To improve the subpar lubricating performance of epoxy resin, this paper presents the preparation of a novel bimetallic phyllosilicate featuring a distinctive rice‐granular morphology, which incorporates nickel and iron metal cations through a facile hydrothermal process. These phyllosilicates were then integrated into the epoxy matrix to form composites. A comprehensive analysis of the target product validates the rationality of the synthesis strategy for the as‐prepared rice‐granular bimetallic nickel/iron phyllosilicate, demonstrating a homogeneous hierarchical structure with numerous tiny nanosheets of nickel/iron phyllosilicate grown in situ on the flat surfaces of the rice‐granular metal–organic frameworks. An adequate addition of nickel/iron phyllosilicates allows for excellent dispersion within the matrix and establishes strongly bonded interfaces, steadily increasing the elastic modulus and hardness. Notably, the average friction coefficients decrease from 0.515 for the pure resin to 0.450 for the composites when the filler content reaches 7%, indicating a significant solid lubrication effect. In contrast, adding just 1% nickel/iron phyllosilicate moderately improves wear resistance, elongation at break, and tensile strength. Furthermore, it was found that as the filler content increased, the weight loss rate was reduced by approximately 43.8%, while the residual char increased by 74.2%, significantly enhancing the thermal stability of epoxy composites at high temperatures. This study offers a promising approach to preparing self‐lubricated epoxy composites with favorable mechanical and thermal properties.HighlightsNiFePS was successfully synthesized via a facile two‐step self‐polymerization.Excellent mechanical properties of composites could be achieved with low content of NiFePS.The friction coefficient and wear rate were lowered remarkably.The friction mechanism was solid lubrication.
{"title":"Synthesis of rice‐granular bimetallic nickel/iron phyllosilicates to simultaneously lubricate and strengthen the epoxy‐based composites","authors":"Peng Jin, Jinian Yang, Weilong Chen, Shibin Nie","doi":"10.1002/pc.29001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29001","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>To improve the subpar lubricating performance of epoxy resin, this paper presents the preparation of a novel bimetallic phyllosilicate featuring a distinctive rice‐granular morphology, which incorporates nickel and iron metal cations through a facile hydrothermal process. These phyllosilicates were then integrated into the epoxy matrix to form composites. A comprehensive analysis of the target product validates the rationality of the synthesis strategy for the as‐prepared rice‐granular bimetallic nickel/iron phyllosilicate, demonstrating a homogeneous hierarchical structure with numerous tiny nanosheets of nickel/iron phyllosilicate grown in situ on the flat surfaces of the rice‐granular metal–organic frameworks. An adequate addition of nickel/iron phyllosilicates allows for excellent dispersion within the matrix and establishes strongly bonded interfaces, steadily increasing the elastic modulus and hardness. Notably, the average friction coefficients decrease from 0.515 for the pure resin to 0.450 for the composites when the filler content reaches 7%, indicating a significant solid lubrication effect. In contrast, adding just 1% nickel/iron phyllosilicate moderately improves wear resistance, elongation at break, and tensile strength. Furthermore, it was found that as the filler content increased, the weight loss rate was reduced by approximately 43.8%, while the residual char increased by 74.2%, significantly enhancing the thermal stability of epoxy composites at high temperatures. This study offers a promising approach to preparing self‐lubricated epoxy composites with favorable mechanical and thermal properties.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>NiFePS was successfully synthesized via a facile two‐step self‐polymerization.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Excellent mechanical properties of composites could be achieved with low content of NiFePS.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The friction coefficient and wear rate were lowered remarkably.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The friction mechanism was solid lubrication.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quanjin Ma, Ke Dong, Feirui Li, Qinyin Jia, Jing Tian, Ming Yu, Yi Xiong
With the advent of 5G/6G for radar and space communication systems, various millimeter‐wave (MMW) components are rapidly innovated for multi‐functional, higher integrated and miniaturized solutions across diverse industries and applications. Polymer composites‐based additive manufacturing (AM), an advanced manufacturing technique, can manufacture MMW components with high fabrication resolution, intricate structural design, adjustable dielectric properties, and functionally gradient distribution characteristics. This paper outlines the state‐of‐the‐art polymer composite MMW components, their design, and manufacturing techniques. An integrated “material‐structure‐manufacturing‐performance” design conceptual framework of polymer composite MMW components is discussed in terms of material design, structure design, and process design. Moreover, multi‐functional polymer composite MMW structures focus on electromagnetic wave absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding functions. Moreover, novel applications of MMW polymer composite components enabled by AM on radar/sensing, communication, enclosure, and miscellaneous applications are discussed. Furthermore, future perspectives and current challenges are identified to provide new insights into multi‐functional 3D‐printed MMW products, exploring new possibilities for next‐generation advanced MMW technology.HighlightsThe 3D‐printed MMW components and additive manufacturing are reviewed.The integrated “material‐structure‐manufacturing‐performance” concept is introduced.3D‐printed MMW components are discussed on radar, enclosure, and miscellaneous applications.Future perspectives and challenges of 3D‐printed MMW components are addressed.
{"title":"Additive manufacturing of polymer composite millimeter‐wave components: Recent progress, novel applications, and challenges","authors":"Quanjin Ma, Ke Dong, Feirui Li, Qinyin Jia, Jing Tian, Ming Yu, Yi Xiong","doi":"10.1002/pc.28985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28985","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>With the advent of 5G/6G for radar and space communication systems, various millimeter‐wave (MMW) components are rapidly innovated for multi‐functional, higher integrated and miniaturized solutions across diverse industries and applications. Polymer composites‐based additive manufacturing (AM), an advanced manufacturing technique, can manufacture MMW components with high fabrication resolution, intricate structural design, adjustable dielectric properties, and functionally gradient distribution characteristics. This paper outlines the state‐of‐the‐art polymer composite MMW components, their design, and manufacturing techniques. An integrated “material‐structure‐manufacturing‐performance” design conceptual framework of polymer composite MMW components is discussed in terms of material design, structure design, and process design. Moreover, multi‐functional polymer composite MMW structures focus on electromagnetic wave absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding functions. Moreover, novel applications of MMW polymer composite components enabled by AM on radar/sensing, communication, enclosure, and miscellaneous applications are discussed. Furthermore, future perspectives and current challenges are identified to provide new insights into multi‐functional 3D‐printed MMW products, exploring new possibilities for next‐generation advanced MMW technology.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The 3D‐printed MMW components and additive manufacturing are reviewed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The integrated “material‐structure‐manufacturing‐performance” concept is introduced.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>3D‐printed MMW components are discussed on radar, enclosure, and miscellaneous applications.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Future perspectives and challenges of 3D‐printed MMW components are addressed.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies have shown that graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) absorb free radicals and slow polymer degradation. A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of GNP polarity and concentration on polyethylene stability in ClO2‐containing water. The addition of graphene nanoplatelets SG: high polarity and CG: low polarity improved the thermo‐oxidative stability of bimodal high‐density polyethylene (PE100). As a result of the application of traditional primary and secondary antioxidants, as well as the addition of 0.1% CG, the thermo‐oxidative stability of PE100 was significantly increased, according to the oxidative induction time (OIT). The synergistic thermal stabilization effect of GNP is derived from the free radical scavenging and tortuous path effect of CG. Rheological measurements showed that the appropriate nanofiller and antioxidant combined prevent polymer thermo‐oxidation degradation during melt processing. As a result of 3 weeks of aging in chlorine dioxide‐containing water, the neat sample (PE100) demonstrates only 50% elongation at break, whereas the sample with 0.6 wt% of CG shows 200% elongation at break after 3 weeks, due to the formation of a tortuous barrier and radical scavenging of the CG structures.HighlightsDPPH assay test confirms the antioxidant scavenging capability of the GNPs.The appropriate nanofiller and antioxidant combined to prevent polymer thermo‐oxidation degradation during melt processing.Low polarity GNP can be dispersed more uniformly in the nanocomposite matrix.Nanocomposite containing lower polarity GNP shows more resistance against thermochemical degradation.
{"title":"Polyethylene/graphene‐nanoplatelets nanocomposites with improved thermochemical stability: The role of surface polarity of graphene‐nanoplatelets","authors":"Hamidreza Ghadami Karder, Gholamreza Pircheraghi","doi":"10.1002/pc.28904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28904","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Recent studies have shown that graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) absorb free radicals and slow polymer degradation. A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of GNP polarity and concentration on polyethylene stability in ClO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐containing water. The addition of graphene nanoplatelets SG: high polarity and CG: low polarity improved the thermo‐oxidative stability of bimodal high‐density polyethylene (PE100). As a result of the application of traditional primary and secondary antioxidants, as well as the addition of 0.1% CG, the thermo‐oxidative stability of PE100 was significantly increased, according to the oxidative induction time (OIT). The synergistic thermal stabilization effect of GNP is derived from the free radical scavenging and tortuous path effect of CG. Rheological measurements showed that the appropriate nanofiller and antioxidant combined prevent polymer thermo‐oxidation degradation during melt processing. As a result of 3 weeks of aging in chlorine dioxide‐containing water, the neat sample (PE100) demonstrates only 50% elongation at break, whereas the sample with 0.6 wt% of CG shows 200% elongation at break after 3 weeks, due to the formation of a tortuous barrier and radical scavenging of the CG structures.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>DPPH assay test confirms the antioxidant scavenging capability of the GNPs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The appropriate nanofiller and antioxidant combined to prevent polymer thermo‐oxidation degradation during melt processing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Low polarity GNP can be dispersed more uniformly in the nanocomposite matrix.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Nanocomposite containing lower polarity GNP shows more resistance against thermochemical degradation.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kutay Çava, Hüseyin İpek, Altuğ Uşun, Mustafa Aslan
Additive manufacturing has enhanced the production of complex parts with greater efficiency. However, inherent drawbacks such as reduced mechanical properties still pose challenges, necessitating further improvements to bridge the gap and meet industry demands. Therefore, this study investigated the use of glass fiber woven fabric with vat‐photopolymerization printing to achieve composite parts with superior mechanical properties. This approach offered an advantage in reducing the production time required for fiber‐reinforced composites by eliminating the need for curing processes or vacuum infusion. The mechanical properties of the composite panels manufactured with this method were investigated using flexural, interlaminar shear (ILSS), impact tests with different fiber orientations, and fiber volume fractions. The results of the mechanical tests showed maximum flexural strength of 295 MPa, impact strength of 174 kJ/m2, and ILSS of 20.58 MPa. In addition, optical images were taken to examine the cross‐section of the printed parts, which revealed a uniform and good wetting of the fibers. The findings suggest that glass fiber woven fabric in vat printing is a promising approach for producing composite parts with enhanced mechanical properties and reduced production rate.HighlightsAdditive manufacturing of glass fiber woven fabric reinforced with VPP printing.Reduced production time and microstructure by using layer‐by‐layer manufacturing.Maximum flexural strength: 295 MPa, impact strength: 174 kJ/m2, ILSS: 20.58 MPa.Consistent porosity values with the increasing number of layers.Promising for producing standard and thick composites with improved properties.
{"title":"Examine the mechanical properties of woven glass fiber fabric reinforced composite plate manufactured with vat‐photopolymerization","authors":"Kutay Çava, Hüseyin İpek, Altuğ Uşun, Mustafa Aslan","doi":"10.1002/pc.28955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28955","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Additive manufacturing has enhanced the production of complex parts with greater efficiency. However, inherent drawbacks such as reduced mechanical properties still pose challenges, necessitating further improvements to bridge the gap and meet industry demands. Therefore, this study investigated the use of glass fiber woven fabric with vat‐photopolymerization printing to achieve composite parts with superior mechanical properties. This approach offered an advantage in reducing the production time required for fiber‐reinforced composites by eliminating the need for curing processes or vacuum infusion. The mechanical properties of the composite panels manufactured with this method were investigated using flexural, interlaminar shear (ILSS), impact tests with different fiber orientations, and fiber volume fractions. The results of the mechanical tests showed maximum flexural strength of 295 MPa, impact strength of 174 kJ/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, and ILSS of 20.58 MPa. In addition, optical images were taken to examine the cross‐section of the printed parts, which revealed a uniform and good wetting of the fibers. The findings suggest that glass fiber woven fabric in vat printing is a promising approach for producing composite parts with enhanced mechanical properties and reduced production rate.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Additive manufacturing of glass fiber woven fabric reinforced with VPP printing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Reduced production time and microstructure by using layer‐by‐layer manufacturing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Maximum flexural strength: 295 MPa, impact strength: 174 kJ/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, ILSS: 20.58 MPa.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Consistent porosity values with the increasing number of layers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Promising for producing standard and thick composites with improved properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"274 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable and bioactive thermoplastic polymer. It has been widely used for hard tissue applications in orthopedic and dental fields. However, PLA is not able to form a direct bond with bone and this limits its applications. Therefore, PLA and hydroxyapatite (HAp) composites have gained significant attention to improve PLA performance. However, agglomeration of HAp in PLA matrix due to unfavored interfacial interactions between PLA and HAp directly affects the mechanical properties and stability of PLA/HAp composites. In this study, 3‐(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO)‐modified HAp particles (G‐HAp) were synthesized and then incorporated into the PLA matrix to prepare PLA/G‐HAp composites. PLA/G‐HAp composites were prepared by mixing G‐HAp at 50 wt% with PLA (10 wt% in chloroform) solution. The resulting mixture was dried, ground, and molded into cylindrical shapes by pressure, and cured under N2 atmosphere. The interface interactions of the obtained composites were elucidated by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. It was observed that increased crosslinking density in the interface resulted in rougher surfaces. Thermal analyses demonstrated that Tg of PLA shifted to higher temperatures in parallel with crosslinking density. Additionally, Vicker's hardness tests and compression tests were conducted to determine the effect of interfacial crosslinking, and improved hardness and Young's modulus were observed. In the final part of study, MTT assay was carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity of composites and PLA/G‐HAp displayed higher cytocompatibility compared to conventional PLA/HAp composite.HighlightsGLYMO modified HAp led to changes in the surface properties of composites.Increased crosslinking caused rougher surfaces for composites.Tg shifted to higher temperatures in parallel with GLYMO mediated crosslinking.Composites containing GLYMO‐modified HAp particles exhibited significant improvement in mechanical properties.
{"title":"Modulation of mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites by interface crosslinking","authors":"Eylül Odabaş, Oğuz Öztürk, Esin Akarsu","doi":"10.1002/pc.28968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28968","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable and bioactive thermoplastic polymer. It has been widely used for hard tissue applications in orthopedic and dental fields. However, PLA is not able to form a direct bond with bone and this limits its applications. Therefore, PLA and hydroxyapatite (HAp) composites have gained significant attention to improve PLA performance. However, agglomeration of HAp in PLA matrix due to unfavored interfacial interactions between PLA and HAp directly affects the mechanical properties and stability of PLA/HAp composites. In this study, 3‐(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO)‐modified HAp particles (G‐HAp) were synthesized and then incorporated into the PLA matrix to prepare PLA/G‐HAp composites. PLA/G‐HAp composites were prepared by mixing G‐HAp at 50 wt% with PLA (10 wt% in chloroform) solution. The resulting mixture was dried, ground, and molded into cylindrical shapes by pressure, and cured under N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> atmosphere. The interface interactions of the obtained composites were elucidated by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. It was observed that increased crosslinking density in the interface resulted in rougher surfaces. Thermal analyses demonstrated that T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub> of PLA shifted to higher temperatures in parallel with crosslinking density. Additionally, Vicker's hardness tests and compression tests were conducted to determine the effect of interfacial crosslinking, and improved hardness and Young's modulus were observed. In the final part of study, MTT assay was carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity of composites and PLA/G‐HAp displayed higher cytocompatibility compared to conventional PLA/HAp composite.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>GLYMO modified HAp led to changes in the surface properties of composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Increased crosslinking caused rougher surfaces for composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>T<jats:sub>g</jats:sub> shifted to higher temperatures in parallel with GLYMO mediated crosslinking.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Composites containing GLYMO‐modified HAp particles exhibited significant improvement in mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the effect of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reclaimed gypsum of varying contents on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) composite materials. The results indicated that the incorporation of reclaimed gypsum and MWCNTs powder into PP composites could enhance the tensile strength, impact strength, and bending modulus of PP to a certain extent. The above properties of AGY/MWCNTs/PP composites were increased by 14.6%, 131.8%, and 36.2%, respectively, with the impact properties being significantly affected. Univariate analysis of variance revealed that MWCNTs powder and recycled gypsum exerted a significant impact on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. Moreover, the initial weight loss temperature of AGY/MWCNTs/PP demonstrated a notable increase, from 318.71 to 398.48°C, while the maximum weight loss temperature exhibited a comparable rise, from 406.85 to 461.54°C.HighlightsThe impact performance and thermal stability of polypropylene composite materials have been demonstrably augmented.A synergistic effect between reclaimed gypsum and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in the reinforcement of polypropylene composites was demonstrated.This provides a theoretical framework and practical guidance for the design and preparation of high‐performance and recyclable polymer composites.
{"title":"Carbon tube‐gypsum reinforced polypropylene: Impact resistance, thermal stability","authors":"Jiaqian Li, Hongquan Wang, Xiaojun Shen, Wantian Mei, Gang Chen, Feng Zhou","doi":"10.1002/pc.28967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28967","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study investigated the effect of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reclaimed gypsum of varying contents on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) composite materials. The results indicated that the incorporation of reclaimed gypsum and MWCNTs powder into PP composites could enhance the tensile strength, impact strength, and bending modulus of PP to a certain extent. The above properties of AGY/MWCNTs/PP composites were increased by 14.6%, 131.8%, and 36.2%, respectively, with the impact properties being significantly affected. Univariate analysis of variance revealed that MWCNTs powder and recycled gypsum exerted a significant impact on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. Moreover, the initial weight loss temperature of AGY/MWCNTs/PP demonstrated a notable increase, from 318.71 to 398.48°C, while the maximum weight loss temperature exhibited a comparable rise, from 406.85 to 461.54°C.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The impact performance and thermal stability of polypropylene composite materials have been demonstrably augmented.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>A synergistic effect between reclaimed gypsum and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in the reinforcement of polypropylene composites was demonstrated.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This provides a theoretical framework and practical guidance for the design and preparation of high‐performance and recyclable polymer composites.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preparation of functionalised graphene often involves consuming significant amounts of organic solvents, complicated steps, and expensive equipment. This study presented a simple, low‐cost, and efficient method for preparing well‐dispersed functionalised graphene. This method involved the microwave heating of commercial graphene precursors and ball milling of grafted expanded graphite, resulting in a short and straightforward preparation process without requiring large amounts of organic solvents. This process enabled the preparation of few‐layer graphene with a thickness of only 3.5 ± 0.5 nm. During this process, the majority of the surface oxygen‐containing groups were replaced by polyetheramine (D2000) at a grafting rate of up to 5.14%, which improved the interface adhesion strength between the graphene and the epoxy resin. The fabricated altered graphene notably enhanced the mechanical characteristics of the epoxy resin., that is, the toughening effect reached up to 171% with a graphene content of only 0.3 wt%, while the Young's modulus and tensile strength values increased by 54% and 39%, respectively. This process is cost‐effective, easy to operate, and highly efficient, making it suitable for the large‐scale production of well‐dispersed functionalised graphene.HighlightsPioneers mechanical chemical energy in graphene, a new materials science direction.First ball milling on microwave graphene, merging milling benefits with graphene.Ball milling cuts D2000 grafting time on graphene, boosting efficiency.Reduces organic solvent use, cutting costs and environmental effects.Ball milling lowers costs and impacts, aiding graphene material commercia‐lization.
{"title":"Simple and low‐cost preparation of functionalised graphene by microwave expansion combined with ball milling grafting","authors":"Xiaoyi Zhang, Shuo Wang, Xuhao Bao, Zhanjun Liu, Qingshi Meng","doi":"10.1002/pc.28969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28969","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The preparation of functionalised graphene often involves consuming significant amounts of organic solvents, complicated steps, and expensive equipment. This study presented a simple, low‐cost, and efficient method for preparing well‐dispersed functionalised graphene. This method involved the microwave heating of commercial graphene precursors and ball milling of grafted expanded graphite, resulting in a short and straightforward preparation process without requiring large amounts of organic solvents. This process enabled the preparation of few‐layer graphene with a thickness of only 3.5 ± 0.5 nm. During this process, the majority of the surface oxygen‐containing groups were replaced by polyetheramine (D2000) at a grafting rate of up to 5.14%, which improved the interface adhesion strength between the graphene and the epoxy resin. The fabricated altered graphene notably enhanced the mechanical characteristics of the epoxy resin., that is, the toughening effect reached up to 171% with a graphene content of only 0.3 wt%, while the Young's modulus and tensile strength values increased by 54% and 39%, respectively. This process is cost‐effective, easy to operate, and highly efficient, making it suitable for the large‐scale production of well‐dispersed functionalised graphene.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Pioneers mechanical chemical energy in graphene, a new materials science direction.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>First ball milling on microwave graphene, merging milling benefits with graphene.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Ball milling cuts D2000 grafting time on graphene, boosting efficiency.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Reduces organic solvent use, cutting costs and environmental effects.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Ball milling lowers costs and impacts, aiding graphene material commercia‐lization.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuxuan Wu, Zhuoyuan Yang, Foram Madiyar, Yizhou Jiang, Sirish Namilae
Natural fibers are lightweight, cost‐effective, readily available, and eco‐friendly materials. However, natural fiber‐reinforced composites are constrained by biological inconsistency and inferior fiber‐matrix interfacial properties, which restrict effective processing using advanced additive manufacturing methods. In this study, we develop a novel concept for natural fiber composite interfaces by growing hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocrystals on jute fibers. The resulting hybrid composite is characterized using mechanical testing, nanoindentation, and modulus mapping. The interfacial region suggests a 31.4% increase in stiffness and possesses a storage modulus of up to 7.5 GPa. The tensile modulus and strength of the hybrid composite improves by 30% and 33%, respectively. Furthermore, we develop a novel process for the additive manufacturing of jute fiber thermoset composites through a direct writing (DW) process. The HAP modification increases thermal conductivity, consequently improving the curing process during DW and enhancing composite manufacturability. We demonstrate that the DW process enables the printing of intricate multilayer geometries with varying fiber content.HighlightsHydroxyapatite is used for natural fiber composite interfacial modification.Nanoindentation shows the interfacial region exhibits 31.4% higher stiffness.Modified composites possess superior mechanical performance.Jute fibers are thermally functionalized for composite additive manufacturing.A direct writing method is developed for continuous functionalized jute fiber.
{"title":"Hydroxyapatite functionalized natural fiber‐reinforced composites: Interfacial modification and additive manufacturing","authors":"Yuxuan Wu, Zhuoyuan Yang, Foram Madiyar, Yizhou Jiang, Sirish Namilae","doi":"10.1002/pc.28974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28974","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Natural fibers are lightweight, cost‐effective, readily available, and eco‐friendly materials. However, natural fiber‐reinforced composites are constrained by biological inconsistency and inferior fiber‐matrix interfacial properties, which restrict effective processing using advanced additive manufacturing methods. In this study, we develop a novel concept for natural fiber composite interfaces by growing hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocrystals on jute fibers. The resulting hybrid composite is characterized using mechanical testing, nanoindentation, and modulus mapping. The interfacial region suggests a 31.4% increase in stiffness and possesses a storage modulus of up to 7.5 GPa. The tensile modulus and strength of the hybrid composite improves by 30% and 33%, respectively. Furthermore, we develop a novel process for the additive manufacturing of jute fiber thermoset composites through a direct writing (DW) process. The HAP modification increases thermal conductivity, consequently improving the curing process during DW and enhancing composite manufacturability. We demonstrate that the DW process enables the printing of intricate multilayer geometries with varying fiber content.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Hydroxyapatite is used for natural fiber composite interfacial modification.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Nanoindentation shows the interfacial region exhibits 31.4% higher stiffness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Modified composites possess superior mechanical performance.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Jute fibers are thermally functionalized for composite additive manufacturing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>A direct writing method is developed for continuous functionalized jute fiber.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fei Xing, Zilan He, Shaokai Wang, Yizhuo Gu, Jianchao Han, Yanjie Wang, Wei Zhang, Min Li
Carbon nanotube (CNT) film is favored in structural health monitoring of advanced composite materials, primarily due to its commendable mechanical properties and piezoresistive properties. Nonetheless, floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) is an attractive method for fabrication of CNT films, and the electrical response to strain of FCCVD-prepared CNT films is impeded by high aspect ratio and lamellar packing structure. For this purpose, FCCVD CNT films were modified by HCl dissolving Fe impurities, nano-SiO2 particles doping and freeze-drying in combination to increase the spacing between CNTs and its networks as well as their strain sensitivities. It showed that the gauge factor (GF) according to the variation of resistance (ΔR/R0) of the co-modified film (CNT-HCl-SiO2 film) was up to 15.6 for the tensile strain at the bottom surface of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates during the process of bending tests. The bending cycle experiment of the CFRP showed relatively stable changes of ΔR/R0 with the strains for CNT-HCl-SiO2 film, while that of the pristine CNT film (CNT-HCl-0 film) displayed unstable non-monotonic changes and that of HCl purified CNT film (CNT-HCl-10 film) revealed a gradual declining tendency. Moreover, the ΔR/R0 of CNT-HCl-SiO2 film exhibited excellent sensitivity to the strains of multiple bistable-deformations of cross-ply CFRP laminates. Strain gauge analysis indicated that a 51% increase of ΔR/R0 of CNT-HCl-SiO2 film at the 90° layer surface corresponded to the average strain of 434 με, meanwhile a 37% increase of ΔR/R0 of the CNT film at the 0° layer surface corresponded to the strain of averagely −173.9 με, and both exhibited super high GFs of 1175 and 2108, respectively. Based on this high sensitivity, CNT-HCl-SiO2 film also had the ability to predict the release of residual stress during the demoulding process of CFRP.
{"title":"Nano-particles doped carbon nanotube films for in-situ monitoring of temperature and strain during the processing of carbon fiber/epoxy composites","authors":"Fei Xing, Zilan He, Shaokai Wang, Yizhuo Gu, Jianchao Han, Yanjie Wang, Wei Zhang, Min Li","doi":"10.1002/pc.28978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28978","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanotube (CNT) film is favored in structural health monitoring of advanced composite materials, primarily due to its commendable mechanical properties and piezoresistive properties. Nonetheless, floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) is an attractive method for fabrication of CNT films, and the electrical response to strain of FCCVD-prepared CNT films is impeded by high aspect ratio and lamellar packing structure. For this purpose, FCCVD CNT films were modified by HCl dissolving Fe impurities, nano-SiO<sub>2</sub> particles doping and freeze-drying in combination to increase the spacing between CNTs and its networks as well as their strain sensitivities. It showed that the gauge factor (GF) according to the variation of resistance (Δ<i>R/R</i><sub>0</sub>) of the co-modified film (CNT-HCl-SiO<sub>2</sub> film) was up to 15.6 for the tensile strain at the bottom surface of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates during the process of bending tests. The bending cycle experiment of the CFRP showed relatively stable changes of Δ<i>R/R</i><sub>0</sub> with the strains for CNT-HCl-SiO<sub>2</sub> film, while that of the pristine CNT film (CNT-HCl-0 film) displayed unstable non-monotonic changes and that of HCl purified CNT film (CNT-HCl-10 film) revealed a gradual declining tendency. Moreover, the Δ<i>R/R</i><sub>0</sub> of CNT-HCl-SiO<sub>2</sub> film exhibited excellent sensitivity to the strains of multiple bistable-deformations of cross-ply CFRP laminates. Strain gauge analysis indicated that a 51% increase of Δ<i>R/R</i><sub>0</sub> of CNT-HCl-SiO<sub>2</sub> film at the 90° layer surface corresponded to the average strain of 434 με, meanwhile a 37% increase of Δ<i>R/R</i><sub>0</sub> of the CNT film at the 0° layer surface corresponded to the strain of averagely −173.9 με, and both exhibited super high GFs of 1175 and 2108, respectively. Based on this high sensitivity, CNT-HCl-SiO<sub>2</sub> film also had the ability to predict the release of residual stress during the demoulding process of CFRP.","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluates the sliding wear behavior of hybrid composites made of epoxy reinforced with alternating layers of flax fiber mats and steel wire mesh. The aim is to enhance the wear resistance of flax fiber-epoxy composites by incorporating steel wire mesh. Specifically, three composite types are produced by varying their stacking sequences using the simple hand layup technique. Dry sliding wear tests are performed on a pin-on-disc test rig under different conditions according to ASTM G99 standard. Taguchi analysis is performed using an L25 orthogonal array and it reveals that sliding velocity is the most critical factor, followed by normal load, in affecting the wear rate of the steel-flax-epoxy hybrid composite. Subsequently, a steady-state wear analysis shows that sliding velocity and normal load increase the specific wear rate (SWR), while steel reinforcement decreases it. ANOVA results indicate that sliding velocity significantly impacts wear rates to the extent of 69.47% for flax-epoxy composite and more than 70% for flax-steel-epoxy composites. Additionally, electron microscopy is used to study the worn surfaces of the composites to determine the wear mechanisms.
{"title":"Sliding wear characteristics of epoxy composites reinforced with steel wire and flax fiber mats: An experimental and analytical study","authors":"Subham Kumar Bhoi, Alok Satapathy","doi":"10.1002/pc.28964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28964","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the sliding wear behavior of hybrid composites made of epoxy reinforced with alternating layers of flax fiber mats and steel wire mesh. The aim is to enhance the wear resistance of flax fiber-epoxy composites by incorporating steel wire mesh. Specifically, three composite types are produced by varying their stacking sequences using the simple hand layup technique. Dry sliding wear tests are performed on a pin-on-disc test rig under different conditions according to ASTM G99 standard. Taguchi analysis is performed using an L<sub>25</sub> orthogonal array and it reveals that sliding velocity is the most critical factor, followed by normal load, in affecting the wear rate of the steel-flax-epoxy hybrid composite. Subsequently, a steady-state wear analysis shows that sliding velocity and normal load increase the specific wear rate (SWR), while steel reinforcement decreases it. ANOVA results indicate that sliding velocity significantly impacts wear rates to the extent of 69.47% for flax-epoxy composite and more than 70% for flax-steel-epoxy composites. Additionally, electron microscopy is used to study the worn surfaces of the composites to determine the wear mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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