Pub Date : 2019-07-23DOI: 10.1177/2041247919863626
Mujahid S. Khan, Sayyadh Rahamathbaba, M. Mateen, D. R. RAVI SHANKAR, M. Manzoor Hussain
The present study is focused on studying the effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of banana fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Four batches of samples were prepared with respect to the percentage of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the treatment solution (0%, 2.5%, 4.5%, and 6.5%). Later mechanical tests such as tensile, compressive, and interlaminar shear tests were conducted on the prepared composite specimens to determine the influence of alkali treatment on the mechanical characteristics. The test results indicate an overall improvement in all the mechanical properties due to the fiber treatment. Moreover, the samples made from the fiber treated with 4.5% of NaOH solution indicated the highest tensile strength and compressive strength, with an overall increment of 24.2% and 34.8% in tensile and compressive strengths, respectively, when compared with the untreated sample. A linear increment in interlaminar strength is observed with a maximum value of 25.4 N/mm2 for the sample made from the fiber treated with 6.5% of NaOH solution. This increase is due to the fiber flattening process which increases the bonding surface at the interface.
{"title":"Effect of NaOH treatment on mechanical strength of banana/epoxy laminates","authors":"Mujahid S. Khan, Sayyadh Rahamathbaba, M. Mateen, D. R. RAVI SHANKAR, M. Manzoor Hussain","doi":"10.1177/2041247919863626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247919863626","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is focused on studying the effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of banana fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Four batches of samples were prepared with respect to the percentage of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the treatment solution (0%, 2.5%, 4.5%, and 6.5%). Later mechanical tests such as tensile, compressive, and interlaminar shear tests were conducted on the prepared composite specimens to determine the influence of alkali treatment on the mechanical characteristics. The test results indicate an overall improvement in all the mechanical properties due to the fiber treatment. Moreover, the samples made from the fiber treated with 4.5% of NaOH solution indicated the highest tensile strength and compressive strength, with an overall increment of 24.2% and 34.8% in tensile and compressive strengths, respectively, when compared with the untreated sample. A linear increment in interlaminar strength is observed with a maximum value of 25.4 N/mm2 for the sample made from the fiber treated with 6.5% of NaOH solution. This increase is due to the fiber flattening process which increases the bonding surface at the interface.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247919863626","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44728124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-17DOI: 10.1177/2041247919830833
L. Muller, S. Marx, H. Vosloo, I. Chiyanzu
In this work, crude glycerol liquefaction of lignins produced in the pulp and paper industry, as well as an organosolv lignin (sugarcane bagasse), was studied with the ultimate aim of preparing bio-based polyols for polyurethane (PU) preparation. This is a proposed strategy to valorise the by-products of biodiesel and lignocellulose biorefineries. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that the lignins behave differently during liquefaction based on a ranging product molecular weight (MW). The MW of the liquefaction products was concluded to be related to the phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl group content of the respective lignins, as well as the removal of glycerol and monoacylglycerol during liquefaction. Lignin was modified to yield mostly a solid-phase product. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggests that crude glycerol constituents like glycerol and fatty acid esters are bound to lignin during liquefaction through formation of ether and ester bonds. Liquefaction yield further also varied with lignin type. The liquefaction products were effectively employed as bio-based polyols to prepare PU.
{"title":"Functionalising lignin in crude glycerol to prepare polyols and polyurethane","authors":"L. Muller, S. Marx, H. Vosloo, I. Chiyanzu","doi":"10.1177/2041247919830833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247919830833","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, crude glycerol liquefaction of lignins produced in the pulp and paper industry, as well as an organosolv lignin (sugarcane bagasse), was studied with the ultimate aim of preparing bio-based polyols for polyurethane (PU) preparation. This is a proposed strategy to valorise the by-products of biodiesel and lignocellulose biorefineries. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that the lignins behave differently during liquefaction based on a ranging product molecular weight (MW). The MW of the liquefaction products was concluded to be related to the phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl group content of the respective lignins, as well as the removal of glycerol and monoacylglycerol during liquefaction. Lignin was modified to yield mostly a solid-phase product. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggests that crude glycerol constituents like glycerol and fatty acid esters are bound to lignin during liquefaction through formation of ether and ester bonds. Liquefaction yield further also varied with lignin type. The liquefaction products were effectively employed as bio-based polyols to prepare PU.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247919830833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43167708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.1177/2041247918800243
Satriananda, M. Riza, S. Mulyati, F. Mulana
Synthesis of palm oil-based polyurethane (PU) and the formation of nanocomposite from a mixture of PU with clay filler has been performed. Polyol which is the basic material of PU is formed by epoxidation and hydroxylation process and then mixed with isocyanate. Clay used as filler in this study was obtained from the local area of North Aceh, which is a type of swelling of clay that has been modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant. Nanocomposites are formed from PU with clay fill variations of 3%, 5%, and 8% by weight of the total mixture of 40 g. The resulting material is tested in character by some type of characterization. Based on the test results with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the hydroxyl polyol group was obtained in groups of 3390.870 (O–H) and –NH as the PU microdomain structure was obtained at a wavelength of 2987 cm−1. Morphological test results using scanning electron microscopy revealed that the addition of modified clay increases the adhesion in the paint and PU coatings and also increases the gloss from the surface and homogeneous material. The thermal endurance test with thermogravimetric analysis reported that the addition of clay fillers in PU showed enhanced effects for better thermal stability in nanocomposite materials when compared with neat polymers. Samples of PU/clay nanocomposites with the addition of 8 wt% clay filler were the most optimum composites among other variations with the thermal degradation temperature value of 296°C. This research generates prospects for applying various industrial surface coatings that are resistant to corrosion and heat, have good mechanical properties, and are more environmentally friendly.
{"title":"Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites from palm oil for surface-coating applications","authors":"Satriananda, M. Riza, S. Mulyati, F. Mulana","doi":"10.1177/2041247918800243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247918800243","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesis of palm oil-based polyurethane (PU) and the formation of nanocomposite from a mixture of PU with clay filler has been performed. Polyol which is the basic material of PU is formed by epoxidation and hydroxylation process and then mixed with isocyanate. Clay used as filler in this study was obtained from the local area of North Aceh, which is a type of swelling of clay that has been modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant. Nanocomposites are formed from PU with clay fill variations of 3%, 5%, and 8% by weight of the total mixture of 40 g. The resulting material is tested in character by some type of characterization. Based on the test results with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the hydroxyl polyol group was obtained in groups of 3390.870 (O–H) and –NH as the PU microdomain structure was obtained at a wavelength of 2987 cm−1. Morphological test results using scanning electron microscopy revealed that the addition of modified clay increases the adhesion in the paint and PU coatings and also increases the gloss from the surface and homogeneous material. The thermal endurance test with thermogravimetric analysis reported that the addition of clay fillers in PU showed enhanced effects for better thermal stability in nanocomposite materials when compared with neat polymers. Samples of PU/clay nanocomposites with the addition of 8 wt% clay filler were the most optimum composites among other variations with the thermal degradation temperature value of 296°C. This research generates prospects for applying various industrial surface coatings that are resistant to corrosion and heat, have good mechanical properties, and are more environmentally friendly.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247918800243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The polyacrylate latex has been successfully prepared by semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and acrylic acid (AA), which were initiated with potassium persulfate and emulsified with the novel green mixed surfactants of alkyl polyglycoside (APG1214) and disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (MES). The particle size of the latex was measured by Zetatrac dynamic light scattering detector. The structure of the latex was tested by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The film of latex was tested by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Factors, which had an influence on the properties of the latex, were studied in detail. The optimum conditions for preparing the polyacrylate latex were as follows: the amount of emulsifiers was 7.0%, the mass ratio of APG1214 to MES was 3:1, the amount of the initiator was 0.7%, the mass ratio of MMA to BA was 1:1, and the amount of AA was 2.0%. In this case, the conversion of the mixed monomers was high and the mechanical and ionic stability of the latex was good.
{"title":"Properties and characterization of acrylic latex prepared with novel emulsifiers","authors":"Lijun Chen, Tantan Shao, Xin Zhang, Xiuming Wang, Dawei Chen","doi":"10.1177/2041247918796002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247918796002","url":null,"abstract":"The polyacrylate latex has been successfully prepared by semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and acrylic acid (AA), which were initiated with potassium persulfate and emulsified with the novel green mixed surfactants of alkyl polyglycoside (APG1214) and disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (MES). The particle size of the latex was measured by Zetatrac dynamic light scattering detector. The structure of the latex was tested by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The film of latex was tested by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Factors, which had an influence on the properties of the latex, were studied in detail. The optimum conditions for preparing the polyacrylate latex were as follows: the amount of emulsifiers was 7.0%, the mass ratio of APG1214 to MES was 3:1, the amount of the initiator was 0.7%, the mass ratio of MMA to BA was 1:1, and the amount of AA was 2.0%. In this case, the conversion of the mixed monomers was high and the mechanical and ionic stability of the latex was good.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247918796002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47053518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.1177/2041247918803187
L. Muller, S. Marx, H. Vosloo, E. Fosso-Kankeu, I. Chiyanzu
The need for green materials has driven interest in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) from various biomass types. The present study aims at increasing bio-based content by utilizing by-products from both the pulp and paper and biodiesel industries. Bio-based polyols from respective liquefaction of kraft lignin, organosolv lignin and lignosulphonate in crude glycerol were employed to prepare rigid PUFs. The highest foam compressive strength was 345 kPa with density 79 kg m−3; thermal conductivity was 0.039 W m−1 K−1 and the corresponding material had 44 wt% renewable content. Thermal characteristics and biodegradability were also evaluated. Technical lignin type was found to determine product properties to a large extent. Based on the use of existing industrial scale by-products in this study, the findings can be beneficial for present and future biorefineries in the valorization of lower value by-product streams.
对绿色材料的需求推动了人们对从各种生物质类型制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)的兴趣。目前的研究旨在通过利用纸浆、造纸和生物柴油工业的副产品来增加生物基含量。分别由硫酸盐木质素、有机溶剂木质素和木质素磺酸盐在粗甘油中液化而成的生物基多元醇制备了刚性puf。泡沫抗压强度最高345 kPa，密度79 kg m−3;导热系数为0.039 W m−1 K−1，相应材料的可再生含量为44 wt%。热特性和生物降解性也进行了评价。发现工艺木质素类型在很大程度上决定了产品的性能。基于本研究中现有工业规模副产品的使用，研究结果可以有益于当前和未来的生物精炼厂对低价值副产品流的估值。
{"title":"Rigid polyurethane foams from unrefined crude glycerol and technical lignins","authors":"L. Muller, S. Marx, H. Vosloo, E. Fosso-Kankeu, I. Chiyanzu","doi":"10.1177/2041247918803187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247918803187","url":null,"abstract":"The need for green materials has driven interest in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) from various biomass types. The present study aims at increasing bio-based content by utilizing by-products from both the pulp and paper and biodiesel industries. Bio-based polyols from respective liquefaction of kraft lignin, organosolv lignin and lignosulphonate in crude glycerol were employed to prepare rigid PUFs. The highest foam compressive strength was 345 kPa with density 79 kg m−3; thermal conductivity was 0.039 W m−1 K−1 and the corresponding material had 44 wt% renewable content. Thermal characteristics and biodegradability were also evaluated. Technical lignin type was found to determine product properties to a large extent. Based on the use of existing industrial scale by-products in this study, the findings can be beneficial for present and future biorefineries in the valorization of lower value by-product streams.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247918803187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43304149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1177/2041247918799774
C. Defonseka
Rice is the staple diet of over half the population of the world at an estimated production volume of well over 800 million metric tonnes per month, the second largest produced cereal in the world. Rice grows from tropics to subtropical to warm temperature countries up to 400 S and 500 N of the equator. Four major environments are associated with rice growing as follows: irrigated, rain-fed lowlands, upland and flood prone. Fifty per cent of rice grown are consumed by China and India, and until a few years ago, the rice hulls (husks) resulting from hulling have been considered as agricultural waste and only used in a few small end applications. However, due to diligent research, the full potential of this valuable commodity is being realized and three significant products are being manufactured using this biomass – polymeric composite resins, polymeric lumber as an ideal substitute for natural wood, and more recently, rice hulls solid pellets as an alternative for diesel oil and coal as fuel for energy generation. While the first two are made from combinations of rice hulls flour and polymer resins, the last one is made by compression with suitable small quantities of additives primarily for adhesion. The dimensions and densities of these solid pellets can be varied to suit end applications and also to assist fuel feeding systems. When rice hulls solid pellets are used as fuel, they will generate ash in the combustion chamber and also flue ash which can be easily collected and both items can be successfully recycled. They can be used as filler for bricks, for roofing tiles, extraction of silica (>70%), fertilizer, chemical spill absorbents, filtration mediums and some others. The high content of silica in the ash will provide an enhanced moisture barrier for bricks and roofing tiles. A major end application is its usage as a component for the production of Portland cement. Rice hulls are also an ideal feedstock for producing bio-diesel, and for this purpose, thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification can be used. This research study shows that rice hulls basically consisting of lignin polymer and 20% silica can be made into solid pellets and effectively used as an alternate fuel for petro-based diesel oil and coal for generation of energy. This emerging fuel from renewable sources can even replace the current usage of wooden pellets. Moreover, the resulting ash and flue ash from the combustion of rice hulls will have many viable end uses in industrial, commercial and chemical industries.
{"title":"Rice hulls pellets as alternate solid fuel for energy generation","authors":"C. Defonseka","doi":"10.1177/2041247918799774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247918799774","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is the staple diet of over half the population of the world at an estimated production volume of well over 800 million metric tonnes per month, the second largest produced cereal in the world. Rice grows from tropics to subtropical to warm temperature countries up to 400 S and 500 N of the equator. Four major environments are associated with rice growing as follows: irrigated, rain-fed lowlands, upland and flood prone. Fifty per cent of rice grown are consumed by China and India, and until a few years ago, the rice hulls (husks) resulting from hulling have been considered as agricultural waste and only used in a few small end applications. However, due to diligent research, the full potential of this valuable commodity is being realized and three significant products are being manufactured using this biomass – polymeric composite resins, polymeric lumber as an ideal substitute for natural wood, and more recently, rice hulls solid pellets as an alternative for diesel oil and coal as fuel for energy generation. While the first two are made from combinations of rice hulls flour and polymer resins, the last one is made by compression with suitable small quantities of additives primarily for adhesion. The dimensions and densities of these solid pellets can be varied to suit end applications and also to assist fuel feeding systems. When rice hulls solid pellets are used as fuel, they will generate ash in the combustion chamber and also flue ash which can be easily collected and both items can be successfully recycled. They can be used as filler for bricks, for roofing tiles, extraction of silica (>70%), fertilizer, chemical spill absorbents, filtration mediums and some others. The high content of silica in the ash will provide an enhanced moisture barrier for bricks and roofing tiles. A major end application is its usage as a component for the production of Portland cement. Rice hulls are also an ideal feedstock for producing bio-diesel, and for this purpose, thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification can be used. This research study shows that rice hulls basically consisting of lignin polymer and 20% silica can be made into solid pellets and effectively used as an alternate fuel for petro-based diesel oil and coal for generation of energy. This emerging fuel from renewable sources can even replace the current usage of wooden pellets. Moreover, the resulting ash and flue ash from the combustion of rice hulls will have many viable end uses in industrial, commercial and chemical industries.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247918799774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47843000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-21DOI: 10.1177/2041247918799776
K.P. Arul Kumar, S. Soundararajan
LDPE-poly-lactic acid (PLA) (60:40%) was melt blended with nanoclay (1, 2, and 3%) and benzophenone (3%) using maleic anhydride-grafted LLDPE (LLDPE-g-MAn; 3%) as compatibilizer in a twin screw compounding extruder. Tubular blown films extruded using Dr Collins blown film extruder were subjected to various mechanical tests like tensile strength, elongation at break, and so on, optical tests, and permeability tests for oxygen and water vapor. The tensile strength was increased as the nanoclay percentage was increased (upto 2 wt%) and the elongation at break was decreased. Tear strength was increased, burst strength was decreased, and the dart impact strength was constant. The coefficient of friction was little decreased. The haze was increased and luminous transmittance was decreased. Water vapor transmittance and oxygen gas permeability were decreased. Scanning electron microscope images were taken to determine the morphological changes on the samples. Characterization by X-ray diffraction was carried out to analyze the shift in peak when nanoclay was blended at various proportions. In conclusion, LDPE with benzophenone is photodegradable and PLA is biodegradable. Hence, in this study, LDPE-PLA (60:40%) with benzophenone (3%) is photo-/biodegradable. Inclusion of nanoclay increased the mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, and barrier properties. Furthermore, nanoclay improves the compatibility apart from LLDPE-g-MAn.
{"title":"Studies on the mechanical, barrier, optical, and characterization of photo-/biodegradable LDPE-PLA blend with nanoclay for packaging film application","authors":"K.P. Arul Kumar, S. Soundararajan","doi":"10.1177/2041247918799776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247918799776","url":null,"abstract":"LDPE-poly-lactic acid (PLA) (60:40%) was melt blended with nanoclay (1, 2, and 3%) and benzophenone (3%) using maleic anhydride-grafted LLDPE (LLDPE-g-MAn; 3%) as compatibilizer in a twin screw compounding extruder. Tubular blown films extruded using Dr Collins blown film extruder were subjected to various mechanical tests like tensile strength, elongation at break, and so on, optical tests, and permeability tests for oxygen and water vapor. The tensile strength was increased as the nanoclay percentage was increased (upto 2 wt%) and the elongation at break was decreased. Tear strength was increased, burst strength was decreased, and the dart impact strength was constant. The coefficient of friction was little decreased. The haze was increased and luminous transmittance was decreased. Water vapor transmittance and oxygen gas permeability were decreased. Scanning electron microscope images were taken to determine the morphological changes on the samples. Characterization by X-ray diffraction was carried out to analyze the shift in peak when nanoclay was blended at various proportions. In conclusion, LDPE with benzophenone is photodegradable and PLA is biodegradable. Hence, in this study, LDPE-PLA (60:40%) with benzophenone (3%) is photo-/biodegradable. Inclusion of nanoclay increased the mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, and barrier properties. Furthermore, nanoclay improves the compatibility apart from LLDPE-g-MAn.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2041247918799776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44246695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-04DOI: 10.1177/204124791800900201
A. A. Y. Mbiada, S. Musa, O. Richter, A. Kneer, S. Barbe
In the first part of this study, lignin esters were prepared by acylating lignin with organic acid anhydrides containing short saturated chains of various lengths (C2 to C4). The prepared esters were then mixed at different ratios with cellulose acetate in order to produce hydrophilic cellulose-lignin composite coatings. The impact of the chain length and the ratio of lignin ester on the surface hydrophobicity of the coatings were determined by measuring contact angles with deionized water. The second part of this contribution was dedicated to the development of hydrophobic cellulose-lignin composite coatings with controlled surface hydrophobicity. For this purpose, cellulose oleate and lignin oleate were both prepared by acylating cellulose and lignin with oleyl chloride (C18:1). Contact angles up to 175° were measured at the surface of the prepared coatings and a technical approach for the control of surface hydrophobicity was presented. Finally, a process for the manufacture of hydrophobic cellulose-lignin composite coatings was designed. Polymers involved in this process are exclusively derived from renewable resources (Wood & High Oleic Sunflower Oil).
{"title":"Controlling Surface Hydrophobicity of Cellulose-Lignin Composite Coatings","authors":"A. A. Y. Mbiada, S. Musa, O. Richter, A. Kneer, S. Barbe","doi":"10.1177/204124791800900201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791800900201","url":null,"abstract":"In the first part of this study, lignin esters were prepared by acylating lignin with organic acid anhydrides containing short saturated chains of various lengths (C2 to C4). The prepared esters were then mixed at different ratios with cellulose acetate in order to produce hydrophilic cellulose-lignin composite coatings. The impact of the chain length and the ratio of lignin ester on the surface hydrophobicity of the coatings were determined by measuring contact angles with deionized water. The second part of this contribution was dedicated to the development of hydrophobic cellulose-lignin composite coatings with controlled surface hydrophobicity. For this purpose, cellulose oleate and lignin oleate were both prepared by acylating cellulose and lignin with oleyl chloride (C18:1). Contact angles up to 175° were measured at the surface of the prepared coatings and a technical approach for the control of surface hydrophobicity was presented. Finally, a process for the manufacture of hydrophobic cellulose-lignin composite coatings was designed. Polymers involved in this process are exclusively derived from renewable resources (Wood & High Oleic Sunflower Oil).","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204124791800900201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44218287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-04DOI: 10.1177/204124791800900101
C. K. Chozhan, A. Chandramohan, M. Alagar
The silicon-containing epoxy/clay nanocomposites were developed by incorporating the surface-modified MMT clay upto 7wt% into Si-epoxy resin. The surface of the montmorillonite (MMT) clay was modified with two surface modifiers namely cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS). The surface modified clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites were developed in the form of castings, and were characterized for their thermal and mechanical properties. Thermal behaviour of the composites was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Mechanical properties were studied as per ASTM standards. Data result from the different studies, it is inferred that the surface modified clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites exhibit lower Tg than that of neat epoxy matrix (127°C <165°C). The decomposition temperature for 60% weight loss of clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites is 674–823°C which is higher when compared to that of neat epoxy matrix. For 5wt% clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites, the values of tensile, flexural and impact strength are increased to 26%, 21% and 29% respectively. The storage modulus (E’) is increased from 5932 to 6308 MPa for clay reinforced Si-epoxy resin. XRD analysis confirmed the well-dispersed exfoliated nanocomposites structure.
{"title":"Surface Modified Clay Reinforced Silicon Incorporated Epoxy Hybrid Nanocomposites: Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties","authors":"C. K. Chozhan, A. Chandramohan, M. Alagar","doi":"10.1177/204124791800900101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791800900101","url":null,"abstract":"The silicon-containing epoxy/clay nanocomposites were developed by incorporating the surface-modified MMT clay upto 7wt% into Si-epoxy resin. The surface of the montmorillonite (MMT) clay was modified with two surface modifiers namely cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS). The surface modified clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites were developed in the form of castings, and were characterized for their thermal and mechanical properties. Thermal behaviour of the composites was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Mechanical properties were studied as per ASTM standards. Data result from the different studies, it is inferred that the surface modified clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites exhibit lower Tg than that of neat epoxy matrix (127°C <165°C). The decomposition temperature for 60% weight loss of clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites is 674–823°C which is higher when compared to that of neat epoxy matrix. For 5wt% clay reinforced Si-epoxy composites, the values of tensile, flexural and impact strength are increased to 26%, 21% and 29% respectively. The storage modulus (E’) is increased from 5932 to 6308 MPa for clay reinforced Si-epoxy resin. XRD analysis confirmed the well-dispersed exfoliated nanocomposites structure.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204124791800900101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48556218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-04DOI: 10.1177/204124791800900102
Fabián R. Arévalo, Sonia A. Osorio, Nathaly A. Valcárcel, Jeimmy C. Ibarra, M. Valero
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of chitosan into polyurethane matrices synthesized from chemically modified castor (Ricinus communis) oil by transesterification with pentaerythritol. An additional aim of this study was to determine the degree of acceptance as a biomaterial (obtained from renewable sources), based on the analysis of its mechanical properties (stress/rupture strain), hydrophilic character (contact angle), morphology (SEM) and in vitro compatibility of polyurethanes when in contact with mouse fibroblast L929 cells. No significant changes in mechanical properties were observed with the addition of chitosan to polyurethanes synthesized from chemically modified castor oil. All polyurethane formulas showed morphological changes with increased chitosan concentration. As chitosan/polyurethane binary mixtures do not present a cytotoxicity risk for L929 mouse fibroblasts and possess similar mechanical properties to soft and cardiovascular tissues, their use as a biomedical material is suggested.
{"title":"Characterization and in vitro Biocompatibility of Binary Mixtures of Chitosan and Polyurethanes Synthesized from Chemically Modified Castor Oil, as Materials for Medical Use","authors":"Fabián R. Arévalo, Sonia A. Osorio, Nathaly A. Valcárcel, Jeimmy C. Ibarra, M. Valero","doi":"10.1177/204124791800900102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791800900102","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of chitosan into polyurethane matrices synthesized from chemically modified castor (Ricinus communis) oil by transesterification with pentaerythritol. An additional aim of this study was to determine the degree of acceptance as a biomaterial (obtained from renewable sources), based on the analysis of its mechanical properties (stress/rupture strain), hydrophilic character (contact angle), morphology (SEM) and in vitro compatibility of polyurethanes when in contact with mouse fibroblast L929 cells. No significant changes in mechanical properties were observed with the addition of chitosan to polyurethanes synthesized from chemically modified castor oil. All polyurethane formulas showed morphological changes with increased chitosan concentration. As chitosan/polyurethane binary mixtures do not present a cytotoxicity risk for L929 mouse fibroblasts and possess similar mechanical properties to soft and cardiovascular tissues, their use as a biomedical material is suggested.","PeriodicalId":20353,"journal":{"name":"Polymers from Renewable Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204124791800900102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49632749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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