H. S. Srikar, A. Hariharan, K. Manikandan, A. Arul Jeya Kumar
This research focuses on understanding of polymer composites' ability to absorb Radio frequency waves for stealth application, specifically for evading radar detection. The composites were developed using a Carbon‐Graphite base plate layered with carbon fiber mat on both sides reinforced in a polyaniline (PANI) and Graphene oxide (GO) mixed Epoxy matrix with added triethylamine (TEA). Four samples with different volume percentage were fabricated, having same Epoxy of 52%, Hardener of 26% and PANI of 10%, but different volume percentages of GO and TEA. The fabricated composites are named as EPCG‐1 (4% GO and 8% TEA), EPCG‐2 (5% GO and 7% TEA, no Carbon fiber), EPCG‐3 (5% GO and 7% TEA) and EPCG‐4 (7% GO and 5% TEA). The developed composites were characterized by subjecting to tensile testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Impedance spectroscopy and Directional Coupler test. The EPCG‐4 composites achieve a highest tensile strength of 45.61 N/mm2 and highest absorbance of 1.574 AU corresponding to a wavelength of 875.00 nanometers. The microwave absorbing capacity was evaluated in terms of absorption, reflection and transmission, where the highest shielding efficiency of 32.76 is observed in EPCG‐4 composite when tested in X‐band frequency range (8–12 GHz). Infrared indicated the stretching of bonds like CN and CH due to addition of graphene oxide. The permittivity of the composite is higher for EPCG‐4 composite. Compared to all the tested composites, EPCG‐4 exhibits better mechanical and stealth properties.HighlightsDevelopment of electromagnetic absorbing composites material for stealth application.Conductive composites of Graphite‐Carbon plate, layered with Carbon fiber mat bonded by PANI and GO mixed Epoxy matrix are prepared.Analyzing radio‐frequency absorption, reflection and transmission of the composites using wave guide method.UV–vis spectroscopy analysis the wave absorbing capacity of stealth composites.Microscopic analysis on stealth composite to understand the conducting fillers distribution.
这项研究的重点是了解聚合物复合材料在隐形应用中吸收射频波的能力，特别是躲避雷达探测的能力。复合材料的开发使用了碳-石墨基板，两面分层铺设碳纤维毡，并在添加了三乙胺（TEA）的聚苯胺（PANI）和氧化石墨烯（GO）混合环氧树脂基体中进行加固。我们制作了四种不同体积百分比的样品，其中环氧树脂占 52%，固化剂占 26%，PANI 占 10%，但 GO 和 TEA 的体积百分比各不相同。制成的复合材料被命名为 EPCG-1（4% GO 和 8% TEA）、EPCG-2（5% GO 和 7% TEA，无碳纤维）、EPCG-3（5% GO 和 7% TEA）和 EPCG-4（7% GO 和 5% TEA）。通过拉伸测试、扫描电子显微镜分析、紫外-可见光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱、阻抗光谱和定向耦合器测试对所开发的复合材料进行了表征。EPCG-4 复合材料的最高拉伸强度为 45.61 牛顿/平方毫米，最高吸收率为 1.574 AU，对应波长为 875.00 纳米。微波吸收能力通过吸收、反射和透射进行评估，在 X 波段频率范围（8-12 GHz）测试中，EPCG-4 复合材料的屏蔽效率最高，达到 32.76。红外线显示，由于添加了氧化石墨烯，CN 和 CH 等键被拉伸。EPCG-4 复合材料的介电常数更高。与所有测试过的复合材料相比，EPCG-4 具有更好的机械性能和隐身性能。制备了由石墨-碳板、层状碳纤维毡以及 PANI 和 GO 混合环氧基质粘合而成的导电复合材料。使用波导法分析复合材料的射频吸收、反射和透射。紫外可见光谱分析隐形复合材料的吸波能力。对隐形复合材料进行显微分析，以了解导电填料的分布情况。
{"title":"Mechanical and electromagnetic absorption study on polyaniline and graphene oxide filled epoxy reinforced with graphite‐carbon plate composites for stealth application","authors":"H. S. Srikar, A. Hariharan, K. Manikandan, A. Arul Jeya Kumar","doi":"10.1002/pc.28996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28996","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This research focuses on understanding of polymer composites' ability to absorb Radio frequency waves for stealth application, specifically for evading radar detection. The composites were developed using a Carbon‐Graphite base plate layered with carbon fiber mat on both sides reinforced in a polyaniline (PANI) and Graphene oxide (GO) mixed Epoxy matrix with added triethylamine (TEA). Four samples with different volume percentage were fabricated, having same Epoxy of 52%, Hardener of 26% and PANI of 10%, but different volume percentages of GO and TEA. The fabricated composites are named as EPCG‐1 (4% GO and 8% TEA), EPCG‐2 (5% GO and 7% TEA, no Carbon fiber), EPCG‐3 (5% GO and 7% TEA) and EPCG‐4 (7% GO and 5% TEA). The developed composites were characterized by subjecting to tensile testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Impedance spectroscopy and Directional Coupler test. The EPCG‐4 composites achieve a highest tensile strength of 45.61 N/mm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and highest absorbance of 1.574 AU corresponding to a wavelength of 875.00 nanometers. The microwave absorbing capacity was evaluated in terms of absorption, reflection and transmission, where the highest shielding efficiency of 32.76 is observed in EPCG‐4 composite when tested in X‐band frequency range (8–12 GHz). Infrared indicated the stretching of bonds like CN and CH due to addition of graphene oxide. The permittivity of the composite is higher for EPCG‐4 composite. Compared to all the tested composites, EPCG‐4 exhibits better mechanical and stealth properties.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Development of electromagnetic absorbing composites material for stealth application.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Conductive composites of Graphite‐Carbon plate, layered with Carbon fiber mat bonded by PANI and GO mixed Epoxy matrix are prepared.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Analyzing radio‐frequency absorption, reflection and transmission of the composites using wave guide method.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>UV–vis spectroscopy analysis the wave absorbing capacity of stealth composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Microscopic analysis on stealth composite to understand the conducting fillers distribution.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study presents a comparative analysis of MWCNT and GnP modified epoxy/bi‐directional (Plain) carbon fiber three‐phase shape memory hybrid composites (epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs) focusing on their mechanical, thermomechanical, and shape memory properties. Fabrication involves preparing nanostructure‐modified epoxy nanocomposites through ultrasonication followed by hand layup technique. The findings revealed that the modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs achieved their optimal performance at a 0.6 wt% concentration of nanostructure, with the tensile strength and modulus increasing by 63.62% and 28.30% for 0.6 wt% MWCNT composite and by 85.44% and 30.62% for 0.6 wt% GnP composite. In addition to the enhancement in tensile properties, improvements were also observed in flexural, ILSS, and thermal properties. These improvements can be attributed to the enhanced interfacial bonding between the polymer and fiber, as confirmed by morphological analysis of fractured tensile samples using FESEM. GnP‐modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs outperformed MWCNT ones due to GnP's sheet structure aligning parallel to the load and larger surface area facilitating enhanced interaction with the matrix. Despite polymer modification, the shape recovery ratio values remained high, with 98.99% for unmodified composite, 97.95% for 0.6 wt% MWCNT modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs, and 97.54% for 0.6 wt% GnP modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs, all exceeding 90%, indicating no compromise in performance.Highlights0.6 wt% optimal nanoparticle concentration boosts composite properties.GnP‐modified composites show superior properties increases over MWCNT.Tensile, flexural, thermal gains and ILSS link to better bond, FESEM proves.Recovery ratios over 90% in hybrid composites ensure peak performance.
{"title":"Shape memory, mechanical and thermomechanical property comparison in MWCNT and GnP modified Bi‐directional (plain) carbon fiber polymer composites","authors":"Ritesh Gupta, Nilesh Tiwari, Krishna Kumar, Upender Pandel","doi":"10.1002/pc.29030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29030","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The study presents a comparative analysis of MWCNT and GnP modified epoxy/bi‐directional (Plain) carbon fiber three‐phase shape memory hybrid composites (epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs) focusing on their mechanical, thermomechanical, and shape memory properties. Fabrication involves preparing nanostructure‐modified epoxy nanocomposites through ultrasonication followed by hand layup technique. The findings revealed that the modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs achieved their optimal performance at a 0.6 wt% concentration of nanostructure, with the tensile strength and modulus increasing by 63.62% and 28.30% for 0.6 wt% MWCNT composite and by 85.44% and 30.62% for 0.6 wt% GnP composite. In addition to the enhancement in tensile properties, improvements were also observed in flexural, ILSS, and thermal properties. These improvements can be attributed to the enhanced interfacial bonding between the polymer and fiber, as confirmed by morphological analysis of fractured tensile samples using FESEM. GnP‐modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs outperformed MWCNT ones due to GnP's sheet structure aligning parallel to the load and larger surface area facilitating enhanced interaction with the matrix. Despite polymer modification, the shape recovery ratio values remained high, with 98.99% for unmodified composite, 97.95% for 0.6 wt% MWCNT modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs, and 97.54% for 0.6 wt% GnP modified epoxy/BDP‐CF 3P‐SMHCs, all exceeding 90%, indicating no compromise in performance.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>0.6 wt% optimal nanoparticle concentration boosts composite properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>GnP‐modified composites show superior properties increases over MWCNT.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Tensile, flexural, thermal gains and ILSS link to better bond, FESEM proves.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Recovery ratios over 90% in hybrid composites ensure peak performance.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composite structures are frequently exposed to varying hygrothermal environments, which can lead to the deterioration of their mechanical properties. This study explores the effects of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical behaviors of twill‐woven carbon fiber composite laminates, with a particular focus on laminates with flame‐retardant epoxy resin (CF_FR)—a relatively underexplored area. The findings reveal several key insights: (1) CF_FR exhibit more pronounced aging damage compared to those with general epoxy resin (CF_G), primarily due to higher moisture absorption, which results in increased surface swelling and internal delamination. (2) Hygrothermal aging enhances the impact resistance of both types of laminates by increasing peak force, particularly at higher temperatures, thereby reducing impact‐induced damage. (3) CF_FR suffers greater reductions in compressive and compression after impact (CAI) strength following aging, with CAI strength decreasing by 36.3% for flame‐retardant laminates and 14.8% for CF_G after immersion at 70°C. (4) Significant local buckling is observed in the swollen regions of CF_FR under compressive loading, indicating an heightened vulnerability to structural instability after aging. These findings offer valuable insights into the performance of composite materials under prolonged moisture exposure, particularly in safety‐critical applications where both flame retardancy and mechanical integrity are crucial.HighlightsMore aging damage is captured from laminates with flame‐retardant epoxy resinAging temperatures alleviate LVI induced damage and improve the peak forceCompressive and CAI strength are affected after prolonged aging conditionsCAI strength of CF_FR decreases by 36.3% after exposure to the 70°C water bathSignificant local buckling is observed in CF_FR under compressive loading
{"title":"Hygrothermal aging effects on the mechanical behaviors of twill‐woven carbon fiber composite laminates with flame‐retardant epoxy resin","authors":"Jinru Zhong, Junwei Ma, Weikang Sun, Zuxiang Lei, Binbin Yin","doi":"10.1002/pc.29070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29070","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Composite structures are frequently exposed to varying hygrothermal environments, which can lead to the deterioration of their mechanical properties. This study explores the effects of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical behaviors of twill‐woven carbon fiber composite laminates, with a particular focus on laminates with flame‐retardant epoxy resin (CF_FR)—a relatively underexplored area. The findings reveal several key insights: (1) CF_FR exhibit more pronounced aging damage compared to those with general epoxy resin (CF_G), primarily due to higher moisture absorption, which results in increased surface swelling and internal delamination. (2) Hygrothermal aging enhances the impact resistance of both types of laminates by increasing peak force, particularly at higher temperatures, thereby reducing impact‐induced damage. (3) CF_FR suffers greater reductions in compressive and compression after impact (CAI) strength following aging, with CAI strength decreasing by 36.3% for flame‐retardant laminates and 14.8% for CF_G after immersion at 70°C. (4) Significant local buckling is observed in the swollen regions of CF_FR under compressive loading, indicating an heightened vulnerability to structural instability after aging. These findings offer valuable insights into the performance of composite materials under prolonged moisture exposure, particularly in safety‐critical applications where both flame retardancy and mechanical integrity are crucial.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>More aging damage is captured from laminates with flame‐retardant epoxy resin</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Aging temperatures alleviate LVI induced damage and improve the peak force</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Compressive and CAI strength are affected after prolonged aging conditions</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>CAI strength of CF_FR decreases by 36.3% after exposure to the 70°C water bath</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Significant local buckling is observed in CF_FR under compressive loading</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mechanical properties of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites are primarily governed by the interphase between CFs and matrix. However, the inherent inertness of CF surfaces combined with the high viscosity and processing temperatures of thermoplastic resin often result in relatively weak interfacial bonding. This study aims to enhance the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites to improve their mechanical properties. CFs were de‐sized and oxidized, followed by re‐sizing with silanized carbon nanotubes. Fracture morphology and composition analysis of the fibers were conducted, and the fibers were subsequently incorporated into composites for mechanical testing. Results revealed a 20.0% increase in tensile strength, a 25.11% increase in flexural strength, and a 24.88% increase in interlaminar shear strength for the resized‐carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites compared to the pristine‐carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composites. The cross‐sectional morphology of the modified composites exhibited a zig‐zag fracture pattern. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the modified fibers required higher activation energy for the free movement of the polyamide 6 molecular chain. These findings suggest that surface treatment enhances the interfacial adhesive between CF and resin, thereby significantly improving the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites.HighlightsAn efficient and reliable carbon fiber surface treatment method is proposed.Surface modification improves surface chemical activity of carbon fibers.Composites show substantial improvements in mechanical properties.Interfacial performance enhancement mechanism of composite was revealed.
{"title":"Effect of fiber surface treatment with silane coupling agents and carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites","authors":"Haoqiang Du, Guijun Xian, Jingwei Tian, Zirong Ma, Chenggao Li, Meiyin Xin, Yunfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/pc.29035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29035","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The mechanical properties of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites are primarily governed by the interphase between CFs and matrix. However, the inherent inertness of CF surfaces combined with the high viscosity and processing temperatures of thermoplastic resin often result in relatively weak interfacial bonding. This study aims to enhance the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites to improve their mechanical properties. CFs were de‐sized and oxidized, followed by re‐sizing with silanized carbon nanotubes. Fracture morphology and composition analysis of the fibers were conducted, and the fibers were subsequently incorporated into composites for mechanical testing. Results revealed a 20.0% increase in tensile strength, a 25.11% increase in flexural strength, and a 24.88% increase in interlaminar shear strength for the resized‐carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites compared to the pristine‐carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composites. The cross‐sectional morphology of the modified composites exhibited a zig‐zag fracture pattern. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the modified fibers required higher activation energy for the free movement of the polyamide 6 molecular chain. These findings suggest that surface treatment enhances the interfacial adhesive between CF and resin, thereby significantly improving the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>An efficient and reliable carbon fiber surface treatment method is proposed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Surface modification improves surface chemical activity of carbon fibers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Composites show substantial improvements in mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Interfacial performance enhancement mechanism of composite was revealed.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulk molding compound (BMC) manufactured using fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) has attracted extensive attention and is widely used because of its capability to fabricate structures with complex shapes. This study investigated the effects of aging on the mechanical properties of BMC composites made using an epoxy matrix and discontinuous carbon fibers of varying lengths. Tensile, compressive, and flexural tests were conducted. The results showed that longer fibers did not necessarily increase the moduli and strengths of BMC composites due to stress concentrations resulting from the curling and entanglement of the longer fibers. When aged, BMC composites using shorter carbon fibers exhibited more significant reductions in moduli and strengths due to higher void contents, resulting in more severe matrix epoxy degradation. When comparing epoxy and BMC, BMC experienced greater reductions in moduli and strengths even though carbon fiber, a type of artificial fiber, should be less affected by aging. This is because aging not only degraded the matrix epoxy but also affected the adhesion between the fibers and the matrix, leading to a larger displacement of the fibers, resulting in a more severe reduction in the mechanical properties of the BMC composites.HighlightsBMC composites were manufactured using epoxy and discontinuous carbon fibers.Longer fibers did not necessarily increase strengths due to entanglement.BMC using shorter fibers had more voids and hence degraded more severely.BMC showed greater strength reductions than epoxy due to matrix degradation.Degradation of matrix epoxy affected the adhesion between fibers and matrix.
{"title":"The effect of aging on the mechanical properties of bulk molding compound with different fiber lengths","authors":"Tsung‐Han Hsieh, Ting‐Yu Chang, Chih‐Chia Chen, Shang‐Nan Tsai","doi":"10.1002/pc.29067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29067","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Bulk molding compound (BMC) manufactured using fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) has attracted extensive attention and is widely used because of its capability to fabricate structures with complex shapes. This study investigated the effects of aging on the mechanical properties of BMC composites made using an epoxy matrix and discontinuous carbon fibers of varying lengths. Tensile, compressive, and flexural tests were conducted. The results showed that longer fibers did not necessarily increase the moduli and strengths of BMC composites due to stress concentrations resulting from the curling and entanglement of the longer fibers. When aged, BMC composites using shorter carbon fibers exhibited more significant reductions in moduli and strengths due to higher void contents, resulting in more severe matrix epoxy degradation. When comparing epoxy and BMC, BMC experienced greater reductions in moduli and strengths even though carbon fiber, a type of artificial fiber, should be less affected by aging. This is because aging not only degraded the matrix epoxy but also affected the adhesion between the fibers and the matrix, leading to a larger displacement of the fibers, resulting in a more severe reduction in the mechanical properties of the BMC composites.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>BMC composites were manufactured using epoxy and discontinuous carbon fibers.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Longer fibers did not necessarily increase strengths due to entanglement.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>BMC using shorter fibers had more voids and hence degraded more severely.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>BMC showed greater strength reductions than epoxy due to matrix degradation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Degradation of matrix epoxy affected the adhesion between fibers and matrix.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Banupriya, T. P. Jeevan, H. V. Divya, T. G. Yashas Gowda, G. A. Manjunath
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an innovative technology that allows for the construction of complex, three‐dimensional structures layer by layer using digital plans. This technology has transformed industries including as aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and consumer items by allowing for rapid prototyping, customization, and the manufacture of complex geometries. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms organized in a hexagonal lattice, is well‐known for its superior electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as its great tensile strength. When graphene is mixed with composite materials, it greatly improves their mechanical and functional properties, resulting in composites with higher strength, conductivity, lower weight, and greater durability. The combination of 3D printing and graphene‐reinforced composites creates new opportunities for the production of high‐performance, application‐specific structures. This review identifies key advancements in the synthesis, processing, and application of these composites, while also addressing critical challenges such as material dispersion, scalability, and the impact of graphene on the 3D printing process itself. A significant conclusion of this review is the recognition that overcoming these challenges is not only feasible but essential for harnessing the full potential of 3D‐printed graphene‐reinforced composites across diverse industrial sectors. The unique contribution of this work lies in providing a comprehensive roadmap for future research, guiding efforts to bridge current gaps and drive innovation in this emerging field.
三维打印又称增材制造，是一种创新技术，可利用数字图纸逐层构建复杂的三维结构。这项技术通过实现快速原型设计、定制和复杂几何形状的制造，改变了航空航天、汽车、医疗保健和消费品等行业。石墨烯是由单层碳原子组成的六边形晶格，以其卓越的导电性、导热性和抗拉强度而闻名。当石墨烯与复合材料混合时，它能大大改善复合材料的机械和功能特性，使复合材料具有更高的强度、导电性、更轻的重量和更高的耐用性。三维打印与石墨烯增强复合材料的结合为生产高性能、特定应用结构创造了新机遇。本综述指出了这些复合材料在合成、加工和应用方面的主要进展，同时也探讨了材料分散、可扩展性以及石墨烯对 3D 打印工艺本身的影响等关键挑战。本综述的一个重要结论是认识到克服这些挑战不仅是可行的，而且对于在不同工业领域充分发挥三维打印石墨烯增强复合材料的潜力至关重要。这项工作的独特贡献在于为未来研究提供了一个全面的路线图，指导人们努力缩小目前的差距，推动这一新兴领域的创新。
{"title":"3D‐printed graphene‐reinforced composites: Opportunities and challenges","authors":"R. Banupriya, T. P. Jeevan, H. V. Divya, T. G. Yashas Gowda, G. A. Manjunath","doi":"10.1002/pc.29068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29068","url":null,"abstract":"3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an innovative technology that allows for the construction of complex, three‐dimensional structures layer by layer using digital plans. This technology has transformed industries including as aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and consumer items by allowing for rapid prototyping, customization, and the manufacture of complex geometries. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms organized in a hexagonal lattice, is well‐known for its superior electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as its great tensile strength. When graphene is mixed with composite materials, it greatly improves their mechanical and functional properties, resulting in composites with higher strength, conductivity, lower weight, and greater durability. The combination of 3D printing and graphene‐reinforced composites creates new opportunities for the production of high‐performance, application‐specific structures. This review identifies key advancements in the synthesis, processing, and application of these composites, while also addressing critical challenges such as material dispersion, scalability, and the impact of graphene on the 3D printing process itself. A significant conclusion of this review is the recognition that overcoming these challenges is not only feasible but essential for harnessing the full potential of 3D‐printed graphene‐reinforced composites across diverse industrial sectors. The unique contribution of this work lies in providing a comprehensive roadmap for future research, guiding efforts to bridge current gaps and drive innovation in this emerging field.","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Wang, Guangchao Ye, Ying Zhang, Xiujie Bian, Peng Lin, Yuanyuan Dong, Pengfei Hao, Xiang Wang
The enhanced durability of biobased polylactide (PLA) is a critical prerequisite for it to be considered a viable alternative to petroleum‐based polymers for long‐term applications. Leveraging the performance improvements achieved through interface construction, PLA‐biomass composites have garnered considerable interest and have been widely utilized as a completely degradable material. The hydrolytic behavior of PLA biocomposites in photo‐hydrothermal environments was examined in this study in relation to the impact of biomass components and the specifically designed interface. We observed that biomass could act as an effective stabilizer in the composites, leading to a 25.6% reduction in the hydrolysis reaction rate constant. This stabilization occurs as biomass impedes the diffusion of water molecules and the extension of PLA molecular chains across various hydrothermal environments, thereby enhancing the hydrolytic resistance of PLA. The intriguing aspect is that this stabilizing effect of biomass could be moderated by an interface created through surface treatment, which facilitates enhanced transfer of active small molecules during the photolysis‐hydrolysis process. Consequently, this approach presents a novel method for producing PLA biocomposites that offers excellent hydrolytic resistance, an adjustable degradation cycle, and expected potential applications in advanced packaging and agricultural domains.HighlightsBiomass significantly enhances the hydrolysis resistance of polylactide (PLA) biocomposites.This stability boosts due to the obstructive and shielding effects of biomass.Effective interface could regulate the usable life of PLA biocomposites.The role that biomass/ interfaces play also applies to PLA photodegradation.Photo‐hydrolysis mechanism is not affected by biomass or designed interface.
{"title":"Improved hydrolytic resistance of polylactide biocomposite films reinforced by rice husk before and after accelerated aging","authors":"Wei Wang, Guangchao Ye, Ying Zhang, Xiujie Bian, Peng Lin, Yuanyuan Dong, Pengfei Hao, Xiang Wang","doi":"10.1002/pc.29010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29010","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The enhanced durability of biobased polylactide (PLA) is a critical prerequisite for it to be considered a viable alternative to petroleum‐based polymers for long‐term applications. Leveraging the performance improvements achieved through interface construction, PLA‐biomass composites have garnered considerable interest and have been widely utilized as a completely degradable material. The hydrolytic behavior of PLA biocomposites in photo‐hydrothermal environments was examined in this study in relation to the impact of biomass components and the specifically designed interface. We observed that biomass could act as an effective stabilizer in the composites, leading to a 25.6% reduction in the hydrolysis reaction rate constant. This stabilization occurs as biomass impedes the diffusion of water molecules and the extension of PLA molecular chains across various hydrothermal environments, thereby enhancing the hydrolytic resistance of PLA. The intriguing aspect is that this stabilizing effect of biomass could be moderated by an interface created through surface treatment, which facilitates enhanced transfer of active small molecules during the photolysis‐hydrolysis process. Consequently, this approach presents a novel method for producing PLA biocomposites that offers excellent hydrolytic resistance, an adjustable degradation cycle, and expected potential applications in advanced packaging and agricultural domains.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Biomass significantly enhances the hydrolysis resistance of polylactide (PLA) biocomposites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This stability boosts due to the obstructive and shielding effects of biomass.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Effective interface could regulate the usable life of PLA biocomposites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The role that biomass/ interfaces play also applies to PLA photodegradation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Photo‐hydrolysis mechanism is not affected by biomass or designed interface.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2.5D woven composite material inevitably produces void defects in its production process, which will seriously reduce its mechanical properties and reduce its service life. In this paper, the effects of void defects on the mechanical properties of 2.5D woven composites were studied by multi‐scale analysis. An improved Halpin‐Tsai semi‐empirical model is proposed to calculate the elastic properties of yarns with porous defects and verified by finite element method. A microscale representative volume unit (RVE) for predicting the elastic constants of composites with pore defects is established. Theoretical analysis and finite element analysis were used to verify the micro scale, and finite element analysis and experiment were used to verify the micro scale. The effect of porosity on the elastic properties of micro‐scale RVE was studied in detail. The results show that the model is reasonable and accurate in predicting the mechanical properties of yarns and composites. In addition, the effect of porosity on the mechanical properties of 2.5D woven composites is significant.HighlightsAn improved Halpin‐Tsai semi‐empirical model is proposed, which makes the microscale theoretical analysis of 2.5D woven composites better consistent with the finite element analysis.The void position obstructs the stress transfer of the matrix, and the stress concentration phenomenon also occurs.The void content has an effect on the mechanical properties of composites at both micro and micro scales.
{"title":"Multi‐scale elastic properties of 2.5D woven composites with void defects","authors":"Wang Wang, Zhongde Shan, Zheng Sun, Zitong Guo","doi":"10.1002/pc.29038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29038","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>2.5D woven composite material inevitably produces void defects in its production process, which will seriously reduce its mechanical properties and reduce its service life. In this paper, the effects of void defects on the mechanical properties of 2.5D woven composites were studied by multi‐scale analysis. An improved Halpin‐Tsai semi‐empirical model is proposed to calculate the elastic properties of yarns with porous defects and verified by finite element method. A microscale representative volume unit (RVE) for predicting the elastic constants of composites with pore defects is established. Theoretical analysis and finite element analysis were used to verify the micro scale, and finite element analysis and experiment were used to verify the micro scale. The effect of porosity on the elastic properties of micro‐scale RVE was studied in detail. The results show that the model is reasonable and accurate in predicting the mechanical properties of yarns and composites. In addition, the effect of porosity on the mechanical properties of 2.5D woven composites is significant.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>An improved Halpin‐Tsai semi‐empirical model is proposed, which makes the microscale theoretical analysis of 2.5D woven composites better consistent with the finite element analysis.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The void position obstructs the stress transfer of the matrix, and the stress concentration phenomenon also occurs.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The void content has an effect on the mechanical properties of composites at both micro and micro scales.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The utilization of continuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) in additive manufacturing technology (AM) is envisioned to enable the production of high‐performance parts with enhanced mechanical properties. In the production of CFRTP filaments, ensuring proper impregnation plays a crucial role in improving the characteristics of the produced filament. Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites find applications in secondary aerospace parts, automotive structural parts, and chemical process applications. Continuous CF‐reinforced PPS filaments enable the production of lightweight, high‐performance parts with mechanical strength, heat, and chemical resistance in AM. In the present study, continuous CF‐reinforced PPS filaments were produced using the melt impregnation method for use in fused deposition modeling technology. Filament diameter, geometrical evenness, and effective fiber impregnation are important criteria in filament production. An impregnation mold was designed and manufactured to provide impregnation. The influence of three different pin angles (56°, 70°, and 82°) on impregnation and mechanical properties has been investigated by developing an impregnation die for CFRTP filament production. Tensile testing, fiber content analysis, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscope analysis were performed on the produced filaments. Furthermore, increasing the pin angle leads to an increase in both the spreading and impregnation of fibers.HighlightsImpregnation die for effective wetting of fibers with polymer.Significance of pin angle in fiber spreading and wetting with polymer.Application of test standards for fiber content.
{"title":"Manufacturing and characterization of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide filaments via melt impregnation method","authors":"Gizem Sidim, Mustafa Dogu, Belma Ozbek","doi":"10.1002/pc.29021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29021","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The utilization of continuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) in additive manufacturing technology (AM) is envisioned to enable the production of high‐performance parts with enhanced mechanical properties. In the production of CFRTP filaments, ensuring proper impregnation plays a crucial role in improving the characteristics of the produced filament. Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites find applications in secondary aerospace parts, automotive structural parts, and chemical process applications. Continuous CF‐reinforced PPS filaments enable the production of lightweight, high‐performance parts with mechanical strength, heat, and chemical resistance in AM. In the present study, continuous CF‐reinforced PPS filaments were produced using the melt impregnation method for use in fused deposition modeling technology. Filament diameter, geometrical evenness, and effective fiber impregnation are important criteria in filament production. An impregnation mold was designed and manufactured to provide impregnation. The influence of three different pin angles (56°, 70°, and 82°) on impregnation and mechanical properties has been investigated by developing an impregnation die for CFRTP filament production. Tensile testing, fiber content analysis, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscope analysis were performed on the produced filaments. Furthermore, increasing the pin angle leads to an increase in both the spreading and impregnation of fibers.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Impregnation die for effective wetting of fibers with polymer.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Significance of pin angle in fiber spreading and wetting with polymer.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Application of test standards for fiber content.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the ductility design methods of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) bars were reviewed. It was observed that the graded fracture theory was typically used as the ductility design method of hybrid fiber‐reinforced polymer (HFRP) bar. However, the ductile HFRP bar designed based on the graded fracture theory had the inherent defects of low modulus of elasticity, high yield strain, and post‐yielded sudden drop in stress, which prevented its large‐scale application in civil engineering. In order to eliminate these deficiencies, the authors proposed a novel design concept for a single‐type FRP bar. This novel single‐type FRP bar consisted of highly aligned discontinuous fiber and continuous fiber. The failure mode of this discontinuous/continuous single‐type FRP bar was different from that of the ductile HFRP bar designed based on the graded fracture theory of composite. The tensile ductility of discontinuous/continuous single‐type FRP bar originated from the debonding and stable pull‐out of the discontinuous fiber layer under increasing load. As a result, the post‐yielded sudden drop in stress can be removed for the ductile HFRP bar designed based on the graded fracture theory of composite. In addition, the yield strain can be controlled by adjusting the length of discontinuous fiber layer. In addition, the design configuration, innovative production process, and corresponding theoretical calculations of this novel single‐type FRP bar will be presented in the future.HighlightsThe ductility design methods of fiber‐reinforced polymer bars were reviewed.Deficiencies of ductile HFRP bar composed of continuous fibers were reported.A novel discontinuous/continuous single‐type FRP bar was foreseen.
{"title":"A review on the ductility design method of fiber‐reinforced polymer bar and future prospects","authors":"Yunbo Xu, Yu Zhang, Haitang Zhu, Danying Gao, Daotian Qin, Liangping Zhao","doi":"10.1002/pc.29036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29036","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>In this paper, the ductility design methods of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) bars were reviewed. It was observed that the graded fracture theory was typically used as the ductility design method of hybrid fiber‐reinforced polymer (HFRP) bar. However, the ductile HFRP bar designed based on the graded fracture theory had the inherent defects of low modulus of elasticity, high yield strain, and post‐yielded sudden drop in stress, which prevented its large‐scale application in civil engineering. In order to eliminate these deficiencies, the authors proposed a novel design concept for a single‐type FRP bar. This novel single‐type FRP bar consisted of highly aligned discontinuous fiber and continuous fiber. The failure mode of this discontinuous/continuous single‐type FRP bar was different from that of the ductile HFRP bar designed based on the graded fracture theory of composite. The tensile ductility of discontinuous/continuous single‐type FRP bar originated from the debonding and stable pull‐out of the discontinuous fiber layer under increasing load. As a result, the post‐yielded sudden drop in stress can be removed for the ductile HFRP bar designed based on the graded fracture theory of composite. In addition, the yield strain can be controlled by adjusting the length of discontinuous fiber layer. In addition, the design configuration, innovative production process, and corresponding theoretical calculations of this novel single‐type FRP bar will be presented in the future.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The ductility design methods of fiber‐reinforced polymer bars were reviewed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Deficiencies of ductile HFRP bar composed of continuous fibers were reported.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>A novel discontinuous/continuous single‐type FRP bar was foreseen.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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