。在控制社会人口和经济因素、心理健康和歧视经历的情况下,使用逻辑回归分析来研究食物无保障与当前吸烟、使用电子尼古丁输送系统(ENDS)、吸食大麻、饮酒和酗酒之间的关系:近 70% 的参与者表示在过去一年中粮食无保障。使用药物的情况也很普遍:45.9%的参与者表示目前使用香烟,50.9%使用ENDS,57%使用大麻,65.9%饮酒,50.4%在过去两周内酗酒。食物无保障与吸烟(OR = 2.49,95 % CI = [1.77,3.50])、使用 ENDS(OR = 2.18,95 % CI = [1.58,3.01])、吸食大麻(OR = 1.73,95 % CI = [1.26,2.37])、饮酒(OR = 1.60,95 % CI = [1.16,2.19])和暴饮暴食(OR = 1.98,95 % CI = [1.44,2.72]):结论:食物不安全可能是青少年使用药物的一个重要指标。从业人员应考虑筛查食物不安全状况,提供有关食物获取的信息,并制定干预措施,以解决他们所服务的青壮年中存在的食物不安全问题。未来的研究应该对这些关联进行前瞻性研究,以更好地了解食物不安全如何导致药物使用的开始和/或升级。
{"title":"Food insecurity and substance use among young adults in the United States","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to examine the association between food insecurity and substance use among young adults aged 18–25 in the U.S.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey was completed by a diverse sample of 1024 young adults (50.2 % female; 62 % non-white; <em>m</em> age = 21.7[<em>SD</em> = 2.26]) between January–April 2022. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between food insecurity and current cigarette use, Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) use, cannabis use, alcohol use, and binge drinking controlling for socio-demographic and economic factors, mental health, and experiences of discrimination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nearly 70 % of participants reported being food insecure over the past year. Substance use was also common: 45.9 % of participants reported current cigarette use, 50.9 % ENDS use, 57 % cannabis use, 65.9 % alcohol use, and 50.4 % engaged in binge drinking in the past two weeks. Being food insecure was associated with greater odds of cigarette use (OR = 2.49, 95 % CI = [1.77, 3.50]), ENDS use (OR = 2.18, 95 % CI = [1.58, 3.01]), cannabis use (OR = 1.73, 95 % CI = [1.26, 2.37]), alcohol use (OR = 1.60, 95 % CI = [1.16, 2.19]) and binge drinking (OR = 1.98, 95 % CI = [1.44, 2.72]), controlling for all other factors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Food insecurity may serve as an important indicator of substance use among young adults. Practitioners should consider screening for food insecurity, providing information about food access, and developing interventions to address food insecurity among the young adults with whom they work. Future research should examine these associations prospectively to better understand how food insecurity may contribute to the initiation and/or escalation of substance use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108147
Objective
Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the most frequent cancer types and seriously threaten human life and health. Recent studies attribute the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers to both genetic and environmental factors, yet the intrinsic etiology remains unclear. Mendelian randomization is a powerful well-established statistical method that is based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) to evaluate the causal relationship between exposures and outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies investigating any causal risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers.
Methods
We systematically searched Mendelian randomization studies that addressed the associations of genetically predicted exposures with five main gastrointestinal cancers from September 2014 to March 2024, as well as testing the research quality and validity.
Results
Our findings suggested robust and consistent causal effects of body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate, fatty acids, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, insulin like growth factor-1, eosinophil counts, interleukin 2, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, apolipoprotein B on colorectal cancer risks, BMI, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total testosterone, smoking on gastric cancer risks, BMI, fasting insulin, LDL, waist circumference, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), immune cells, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on pancreatic cancer risks, waist circumference, smoking, T2DM on esophageal adenocarcinoma risks, and VAT, ferritin, transferrin, alcohol consumption, hepatitis B virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis on liver cancer risks, respectively.
Conclusion
Larger, well-designed Mendelian randomization studies are practical in determining the causal status of risk factors for diseases.
{"title":"An atlas on risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the most frequent cancer types and seriously threaten human life and health. Recent studies attribute the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers to both genetic and environmental factors, yet the intrinsic etiology remains unclear. Mendelian randomization is a powerful well-established statistical method that is based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) to evaluate the causal relationship between exposures and outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies investigating any causal risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We systematically searched Mendelian randomization studies that addressed the associations of genetically predicted exposures with five main gastrointestinal cancers from September 2014 to March 2024, as well as testing the research quality and validity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings suggested robust and consistent causal effects of body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate, fatty acids, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, insulin like growth factor-1, eosinophil counts, interleukin 2, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, apolipoprotein B on colorectal cancer risks, BMI, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total testosterone, smoking on gastric cancer risks, BMI, fasting insulin, LDL, waist circumference, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), immune cells, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on pancreatic cancer risks, waist circumference, smoking, T2DM on esophageal adenocarcinoma risks, and VAT, ferritin, transferrin, alcohol consumption, hepatitis B virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis on liver cancer risks, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Larger, well-designed Mendelian randomization studies are practical in determining the causal status of risk factors for diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142378207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108143
Objective
Effective persuasive communication necessitates message matching; the conveyed message should resonate with the recipient's characteristics, including individual moral values. While studies examining the relationship between moral values and vaccination behavior have been conducted in a limited number of countries, this study seeks to provide evidence on this relationship beyond Western democracies.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from November 4 to December 17, 2021, in Russia. Participants reported their COVID-19 vaccination behavior and completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, designed to measure the endorsement of moral values (n = 415). Regression analysis was employed to assess the association between each moral foundation and COVID-19 vaccination behavior.
Results
Our findings indicate that the moral foundations of Care, Loyalty, Fairness, and Sanctity significantly influence vaccination behavior. Individuals who strongly endorse Fairness (AME = −0.019; 95 % CI = −0.033, −0.005) and Sanctity (AME = −0.016; 95 % CI = −0.031, −0.002) were less likely to be vaccinated. Conversely, individuals endorsing Care (AME = −0.018; 95 % CI = −0.031, −0.005) and Loyalty (AME = −0.015; 95 % CI = −0.028, −0.001) were less likely to report refusal of vaccination. These results remain robust after adjusting for sociodemographic variables related to vaccination barriers.
Conclusion
Our findings carry public health implications; an understanding of the moral psychology underlying vaccination behavior can facilitate more targeted and effective health communication. Employing skillfully crafted moral appeals may mitigate negative attitudes toward vaccination and enhance vaccination rates.
{"title":"Moral values and vaccination behavior in Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Effective persuasive communication necessitates message matching; the conveyed message should resonate with the recipient's characteristics, including individual moral values. While studies examining the relationship between moral values and vaccination behavior have been conducted in a limited number of countries, this study seeks to provide evidence on this relationship beyond Western democracies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from November 4 to December 17, 2021, in Russia. Participants reported their COVID-19 vaccination behavior and completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, designed to measure the endorsement of moral values (<em>n</em> = 415). Regression analysis was employed to assess the association between each moral foundation and COVID-19 vaccination behavior.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings indicate that the moral foundations of Care, Loyalty, Fairness, and Sanctity significantly influence vaccination behavior. Individuals who strongly endorse Fairness (AME = −0.019; 95 % CI = −0.033, −0.005) and Sanctity (AME = −0.016; 95 % CI = −0.031, −0.002) were less likely to be vaccinated. Conversely, individuals endorsing Care (AME = −0.018; 95 % CI = −0.031, −0.005) and Loyalty (AME = −0.015; 95 % CI = −0.028, −0.001) were less likely to report refusal of vaccination. These results remain robust after adjusting for sociodemographic variables related to vaccination barriers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings carry public health implications; an understanding of the moral psychology underlying vaccination behavior can facilitate more targeted and effective health communication. Employing skillfully crafted moral appeals may mitigate negative attitudes toward vaccination and enhance vaccination rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108145
Objective
Despite the well-documented benefits of physical activity (PA), globally, only 20 % of youth engage in sufficient PA. Reviews support the benefits of PA prescriptions on promoting adults' PA, but no comparable reviews exist on studies among youth. This systematic review 1) assesses the state of the evidence regarding PA prescriptions from healthcare practitioners on youths' PA; and 2) identifies gaps to inform future research and practice.
Methods
A search of five databases in October 2023 identified 3067 articles. After title and/or abstract reviews, 64 full articles were reviewed for inclusion criteria. Study, sample, and PA prescription characteristics and findings regarding youths' PA were extracted.
Results
Nine articles published 2001–2023 from the United States (n = 6), Spain (n = 1), Northern Ireland (n = 1), and the United States and Mexico (n = 1) were identified. Seven occurred in medical settings and two in schools. Study designs were generally strong (e.g., randomized controlled trials) and study durations were generally short (3–4 months). All but two studies measured youths' PA with self-report questionnaires. Most PA prescriptions were provided in verbal and written forms and tailored based on youths' baseline PA. Overall, healthcare practitioner-delivered PA prescriptions show minimal effects on youths' PA. Neither of the two studies that objectively measured PA found significant PA increases in objectively measured PA.
Conclusions
There is insufficient research on healthcare practitioner delivered PA prescriptions to promote youths' PA to determine effectiveness. Future research with objectively measured PA and more diverse youth samples would advance the evidence.
目的:尽管体育锻炼(PA)的益处已得到充分证实,但在全球范围内,只有 20% 的青少年进行了充分的体育锻炼。综述支持体育锻炼处方对促进成人体育锻炼的益处,但对青少年的研究却没有类似的综述。本系统性综述 1) 评估了有关医护人员为青少年开具 PA 处方的证据现状;2) 找出差距,为未来的研究和实践提供参考:方法:2023 年 10 月在五个数据库中搜索到 3067 篇文章。在对文章标题和/或摘要进行审查后,根据纳入标准对 64 篇完整文章进行了审查。提取了有关青少年体育锻炼的研究、样本、体育锻炼处方特征和结果:结果:发现了 9 篇发表于 2001-2023 年的文章,分别来自美国(6 篇)、西班牙(1 篇)、北爱尔兰(1 篇)、美国和墨西哥(1 篇)。其中 7 项发生在医疗机构,2 项发生在学校。研究设计普遍较强(如随机对照试验),研究持续时间普遍较短(3-4 个月)。除两项研究外,其他所有研究都通过自我报告问卷对青少年的 PA 进行了测量。大多数 PA 处方以口头和书面形式提供,并根据青少年的基线 PA 量身定制。总体而言,医护人员提供的 PA 处方对青少年 PA 的影响微乎其微。两项客观测量 PA 的研究均未发现客观测量的 PA 有明显增加:关于医护人员开具促进青少年 PA 的处方的研究尚不充分,无法确定其有效性。未来通过客观测量 PA 和更多样化的青少年样本进行的研究将有助于增加证据。
{"title":"Systematic review of the evidence on physical activity prescriptions for youth","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Despite the well-documented benefits of physical activity (PA), globally, only 20 % of youth engage in sufficient PA. Reviews support the benefits of PA prescriptions on promoting adults' PA, but no comparable reviews exist on studies among youth. This systematic review 1) assesses the state of the evidence regarding PA prescriptions from healthcare practitioners on youths' PA; and 2) identifies gaps to inform future research and practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A search of five databases in October 2023 identified 3067 articles. After title and/or abstract reviews, 64 full articles were reviewed for inclusion criteria. Study, sample, and PA prescription characteristics and findings regarding youths' PA were extracted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine articles published 2001–2023 from the United States (<em>n</em> = 6), Spain (<em>n</em> = 1), Northern Ireland (<em>n</em> = 1), and the United States and Mexico (<em>n</em> = 1) were identified. Seven occurred in medical settings and two in schools. Study designs were generally strong (e.g., randomized controlled trials) and study durations were generally short (3–4 months). All but two studies measured youths' PA with self-report questionnaires. Most PA prescriptions were provided in verbal and written forms and tailored based on youths' baseline PA. Overall, healthcare practitioner-delivered PA prescriptions show minimal effects on youths' PA. Neither of the two studies that objectively measured PA found significant PA increases in objectively measured PA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is insufficient research on healthcare practitioner delivered PA prescriptions to promote youths' PA to determine effectiveness. Future research with objectively measured PA and more diverse youth samples would advance the evidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}